Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (1879–1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist whose theories of relativity transformed the modern understanding of space, time, gravity and energy. Unable at first to secure a university post, he worked as a technical examiner at the Swiss patent office in Bern, and it was there, in 1905, that he published landmark papers on the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, special relativity and the equivalence of mass and energy, expressed as E = mc². His general theory of relativity, completed in 1915, described gravity as the curvature of spacetime and was confirmed by observations during the solar eclipse of 1919, bringing him worldwide recognition. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. After settling in the United States in 1933, he worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. His ideas underpin modern cosmology, lasers and satellite navigation.
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Physics from Newton to Feynman
Newton's laws of motion and gravitation framed physics for two centuries. Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism showed that light is an electromagnetic wave, and it guided Einstein toward special relativity in 1905. Planck's quantum hypothesis of 1900 opened quantum theory, which Einstein extended to light itself. Feynman later helped build quantum electrodynamics, the quantum theory of light and matter, sharing the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics.
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