2023年地产执照考试。第二集《不在课本地产执照考题内容》视频系列-填充及棕地开发。Infill and Brownfield Development。哪些考题内容书本裡没有？但考试会考!!
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2023年地产执照考试。第二集《不在课本地产执照考题内容》视频系列-填充及棕地开发。Infill and Brownfield Development。哪些考题内容书本裡没有？但考试会考!!
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摸拟题答案：B
0:00:00 - intro
0:00:48 - Infill Development (填充开發)
0:07:16 - Brownfield Development
0:09:31 - Higher Capital Costs
0:10:16 - Regulatory Approval Process
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Keywords：
市中心废弃地值得开發吗？
Infill & Brownfield Development
填充以及棕地开發
INFILL DEVELOPMENT
-cleanup （清理） and reuse （重用） of formerly economically viable （过去是经济上可行） but now abandoned sites （但现在是废弃场地）, including those contaminated with hazardous substances （受有害物质汙染）.
-—infill is now a significant and growing share of residential construction (占住宅建设不断增长的份额) in many metropolitan regions （大都市区）
例子：圣地牙哥Mira Mesa的415-acre， 1800户新社区3 Roots曾经是Hanson 採石场。
-challenges （挑战） include (a)smaller parcel with fragmented ownership (分散所有权的小块地) (b)potential for existing environmental contamination （有环境汙染的潜在） (c)higher capital costs （更高资本） (d)more limited financing options (融资选择不多) (e)a longer regulatory approval process （较长时间的监管审批流程）
-lower infrastructure costs （较低的基础设施成本） and higher rent and sales prices （较高的售价或租金）
-being closer to the central city （中心城市） gives developers the competitive advantage （竞争优势）
-projects are more profitable for developers
-support neighborhoods that are better for the environment and improve quality of life (生活环境质量).
-Occurs in already built-up areas (已建立区域) with existing transportation and utility infrastructure （现有运输以及公用事业基础设施. • Often repurposes (重新利用) or replaces （替还） existing buildings, parking lots, or other impervious areas (不可渗透区域). • Adds homes and/or businesses near the center of cities and towns
-near existing transit infrastructure （交通基础设施） and employment center
-reduces driving and improve air quality
-in Denver, the number of people living in downtown grew by 86% from 2000 to 2012
Land Assembly problem (土地组合问题)
-additional time for negotiation and higher transaction costs
-can be solved by building smaller but more profitable projects
-cities willing to help developers solve this problem, e.g. using penalties from delinquent taxes to achieve land assembly
BROWNFIELD DEVELOPMENT
-sites with real or perceived environmental contamination
-former gas stations, dry cleaners, and industrial facilities.
-unknown costs and additional time required for cleanup
-However, property discounts can often be much greater than remediation costs
-56% developers said the rate of return for brownfield development is more
Is higher than their average returns
-government assistance and insurance tend to lower the risks of investment
HIGHER CAPITAL COSTS
-demolition
-design
-construction
Higher upfront costs （较高前期成本）
Greater long-term returns (较高长期回收)
-some government will pay for infrastructure to help infill development
Regulatory Approval Process
-developers must get approval that deviates from zoning code (土地的使用法规)
-lengthy process
- some cities have designated areas for higher-density mixed-use development
- some cities like Los Angeles allows multiple single family homes to be built on lots zoned for multi-family
-some cities establishes single point of contact (单点联系)
-communities are working to remove barriers （解除障碍） to infill development to allow more developers to enter the market.