Tunnels

Tunnels

Tunnels are enclosed passages that carry routes or services through ground, rock, or other obstacles. Tunnel construction coordinates excavation, structural support, lining, and the treatment of entrances to create a continuous passage. Railway, road, pedestrian, and utility tunnels differ in size and equipment, while ventilation, drainage, and maintenance access form part of their operational design.

Crossings and Engineered Routes

Engineered routes overcome differences in terrain through structures that span, penetrate, or reshape the ground. Bridges, tunnels, aqueducts, and canals differ in the traffic or water carried, making supports, gradients, openings, and connections central to the comparison of their architectural forms.

  1. Bridges

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  2. Aqueducts

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  3. Canals and Locks

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