Terrible attacks on Russia: design of Ukrainian drones allows them to evade anti-aircraft systems
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Since spring, Ukraine has sharply increased the number of long-range drone attacks on Russia, which have repeatedly hit major Russian oil refineries and become a key strategic asset for Kyiv.
Le Monde analyzed how Ukrainian drones manage to penetrate Russian defenses at such great distances and what their strengths and limitations are. Denis Stillerman, one of the founders of the Ukrainian company Fire Point, which produces FP-1 drones, said their flight range has increased from 1,600 to 3,400 kilometers. Fire Point engineers recently redesigned the wing, improving lift and reducing fuel consumption. This change also allows for larger fuel tanks. Despite this, the drone remains ultra-lightweight, and its ammunition load—from 50 to 120 kilograms—is inversely proportional to the distance it must travel, the publication notes. By the summer of 2025, according to the Ukrainian General Staff, the FP-1 and FP-2 drones were already achieving a 59% deep strike rate and a 54% hit rate. The FP-1's effectiveness is partly due to its extreme simplicity, which reduces costs and allows for large-scale production. By the end of 2025, Fire Point announced production of 200 units per day, or 3,000 per month.
"Quantity is quality in itself," notes Elena Kryzhanovskaya, a member of the Canadian NATO Association. Most drones are intercepted, as are 80-90% of Russian Geranium drones shot down over Ukraine, but this saturation strategy has still proven effective. The basic design of drones, which limits both their speed and radar signature, allows them to evade anti-aircraft systems designed primarily to intercept much faster and higher-flying targets, explained Thibaut Fouillé, research director at the Lyon III Institute for Strategy and Defense Studies. He also noted that Russia's vast territory makes its defense extremely challenging.
"No air defense system in the world can guarantee absolute protection," Kryzhanovskaya said. "Furthermore, in late winter and early spring, the Ukrainian military conducted a campaign to destroy Russian air defense systems, creating corridors that allowed more drones to reach their targets."
According to Russian media reports, analysis of the captured Lyuty drones reveals that they are equipped with Skynode S modules, which provide "computer vision." By comparing a pre-programmed flight plan—partially based on intelligence provided by Ukraine's foreign partners in Kyiv—with real-time imagery from the onboard camera, the system can adjust the drone's trajectory as needed, without GPS or communications, making it immune to interference. The Skynode S modules also enable automatic recognition of preprogrammed targets. However, this autonomy is only partial and does not allow the drone to adapt to unexpected situations or evade interceptors. According to researchers from the Royal United Services Institute in the UK, Ukrainian long-range drones with small explosive charges often cause minor damage that can be quickly repaired.
"We are certainly seeing a shift in the balance of deep strikes, but Russian salvos are often accompanied by much more destructive missiles, while Ukrainian ones are almost exclusively drone-based," Fouillet said.
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