#Podcast 03 | BÍ ẨN NGUỒN LỰC THỨ 5 BAO CHE CHO VẬT CHẤT TỐI | Khám Phá Vũ Trụ Mới Nhất

Force, or interaction, is the basic and vital function of the universe. If the universe is full of matter, but there is no interaction between them, as I will say below, due to the function of the so-called Belsen nuclei, there is no formation of nuclei, atoms, molecules, and galaxies, stars, and planets. The concept of force has been very familiar for days, and there are many names for many types of interaction. However, in fact, the universe has only four types of force, and they play all the roles we know. Force is a concept that can be said to be very old. Since the early days of human civilization, people have used this concept to indicate all interactions that occur every day. However, we will not go deep into the history of human civilization or language here, but only care about one thing, which is the main basis of scientific research. Natural forces are becoming more and more abundant, as more and more phenomena are observed in nature, as well as in the tools and equipment that humans have created. Based on the expression of the forces they are named, the force of the spring of the spring, the tension of the rope, the force of friction in the grasping of objects, the force of pushing the axiomatic in liquid, the force of attraction between celestial bodies, the force of electricity between polar poles. Of course, over a long period of time, these forces were considered independent, or at least very little related to each other. And to this day, perhaps most humans, at least in terms of scientific research, still believe so. Our universe is dominated by four basic forces. At least, that's what physicists have been thinking for a long time. Before going into each force, before going into each force or basic interaction, there is a small note. That is, according to modern physics, interactions are not a pure nature of matter and are freely transmitted in space with infinite speed, as Newton himself described the attraction after he wrote his equation. Interactions are caused by a type of spring, commonly known as bosons. These bosons are different from each other in terms of basic interactions, and the exchange or absorption, release, they cause interactions. With such a basic common mechanism, we will go deep into four types of interactions, or four basic forces of nature. ELECTRONIC INTERACTION Interaction between electrons. For example, protons have the same electric field, so they push against each other, but attract electrons, because electrons have a negative field. Because electrons have a negative field. This interaction is not just about attracting or pushing against each other of positive or negative electrons, but the most important thing is where they are. It is the attraction of protons and electrons that allows electrons to maintain the orbit around the atomic nucleus. And that's why there are atoms, particles, and more generally, all the objects we see every day create us. ELECTRONIC INTERACTION Electron interaction is transmitted by a type of boson called a photon, or we also know as a light-transmitting atom. Exactly, light is an electron with a suitable wavelength to create an image on the surface of a human eye. A photon itself does not have a mass or an electric field. It only acts as an electronic interaction. Note that unlike an electric current, through its magnetic field, electricity is a very familiar and very familiar interaction. Not only because its name is not far away, but also because in fact it appears all over the universe. In fact, it appears everywhere in everyday life. And certainly, it has the most names. The force of attraction is generated when an object touches another object due to the electronic interaction of the atoms in contact. The momentum of the spring or the tension of the wire is also an electronic interaction due to the change in the distance of the atoms with each other. This leads to a significant change The force generated by the spring when you lift a heavy object or any other movement is the momentum of the spring, so of course it is also an electronic interaction. Strong interaction or also called strong nuclear force. The interaction is caused by a type of boson called gluon, a type of non-molecular and non-electromagnetic atom. This is the interaction between the main components of two types of barions which, as we know, are the atoms that form the atomic nucleus. It is thanks to this interaction that the newly formed barions and also it connect protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus with each other. Strong interaction is the strongest interaction among the basic interactions of nature. But it also has the shortest range of effect. In addition to the range of the atomic nucleus, strong interaction does not have the shortest range of effect. And of course, that is also the reason that matter can exist as it is today. Because with the magnitude of this interaction that it can have a long-term effect as with electromagnetic interaction, there will be no existence of atoms with an electron layer because they will be crushed by the attraction of the main nuclei with each other. Because this force is much stronger than the magnetic push force and the beta partition of neutrons. As a result, a nuclear partition occurs such as nucleotide, nucleotide. Neutrons themselves are not sick when standing alone. They are only sick when connected to protons. When standing alone, neutrons can absorb or release bosons W or Z, commonly known as weak bosons and by the beta partition form a proton, an electron and a neutrino. Nuclear heavy elements have a lot of protons and need a lot of neutrons to keep protons from pushing each other. But at the same time, when there are a lot of neutrons, there will be neutrons isolated from protons to escape the force of strong interaction. At that time, weak interactions make them split and make the nucleus become unstable. The elements that the nucleus has in this phenomenon are called radioactive elements. The more radioactive, the less stable. And because of that, weak interactions are the thing that keep the number of elements in the universe is infinite, not limitless. The three interactions just mentioned have been described as unified in the standard model of nuclear physics. According to the standard model, in high energy conditions, these interactions are unified with each other. Although as the content mentioned, in the model of cosmology, using the Big Bang theory as a basis, the first phase of the universe from the age of the universe is 1043 seconds to the time of 106 seconds. The universe goes through a phase called the Great Unified Origin. In which, the three interactions just mentioned have not been separated from each other. Before 10 to 43 seconds is called Planck's origin. It cannot be described Right after the Great Unified Origin is the weak energy origin. At that time, the strong interactions have been separated, but the other two interactions are still unified with each other. It is called the weak energy interaction. Electromagnetic interactions and weak interactions exist together, not electric interactions at a weak level. To Planck's origin, when the age of the universe is 10 to 12 seconds, the universe is cold enough for the weak and electromagnetic interactions to be separated from each other. Next, we will come to the last type of interaction. Although common, people will name it first when you read in any material about physics. It is the attractive interaction. Attractive interaction or attractive force. Interactions have the tendency to pull objects and particles into each other. In the four basic interactions of nature, if it is close to a certain object, it is the most far-reaching interaction. Therefore, it plays a major role in the formation of large structures of the universe, from stars, planets, small planets, satellites, to galaxies, galaxies and supergalaxies. Earth and planets move around the sun as a result of this interaction. Although it is the weakest force, attractive is not only the longest range, but also the force that cannot be stopped. All inorganic environment or material separated from attractive that you can see in imaginary films are counter-scientific. It cannot happen, not because of technology, but because of the common principle of the universe. For this reason, this is the force that causes the most severe phenomena in the universe, which is typical of the collapse of matter to form neutron stars or black holes and super-heavy black holes. In this phenomenon, due to the large amount of matter, the attractive force is enough to overcome electromagnetic force and strong interaction. Strong interaction is not increased when the amount of matter increases, but when the amount of matter decreases, the attraction of the matter is further away, causing the structure of matter to be destroyed. Attractive force is very common in everyday life, such as we can stand on the ground and objects lifted up and down are all due to attractive force. Some phenomena are called force, such as the force of the ground when you stand on it, or the force of pushing the axiomatic in liquid, The reason why attractive force is so popular is that it is the only interaction among the four basic interactions of nature that is not included in the standard model. Although physicists also named a theory of interaction called graviton. Of course, graviton has never been found in experiments, although it is only indirect. According to Einstein's relativistic theory, attractive force is actually not a kind of force, but only the result of time-free transformation. According to the description of the relativistic theory, the presence of mass makes the space hollow, creating an attractive field that makes the path of everything, even light, be swallowed up when it is in the strong influence zone of the attractive field. The contradiction in the operating mechanism of attractive interactions and other interactions is the basic reason why there is no other way to unify the attraction into the other three interactions in a common model that physicists call the theory of everything. An idea proposed and quite a lot of people pursue is that the interactions under its different forms create an expression observed as atoms and interactions. And maybe science will continue to wait for a long time to actually find the theory of everything. Is there a fifth basic interaction? The existence of a fifth interaction of nature is still believed by many scientists, especially since the presence of dark matter has been confirmed. To date, there have been some experiments showing the participation of a strange phenomenon that is thought to be a small particle that has never been known. But to date, the fifth interaction has not had any specific description or official confirmation. And so, the number of basic interactions of nature is still only four, with three unified interactions in the standard model and attractive interactions standing alone with them. However, new research shows that there is a fifth force, a force that surpasses many modern physics theories. The characteristics of this fifth force depend on the theory being promoted. Many people define a force as close to the force of gravity, that is, it is much weaker than electromagnetic force or nuclear force, with a range anywhere from less than 1 mm to the scale of the universe. Another proposal is a new weak force mediated by bosons W' and Z'. The search for a fifth force has increased in recent decades due to two discoveries in space that have not been explained by current theories. People have discovered that most of the universe's mass is occupied by an unidentified material called dark matter. Most physicists believe that dark matter, including new atomic nuclei, has not been discovered. But some people believe that it may be related to an unknown basic force. Secondly, recently people have also discovered that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, which is assumed to be due to a type of energy called dark energy. Some physicists speculate that a type of dark energy called quintessence may be the fifth force. A research institute at the Nuclear Research Institute in Hungary has published a new study on the ARCF database, providing further evidence of a completely new nucleus proposed for the first time three years ago. Named X17, this nucleus can help scientists solve one of the biggest mysteries in astronomy. What is dark matter? The existence of nuclei is not a standard model of nuclear physics. The theory describes basic forces and the division of atomic nuclei. But that is only when the existence of nuclei can be determined. And most physicists are in doubt. Partly because there are no external scientists who can identify independently the discoveries made by the same group of researchers. In 2016, a group of researchers made their first discovery about the X17 nucleus in experiments carried out with radioactive beryllium atoms. Physicists measured the light and the beryllium-released nuclei when they were broken. They found that their electron pairs and antimatter partners, positrons, tend to slow down at a certain angle. This behavior seems inexplicable to modern physics. By breaking the nuclei, the middle nuclei that the beryllium splits before the red nucleus releases the electron and positron pairs. This unknown X nucleus is estimated to have nearly 17 megaelectronvolts. Therefore, its name is X17. To compare, that makes X17 about 34 times larger than the electron. New research has added that the X17 nucleus is closer to the proposed nucleus seen in the splitting of the beryllium atoms. A similar experiment once again showed evidence of a middle nucleus with the same volume. The findings show that this X17 nucleus is not a fermion, but a boson, an energy-carrying nucleus, and sometimes a force. X17 can transmit a force unknown that physicists say unknown that physicists say can help explain dark matter. This mysterious substance accounts for 85% of all matter in the universe. It can be detected by gravity but does not interact with light. But most physicists are waiting for independent measurements I doubt it. I think, as an experimenter, it is my natural position when I see something like this. But I think it needs to be investigated. Milner told LiveScience. Part of the doubt was created by the European Nuclear Research Organization or CERN who tried to dig up X17 and found no evidence of it. If it is confirmed, this discovery can also open a completely new way to make nuclear physics. Milner told LiveScience. In the past half century, physicists have made great progress in determining the standard model by focusing on the high-energy field, asking for international cooperation and expensive accelerators to beat the nuclei at face speed. This new process, made with much lower energy and costs, will be a completely new direction for physicists looking for new nuclei. The standard model of physics is very clear. Milner told LiveScience. Therefore, if people find a new interaction besides it, it is extremely important. No one can know exactly what the fifth mysterious force is. But studies have shown that if this fifth mysterious force really exists, it will have a surprising impact on the formation of the structure of the universe. The fifth force can reduce the non-objective nature of the theory of physics in some areas of astronomy. Until now, a new study has shown that the fifth force may be related to dark matter. In an article published in the magazine Physical Review Letters physicist Joe Bovee and Klenis Farah were very surprised when they found that the fifth force in the dark can be related to dark matter. Dark matter is very difficult to detect directly through independent spectroscopy. On the other hand, experiments in the future will certainly be able to detect the independent spectroscopy of dark matter. Professor Bovee and a student at the University of New York said, the study shows that we can infer some characteristics of dark matter. For example, the combination of its interactions with light-observing areas and dark matter through experiments can detect directly the dark matter without the fifth force. Bovee and Farah said that both cases are very interesting both in theory and practical observation. Previous studies have shown that the existence of the fifth force has expanded the standard model. Although most models about dark matter assume that the force can be applied to small areas, models such as superimposable and thick hypothesis allow for the existence of very light particles that can carry large areas in dark areas. In this study, the fifth force, the attractive force of large areas, is not gravity. Perhaps it is directly combined with dark matter, but the accuracy of gravity will allow for the existence of the fifth force in the observed area. Ph.D. Farah, Director of the Center for Space Studies and Molecular Physics at the University of New York, said that the study revealed that the connection between the interaction of dark matter and the fifth force must be zero in the Planck constant. On the other hand, this requires that dark matter must be heavy in most cases. In direct discovery experiments, scientists looked for dark matter by observing ordinary charged particles as they were dispersed by dark matter particles by dark matter particles. The combination of dark matter and charged particles became tighter, making direct discovery of dark matter more difficult. In addition to the significance of observing to discover dark matter directly, the fifth force is also believed to affect the formation of large-area structures. If this fifth force can attract a large-area structure, it can affect the formation of large-area structures. According to previous studies, such an effect can reduce the convergence between observation and prediction in some areas. For example, by increasing the number of celestial clusters, scientists can study and explore its significance. In addition, he is also studying the significance of the small gravitational pull between dark matter particles. This can create conditions for the discovery of the destruction of dark matter from the Milky Way satellites.