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Discovering that the universe is expanding is one of the great mindsets of the 20th century If the universe is awake, according to Newton, or if it expands too slowly, sooner or later, it will shrink again under the influence of gravitational force However, if the universe expands at a speed faster than a certain limit, the gravitational force will never be strong enough to stop it, and the universe will continue to expand forever This is similar to when we launch a missile into the air from the ground If it has a small radius, the gravitational force will eventually stop it and start to fall Conversely, if a missile has a radius greater than a certain limit radius, about 7 rounds per second, the gravitational force will not be strong enough to pull it back, and it will continue to fall forever That nature of the universe could have been predicted from Newton's fascinating theory at any time in the 19th, 18th, and even the end of the 16th century But because the belief in the universe was so strong, it still lasted until the beginning of the 20th century Even Einstein, when he built a relatively wide theory in 1915, insisted that the universe must be awake Therefore, he had to change his theory so that it could happen, by putting into his equations what is called the number of universes And while Einstein and other physicists were looking for ways to avoid the prediction of an expanding universe, Friedmann accepted and explained it Friedmann gave a very simple theory about the universe If the universe is awake, it must be uniform in all directions we observe, or regardless of where we observe In fact, in 1922, less than a year before the invention of Hubble, Friedmann predicted exactly what Hubble was looking for The discovery of the universe paved the way for Hubble's discovery In 1965, two American physicists working in the Bell Telephone lab in New Jersey, Arnold Penzias and Robert Wilson, were conducting experiments on a very thin short-wave radio Very short-wave, like light, but with a frequency of only 10,000 trillion waves per second Penzias and Wilson were very confused when they discovered that their radio had recorded too much noise, background noise, more than necessary This noise seemed to come from nowhere First, they discovered that there was a bird in the machine Then, they checked all possible possibilities, but all were excluded The background noise here was the same everywhere they headed And so, it had to come from outside the atmosphere This background noise was the same day and night for the whole year Regardless, the Earth still revolved around its axis and revolved around the sun This proved that the radio had to come from outside the solar system Even from outside our galaxy Because if not, it would change when the Earth's rotation made the radio go in different directions In fact, we know that this distance to us had to go through most of the observable space And because it was the same in different directions, the universe also needed to be the same in all directions, if only on a large scale Now, we know that no matter which direction we look at, that background noise is only a part of the universe, never more than a part of it So, Penzias and Wilson found a pretty accurate evidence to confirm Freeman's theory In the 1970s, the future of a vast universe was studied by the astrophysicists Jamal Islam and Freeman Dyson Recently, the astrophysicists Fred Adams and Gregory Laughlin divided the history, past and future of a vast universe into five periods First, the Primordial Period, which is the time in the past, right after the Big Bang, when the stars were not yet formed Second, the Star Period, which includes today and all the stars and galaxies we see This is the time in which the stars form from the collapse of the gas clouds Third, the Ocean Period, when all the stars burn out, leaving behind all the remaining stars The White Star, Neutron and Black Hole In the Black Hole Period, the White Star, Neutron, Neutron and other celestial objects will be destroyed by the proton dispersion, leaving only the Black Holes Finally, in the Dark Period, the Black Holes will also disappear through Hawking's theory, leaving only the gas of photons and leptons This history in the future and in the time below is destined to continue to expand the universe If the universe starts to shrink back, the next events in this time cannot happen because of the Big Bang Then the universe in a hot state, similar to the Big Bang, will happen Why does the universe expand? The presence of dark energy leads to the expansion of the universe, and now continues to make the universe expand forever According to current calculations, 73% of the universe's energy is dark energy, 23% of the universe's energy is dark matter, and only 4% of the universe's energy is dark matter Dark energy is different from dark matter. Dark energy is a kind of energy hidden in the vastness of the universe It is derived from Einstein's famous theorem, the General Theory of Relativity As we all know, the theorem contains a set of cosmological constants, one of the most important sets of the universe However, it was once denied by Einstein himself because its presence made the theorem describe a universe expanding forever, with the beginning as a miracle Einstein did not believe in its miracles and products. He used to say, God does not play excellent games However, the confirmations from the Big Bang theory show that God does play, and a set of universes is necessary These numbers show that the standard model of the universe is expanding, asking for the presence of a kind of energy that covers the universe, enough to resist the attraction of matter in the universe to make it expand forever And people have called this kind of energy dark energy Dark Matter In 1933, Fritz Zwicky discovered the appearance of this kind of matter when measuring the speed of galaxies in the Koba Galaxy People usually measure the mass of a galaxy in two basic ways The first way is to distribute the speed of the galaxy in the Koba Galaxy The larger the mass of the galaxy, the clearer the distribution of the speed of the galaxy to nearby galaxies And by this method, we can determine the total mass of the galaxy The second way is to determine the magnitude of the galaxies to subtract their mass, and from there calculate the mass of the galaxy It is noteworthy that the mass of a galaxy calculated in the first way is always much larger than the mass calculated in the second way, even if the calculation error is very high So we can guess that there is an existence of a kind of matter that has not yet changed It is the existence of this matter that the real mass of the galaxies is actually much larger than the mass that can be observed There is still no experiment to fully confirm the existence of this dark matter However, its existence is currently highly trusted due to the effects it has measured Applying the above methods and comparing their results, it is realized that there are certain ratios of the measured mass through the above two methods The measured mass ratio by the first way compared to the second way for some elliptic galaxies has been determined to be about 7 7.1, that is, the real mass is 7 times larger than the measured mass, based on the magnitude of the galaxy Galaxies with higher matter density have a ratio of only 4 to 5 And when applying this method to the total scale of the universe, this ratio in the universe still has a space that is almost empty up to 300 It means that it confirms that dark matter is present everywhere in the universe Many people see dark matter as a part of the One-Birds theory This theory is the question of why, with so many stars like that, the universe is not bright, but dark like this And why does the universe not reach a heat balance state with the stars? When the Big Bang theory came to life, along with the convincing evidences, as well as the consequences and assumptions after it People explain this theory as follows At the beginning of the formation of the universe, the universe went through a time of expansion and decay, self-increasing in size and mass By creating continuous basic nuclei at a very high speed, increasing by 10.5 times, only within 10.33 seconds On the other hand, the universe was formed 13.7 billion years ago, while the earliest stars came into being more than 1 billion years later After the universe has gone through a time of decay and is still expanding Therefore, the light from the stars in different parts of the universe never has enough time to pass to each other There is a limit to the path of those stars in 0 time That is why the universe is not as bright as it is in the daytime And the stars do not have enough time to transfer all their heat to the surrounding space Another reason is that some people explain that the dark matter above has lost its light Therefore, they significantly reduce the level of light in the universe Currently, there is no evidence that photons can be absorbed However, the common existence of dark matter also speaks of another very important role of it That is, it contributes to the constraint of the expansion of the universe Preventing the universe from having a structure that does not have time to completely decay Then we would not be here Earth is the center of the universe By observation, the evidence of Penzias and Wilson has confirmed that the universe looks the same in any direction we observe From there, it leads to the meaning that there is something special about our position in the universe We can even think that if we observe that all other galaxies are moving away from us Then we need to be in the center of the universe However, the truth is not like that When the universe is observed from any other galaxy, it also expands the same way in all directions Does the expansion of the universe exceed the speed of light? And if so, does that break Albert Einstein's relatively narrow theory? In 1929, Edwin Hubble published a discovery that can be considered one of the most important advances of astronomy since the beginning of the 20th century He found that galaxies far away are moving away from us And the farther the galaxy is, the faster it moves That means the universe is expanding very fast Perhaps you have heard that the neighboring galaxy Andromeda or M31 is advancing And will come into contact with our Milky Way galaxy in the next few billion years That seems contradictory to the above statement To avoid misunderstanding here, note that Hubble's discovery made it clear that galaxies are moving fast away from us Are galaxies very far away Very far away here means hundreds of millions of light years That does not mean that in a near distance like Andromeda, about 2.5 million light years Then the universe does not expand, but the expansion in that distance is much smaller than the transitions under the influence of attractive galaxies Back to Hubble's discovery With this discovery, a law named after him was given In which there is a link between the speed of movement of a galaxy and its distance The formula is as follows v is equal to h0d In it, v is the distance of the universe d is its distance to the observer Here is the Earth And h0 is the number of Hubble for a specific time The original number is h However, in fact, the rate of expansion is not fixed, but can change over time So h can change Therefore, the physicists hypothesized that h0 is h for a specific time Easier to understand than h at the time of measurement, that is, now According to the measurement result, by the end of 2020 h0 is estimated to be 67.6 km per second on megaparsec In the unit you just saw mpc is the logarithm of megaparsec worth 1 million parsec And each parsec has a value of about 3.26 light years And this very small number is not a coincidence But it is the distance for a straight line with a length of a celestial body Will be viewed with a wide angle of 1 second If this formula and formula make you dizzy and lose focus on the main content Just ignore it And just remember that 1 mic is the distance equivalent to 3.26 million light years And so the value of the Hubble number above means A celestial body 3.26 million light years away Is moving away with a speed of 74 km per second Just multiply it This shows that the farther the celestial body is The greater the speed of movement, according to the above formula So what if it is far enough for the speed to exceed the speed of light? More than 20 years before Hubble's discovery Precisely in 1905 Albert Einstein published the equation of relativity In which it is clear that the radius of light is the largest radius in the universe Nothing can surpass This is not a matter of the limit of technology Or the discovery of science has gone too far But a natural principle So if in the far reaches of the universe A celestial body moves away from us Larger than the radius of light, then what? Did it break Einstein's equation of relativity? The answer is no That does not contradict the equation of relativity But just makes it clearer To make it easier to imagine, let's take a small example like this An experiment that you can even do at home Put an ant in the middle of a rubber band With a fixed head This ant will run on it in any direction it wants With a speed of 6 cm per second, for example Now you can hold the unsteady head of the band And pull it hard to spread it out really fast The ant standing on the band will immediately move away from both ends Including the fixed head and the head you hold Much faster than its 6 cm per second speed Regardless of which direction it is moving The problem is, it does not know that If it does not observe the two ends of the band Because for the band it is on Its speed is still 6 cm per second The movement of galaxies as well as all other objects in the universe The speed of everything goes with their orbit Or easier to understand, is the direction they move on Like the road you walk on Or the rubber band of the ant in the Verneuil experiment Einstein's relativistic law Specifies the speed limit for the movement of all objects and objects In the space-time space It does not specify the speed limit For the expansion of the space itself Another point of view Maybe you are asking yourself So the relativistic law is just to describe a part of the universe Why is it so relevant? It can be said that considering the relativistic law as a universe theory is not wrong However, it still remains relevant with the space-time we know Because we should remember that The galaxies far away are moving faster than the speed of light Far away from us But the key issue lies in the distance Only distance can decide that Not anything else So you will never see a ship Or any kind of matter or energy Moving faster than light No matter how many years of technology has developed Therefore, Einstein's theory still shows its accuracy Let's go back to the concept of the observable universe Simply put This is the universe that its own light can come to us Currently, the observable universe has a radius of about 46.5 billion light years That means At a distance of about 46.5 billion light years Everything is moving far away from us With a radius bigger than the radius of light And that makes any information from there Will never come to us And the number 46.5 billion light years Seems very large when the age of the universe is determined As less than 14 billion years However, please note that The universe has been producing energy since it was formed And even when the energy production has slowed down The universe is still producing energy very quickly The light of any object Was emitted more than 13 billion years ago Corresponding to its current distance Much larger Observers say that the expansion of the universe will continue forever If so, the universe will be cold when it expands And finally become too cold to sustain life For this reason This script is common in the future It is called Big Freeze If dark energy is represented by a number of galaxies An unchangeable energy level fills the most crowded space Or non-negative areas Such as Quintessence or Moduli The number of energy levels may vary In time and space Increase the expansion rate of the universe Space between galaxies Will expand at an increasing rate Redshift will be long Photons will come Even gamma rays Interfere with long wavelengths and low energy Stars are expected to form normally For 10.12 billion years Or 100 billion years To 10.14 billion years Or 100 billion years But in the end The essential supply of gas for the formation of stars Will be limited And like the existing stars Out of fuel and out of light The slow and unchangeable universe Will increase more than one star at a time According to the theory of proton distribution The remaining stars left behind will disappear Leaving behind black holes And those black holes And those black holes will gradually disappear Through Hawking's law In the end The universe reaches a state In which the temperature approaches a common value No more activity The final result is the death of the universe What does the expanding universe tell us? There is a fact that We should arrange travel around the world sooner Because if it's too late It won't be in time Right now Humans are being limited in a space-time Compared to the tip of the table With 14 billion light years Nothing can help us cross that line If there are aliens on the other side of the line Even if they have technology They will be powerless If they want to invade Earth What do you think about the above information? Leave your comments in the comment section Let us know Don't forget to subscribe to Radio Vũ Trụ To see our latest videos