[REPLAY #03] BÍ ẨN HỐ ĐEN - THỨ ĐÁNG SỢ NHẤT VŨ TRỤ (Phần 1) | Khám Phá Vũ Trụ Mới Nhất

The black hole is a timeless area where the attraction is so strong that nothing, not even matter or electromagnetic waves such as light, can escape it. A relatively wide theory predicts that an amount of matter with a large enough mass in a small enough range will form a timeless formation to become a black hole. Around the black hole is a plane determined by a mathematical equation called the event horizon. Therefore, when matter passes through it, it will not be able to escape the black hole. The black hole is called black because it absorbs all particles and matter that pass through the event horizon. Like an absolute black object in the heat of the sun, it is not a hole or a lake, but a timeless area that does not allow anything to escape. The theory of a timeless black hole in the event horizon is that a black hole emits a particle similar to a black object with a certain temperature and emits a particle. This temperature is opposite to the mass of the black hole, making it very difficult to observe this particle for black holes with a star mass or medium. In the 18th century, Jean-Michel and Pierre-Simon Laplace used to look at highly attractive objects, described by classical mechanics, so that light could not escape. The first modern theory on the characteristics of the black hole was proposed by Karl Schwarzschild in 1916, when he found the first correct answer for Einstein's equation. Although the philosophical meaning and explanation of the timeless area that nothing can escape was first proposed by David Fenkelstein in 1958. For a long time, physicists considered Schwarzschild's theory to be a pure mathematical description. Until the 1960s, new theoretical studies pointed out that the black hole was formed according to the relatively generalist predictions of the theory. When astronomers discovered the neutrons, pulsars, and Cygnus X-1, a black hole in the binary system, the predictions of the attractive decay process became reality, and the concept of black holes, along with special celestial bodies, became a theory describing these special entities in the universe. According to the theory, star mass black holes are formed from the attractive decay of stars with very large masses in the final stages of evolution. After formation, they continue to attract matter from the surrounding environment, and the mass increases over time. Along with the process of mixing and arranging two or more black holes, there are giant black holes with masses ranging from a few million to tens of billions of solar masses. Survey projects have shown that most of them, in the center of the galaxy, contain at least one giant black hole. In fact, black holes are formed when large stars run out of fuel and collapse. If a star is large enough, it will recover only by the size of one atom, or what is called the point of no time. When he published his relatively wide book General Relativity in 1915, Einstein soon realized that his equations had shown that if a mass of matter was reduced to a small enough size, the attractive force would become extremely large, to the extent that even light could not escape. That is a black hole. Although he predicted the presence of such a celestial body, he did not believe that they existed in space. However, later generations of scientists have not stopped strengthening the relativity of the theory. One of those breakthroughs is the proof of the existence of black holes. The Nobel Prize in Physics, awarded in 2020, is to honor the discoveries of one of the most mysterious phenomena in the universe, the black hole. The black hole, with an extremely large mass, is concentrated in a very small particle, allowing the curvature of space-time to be closed. When a mass of matter reaches a certain limit, it becomes a black hole. The space around the black hole is a closed space and is limited by the event horizon. The time inside the event horizon stops. All of them have created a miracle. This is all the strange nature of space and time contained in Einstein's relatively wide book. The relatively wide book has become an important platform for our current knowledge of black holes. Scientists have tested the relatively wide book in weak attractions such as celestial phenomena in the solar system, stars, and even large attractions such as galaxies, galaxies. In stronger attractions such as super black holes, it is still a big challenge. So, in space, what forms of black holes exist? It is believed that the black hole is a variant of a large-mass star, which was discovered by natural scientists, and was also suggested by the British astronomer John Michell for the first time in 1783 in a paper by the Royal British Academy of Sciences. He believes that some large-mass celestial bodies will have a greater velocity than light. Therefore, the light emitted by those celestial bodies will not be able to escape. They will be pulled back by the strong attraction of the star. Not long after, French astronomer Pierre-Simon Laplace also came up with a similar hypothesis. But this time, he used some calculations to show the relationship between the value of the mass and the radius of the celestial body. After studying the equation of the relatively wide book in 1910, German physicist Karl Schwarzschild realized that for a certain mass value, there would be a finite radius, where the nature of space and time became different. Schwarzschild gave the famous Schwarzschild radius for non-rotating black holes. Finally, in 1939, American physicist Robert Oppenheimer gave an accurate prediction of the origin of the black hole. After he and his colleagues came up with a concept called the Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit, which reflects the attractive velocity of stars if they exceed that limit. Next, he published an article on the continuous gravitational contraction. He said that a star with a large mass, after death, all the mass in the star will be concentrated in a small particle. Its attraction can distort the path of any property to it and prevent any property from being released. In the following years, many constructions have focused on studying the nature of black holes created after the death of giant stars. A black ball hanging loosely in space. This is not an idea that many people accept. The mysterious nature of that ball has made some people believe that it is just the result of the delusional imagination of some astrophysicists. But subsequent studies have shown that the presence of black holes in space is entirely possible. The most convincing evidence is the event of the observation of black holes orbiting each other emitting an attractive gravitational wave. This is also an important scientific breakthrough. In mid-September 2015, we recorded the attractive gravitational wave GW-150914 directly, emitted from a pair of black holes with a magnitude of about 29 and 36 times the mass of the Sun, about 1.3 billion light-years away from the Earth. Detailed studies have shown that these two black holes orbit each other and will combine to form a large black hole with a magnitude of about 62 times the mass of the Sun. The attractive waves are predicted by relatively wide theory, which can be verified by observing double pulsar systems in space, such as PSR J0737-3039, or a neutron star and a pulsar such as PSR B1913-16. These celestial bodies, in the process of orbiting each other, will create time-free oscillations and emit attractive waves. Due to the emission of attractive waves, over time, these pulsars will lose energy. When they lose energy, they will slow down, i.e. the cycle of rotation will be prolonged. Variable observations in the cycle of the double pulsar system can provide indirect evidence for the existence of attractive waves. However, now, with the development of observational techniques such as LIGO, we can directly observe attractive waves. Scientists also believe that in space, there is not only one black hole due to the residual result of a giant star that died, but there are also two other mysterious black holes, namely the celestial black hole and the primordial black hole. So far, many scientists have the idea of ​​exploiting the black hole energy, but this seems to be unthinkable. In 1974, Stephen William Hawking shocked the scientific community by concluding that the black hole was actually not an absolute black hole, but still found in the famous article titled, Particle Creation by Black Holes There is a distance to the center of the black hole larger than the Square Strike radius. Light can escape from the black hole if it originates from here. Due to the existence of the creation and destruction of particles due to the phenomenon of air bubbles, so at any point around the black hole, both inside and outside the event skyline, there is this phenomenon. If particles and particles are created quite far outside the skyline, they are not sucked in by the black hole, so the initial energy emitted from the air outside the black hole will be returned after reassembly. Only pairs of particles and antiparticles are created in the space outside the black hole, but very close to the event skyline, which creates a miracle. If one of the two particles passes through the event skyline, goes deep into the black hole and stops there, the other particle will definitely go outside, escape the black hole. In this second case, under the influence of the large electric field, right after the creation of the pair, the negative electromagnetic electron goes in one direction, the positron electromagnetic electron will go in the opposite direction, and they have no chance to reassemble and return the energy they had before. This energy is actually taken from the electric field, not from the air. This energy to create a pair of antiparticles is taken from a very strong field created by the black hole, or taken from the black hole itself, but not from the space outside the black hole, because this outer space does not create a field. The mechanism of why the black hole is taken energy and creates a pair of particles is really a mystery. However, as long as this energy accumulation occurs in a short enough time and in accordance with the Heisenberg theorem, then there will be an explosion. The air bubble has been tested and confirmed to exist. Therefore, up to this point, we can see a relatively clear physical picture. The air bubble takes energy from the black hole to create a pair of particles outside. In other words, the black hole really has a pair of particles and is losing energy. The black hole is probably just a mysterious point in space. If there is no Hawking particle and no energy is lost, this phenomenon is called a picture of the black holes being blown away, and the result is that the black hole will disappear. Even this will be very logical, because it is simply the result of Hawking using the most basic physical platforms to draw conclusions. However, if a book flies in and is sucked into the black hole, according to Hawking's explanation, the information written on the pages is completely lost or the book is blown away. In terms of mathematics, Shannon's information theory estimates the value of information by formula. However, a large amount of physics is also given by a formula similar to Shannon's formula in thermodynamics. That large amount is entropy. Instead of saying that the amount of information stored in books is lost, we say that the entropy of the book is lost because entropy and information are one. This means that the entropy of the black hole plus the book before the book is sucked is greater than the entropy of the black hole plus the book after it is blown away. In other words, the Hawking phenomenon reduces the entropy of a series. If instead of the book being sucked by the black hole, but larger objects such as planets, even the entire sky is sucked by the black hole after it is blown away, all the entropy of the sucked objects is also lost. It means that the theory of thermodynamics is no longer correct. When using a fairly wide and attractive formula, it is possible to violate the theory of thermodynamics if we look at entropy. Entropy also means the violation of the theory of quantum mechanics if we look at information. The price that the black hole does not pay Hawking because it does not pay for the information of the objects being sucked by the black hole is still forever in the new black hole, preserved and everyone is happy. The paradox caused by the Hawking paradox is the famous information paradox. It is the subject of a debate that lasted nearly 30 years between two theories of physics, the so-called quantum paradox led by Lana Susskind and Gerald Teeoff to protect the view that information is not lost, and the relatively wide paradox led by Hawking to protect the view that information is blown away. To reinforce my point of view, Susskind came up with the concept of eliminating the black hole, black hole complementarity, and analyzing the phenomenon of an object or taking a direct example as a person falling into the black hole needs to be looked at in two dimensions. In the first dimension, attached to the person falling in, he will not discover anything different when passing through the event skyline, if the radius of this road is large enough, and finally is stretched when approaching the point of incidence. Once through this road, he has no way to communicate with the outside world to describe what he sees in the black hole. However, the information of the person falling into the black hole is preserved. In the second dimension, by standing outside observing the first person falling into the black hole, the second person will see the first person approaching the event skyline at a slower pace, but never able to pass through. It is possible to imagine the image of the person moving closer to the speed of light as they pass slower than the person standing outside. All the information of the first person is sent back into the black hole. Then, the information of the person falling into the black hole is also preserved. In both dimensions, the information is preserved. However, we have no way to simultaneously verify the two results because the two dimensions we examine are separated by the event skyline. And because there is no way to simultaneously verify or look at an event, Sarskind proposes to accept both, as if we had once accepted the quantum wave in quantum physics. The perspective of the first person is more profound to ensure the principle of parallelism and information preservation. The perspective of the second person is to ensure that they do not destroy the information. And more importantly, the results of both dimensions are correct. Accepting the principle of removing the black hole in addition to solving the information theory of Hawking's book also leads to something more surprising. That is, there is a physical resonance taking place in the 3D space inside the event skyline. And what happens in the 2D class is right outside the skyline. In 2004, Hawking admitted that the entropy of an object falling into the black hole cannot disappear. That is, the explanation of removing the black hole is reasonable for the phenomenon of the black hole flying by Hawking. In his book, The Black Hole War, Sarskind describes that this is not a victory, but just a reasonable plan to protect the authenticity of quantum physics and help us understand more clearly one of the greatest mysteries of the universe. It's also very funny, because Sarskind also dedicated a page of his book just to write the lyrics of the famous Macarena dance song to honor the mathematician Mandasena for accurately calculating the equivalence of what happens in the space. For example, 3D, and quantum laws in a space of less than 1 million. For example, 2D. However, by 2012, a group of four writers from the University of California at Santa Barbara, including Paul Shensky, argued that in order to preserve the information in the above two dimensions, there would be cases where the atoms in the 3D entropy along with the atoms falling into the black hole and with the Hawking equations have returned to outer space. The entropy of the atoms with the atoms inside the black hole is due to the quantum principle I just mentioned above and ensure that the information going into the black hole is preserved. The entropy of the atoms with the Hawking equations is to ensure that the outside observer can recover the information that the person entering the black hole returns through the Hawking equation. This will lead to a situation where an atom entropy with two completely independent atoms, one inside and one outside the black hole. This also violates quantum theory 4. From there, Paul Shensky proposed quantum entropies between the atoms in the entropy and the atoms flying inside. This is the nature of the proposal called the black hole. That is, there is a physical wall at the event horizon. Everything here will be erased. However, the concept of this wall violates one of the most basic principles of relativity. The principle of equality that I mentioned above. Paul Shensky must also sincerely apologize if such an unreasonable thing has been brought to go against the principle of Mandasena that has not yet been denied by anyone. Sarskaid sincerely admits that at first he immediately said that Paul Shensky's argument was wrong. Then he saw it right, then he saw it wrong, and then he saw it right. Just like that, we are making weather forecasts. That's right, but it's wrong. Then suddenly it's right, according to Hawking. At this point, the genius Hawking of mankind is gone. All the people involved are in a state of panic. Half afraid of what others say. Half confident about what you bring out. And they all need to be tested. Quantum black holes are a kind of theoretical black holes formed right after the Big Bang. Sarskaid's universe, high density and unequal conditions, may have made the regions thick enough to undergo an attractive collapse, forming black holes. Yakov Borisovich Zandovich and Igor Dmitrievich Novikov in 1966 for the first time proposed the existence of such black holes. The theory behind their origins was first studied by Stephen Hawking in 1971. Because the quantum black holes do not form from the attractive collapse of stars, their mass can be much lower than that of a star, about 2 x 10³³ kg. Hawking calculated that quantum black holes can weigh only 10¹⁸ kg. However, the original quantum black holes with a mass lower than 10¹¹ kg will not exist to this day due to Hawking's assumption that they will completely evaporate in a much shorter period of time than the age of the universe. Quantum black holes do not have baryonics and thus are dark matter carriers. Quantum black holes are also good carriers to become the core of supermassive black holes in the center of large galaxies, such as the Milky Way. The study was led by Prof. Phuoc Pha, a physicist at Namur University, Belgium. The team has developed an application of this machine to observe small quantum black holes with results published in the journal Physical Review D. According to the team, the discovery of quantum black holes opened new horizons to understand the origin of the universe and how quantum black holes are supposed to form in a few small parts of the string after an explosion. The study is of great interest to physics and astronomy because it can explain the origin of dark matter in the universe. This device is several meters in size enough to detect the most suitable of small quantum black holes millions of light-years away from the Earth. The new device is also much smaller and has many more reasons to be used such as the Lego, Virgo, and Chakra interchanges which are several kilometers long. The discovery method of this device also jumps with very high-intensity attractive waves which are not made from ordinary natural resources such as heat, neutron stars, or black holes. But this device is ideal to detect small black holes with the mass of an asteroid or a small tennis ball. The technology provided by this device is in the process of modeling theory but has all the necessary elements to enter a more specific stage with the construction of a model. The new device will open the way for basic research on the origin of the universe. In addition to quantum black holes these black holes can also be used to detect small black holes at the time of a large explosion and thus study physics at much higher energy than the energy achieved in a quantum machine. So far, these black holes are still just hypotheses because it is very difficult to make a difference between a black hole caused by a star explosion and a black hole. The research group said Scientists added We are providing experimentalists with a device that can detect quantum black holes by collecting the most attractive waves they generate when combined. These waves are much higher in frequency than the current waves. Quantum black holes may be the golden chain of the universe. Some other heavier elements can be formed by the process of a black hole swallowing neutron stars from the inside. InsideScience reported on August 30. This also helps explain many other astrophysical problems such as the origin of gamma rays or mysterious radio waves. The three lightest elements are hydrogen, helium and lithium created since the dawn of the universe The heavier elements are then formed by combining the atomic nuclei of the light element with protons and neutrons. Scientists believe that this nuclear fusion occurs under extreme temperature and pressure conditions, exists in stars or major changes such as supernova explosions. Finding the source of the formation of heavy elements such as gold, platinum and uranium is a solvable problem. All we know is that there are a lot of neutrons involved in this process. The conditions to form the heaviest elements appear in supernova explosions, but only in extremely rare cases. The theories about the current nuclear fusion are difficult to explain when explaining the movement of heavy elements in some places in the universe, especially in the Reticulum II galaxy. According to the new theory, the heaviest elements in the universe can be formed from the process of generating a black hole in the atomic universe. Scientists believe that black holes often appear when large stars die in a supernova explosion, leaving a black hole with an equivalent mass of one star. However, nearly 50 years ago, there was a black hole in the Big Bang galaxy less than a second before the areas with large celestial bodies of the atomic universe were destroyed by their own gravity. In a new study, scientists believe that such black holes can collide with neutron stars. Stars contain only neutrons and are so dense that a small particle weighs about 1 billion tons. If there are enough black holes in the atomic universe, this may be the reason for the formation of all the heavy elements. If such explosions occur, they may answer many other questions. According to the co-author of the study, Volodymyr Tarkasov, a physicist at the Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the black holes in the atomic universe may be the cause of the black holes. For example, researchers believe that mysterious gamma rays generated at the center of the Milky Way can form from antimatter generated from distant areas when a neutron star explodes inwards. In addition, the final stage after the death of a neutron star can create some radio waves. The black holes in the atomic universe were formed nearly a decade ago. The amount of energy they emit in a second is more than the amount of energy the sun emits in a month. However, the hypothesis that the black hole may cause a neutron star to explode is still just a guess. According to the physicist Hans-Thomas Schenker at the Institute of Astronomy of the German Academy of Sciences, how would matter push out if the black holes were held by neutrons? Future researches need to calculate in more detail to see if the neutrons holding the black holes can release large amounts of matter. Schenker noted, he also published other theories about how to produce large amounts of heavy metals, such as the combination of neutrons, and a black hole with a diameter of about one star. New observations of the attractive wave will help scientists study many different types of objects in the next few years, according to Joseph Bramant, a physicist at the Parameter Institute of Physics, Canada. Bramant and his colleague Tim Linden from the University of Ohio-Columbus have conducted studies that show that dark particles, if present, can also cause neutron stars to explode into it. Bramant hopes that new observations will bring many benefits when studying dark matter and primitive black holes. After nearly 30 years, new observations of the VLT, Very Large Telescope, for the first time see a star revolve around a black hole in the center of the Milky Way, just like Einstein's relatively wide theory. The path of the star is called S2. The complex orbit of the star is shaped like a rose, instead of an ellipse as predicted in Newton's attractive theory. The results were drawn by a group of researchers after nearly three decades of closely-monitored observations, allowing scientists to unravel the mysteries of the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A, a supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way. The path of the star is called Rosette, similar to the path of the spiral graph. The group of multinationals described their results in a new article in Astronomy and Astrophysics magazine. The relatively wide theory estimates that the orbits of an object around another object are not closed as described in Newton's attractive theory, but as the movement of a preset up in the transverse plane. This famous effect is seen for the first time on the orbit of the comet around the sun, the first evidence to support the relatively wide theory. This effect was first observed in the orbit of the comet around the sun and 100 years later we discovered a similar effect in the movement of a star revolving around a black hole in the center of the Milky Way. This breakthrough also supports the theory that Sagittarius A is a supermassive black hole 4 million times larger than the sun. Located about 26,000 light-years away from the Earth, Sagittarius A is surrounded by seven massive stars, one of which is S2, a star with a trajectory point only 20 billion kilometers away from the black hole, making it one of the closest objects to be found on the orbit of Sagittarius A. At the trajectory point, S2 flies at a speed of nearly 3% of the speed of light, completing a circle around the black hole every 16 years. Most stars and planets have imperfect orbits, so they can move closer or further away from the object they orbit. The trajectory of S2 changes every time, so its closest point to the black hole also changes. The relatively wide theory provides an accurate prediction of the degree of trajectory change and new methods used in research for results that are completely in line with the theory. When Einstein developed the relativistic theory, he proposed three classic tests to confirm the logic of this theory. One is the direction of light by the sun. Because the surface of the large celestial bodies is curved, and there is no time to curve, light will follow a curved line around large objects. This prediction was confirmed in 1919 by the discovery of Arthur Eddington to measure the attractive orbit of light of stars passing near the sun. This confirmation was reported by the press all over the world, and Einstein became a famous name. The relatively wide theory also predicts that light will fall to red, redshift, under the influence of strong attractive forces. This was first confirmed by the light measurement of the white dwarf star in 1954. The third test is the prediction of the strange elliptical orbit of stars around the sun. Every 100 years, the nearest point, perihelion, or the closest point to the sun of this planet, falls by about 0.001 degrees due to the attraction of other planets. This effect is also the way astronomers use to finally discover the ocean star. Astronomers have seen some strange turbulence on the orbit of the celestial star, and French mathematician Urbain Le Verrier in the 19th century had the exact theory that there was another planet. His 1845 prediction was confirmed by observation in September 1846. Le Verrier also tried to model the orbit of the star according to Newton's attractive force theorem, which was put to the test during the 1843 solar eclipse. His model failed in that test, and he argued that the error was due to an unidentified planet not yet discovered near the sun. That hypothetical planet was named Vulcan. But in the next decades, no observations have confirmed such a planet. Einstein himself pointed out that Newton's attractive force theorem was not complete. The relatively large force theorem explains exactly the observable orbit of the star. This model shows that the orbit of the stars is very close to the supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way, a perfect place to test Einstein's attractive physics and relative total theory. If the main predictions about the relatively large force theorem were confirmed by experiment, why do scientists want to continue testing them? Because there are strange environments outside our solar system. For example, the extreme attraction of a supermassive black hole, where the physical laws may not be exactly the same. The Sagittarius A star black hole is a perfect place to study this, especially with the dense stars orbiting it. Scientists at the VLT Observatory were able to detect the bright light around the black hole when Einstein passed by during his first observations of the star. About two years later, in 2018, they successfully measured the attractive redshift of Einstein. There, the strong attraction of the black hole pulls the light of the star to a longer wavelength as it passes by. VLT's Gravity, Symphonia, and NaCl infrared observations show that the transmission light level is accurate to the prediction of the relatively large force theorem. Like the redshift effect, the movement of Einstein's orbit is very small, which means it takes longer to observe for astronomers to be able to detect them. Einstein completes an orbit every 16 years. The research team finally collected enough data points on the position of the star and its orbit, a total of more than 330 redshifts, to determine its exact orbit. And, as predicted by the relatively large force theorem, every time S2 goes close to the supermassive black hole, it is attracted by a kick, which makes its orbit change very little. As a result, the orbit forms a beautiful pink shape, imitating the orbit of the star S2 when it goes very close to the supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way. When S2 is close to the black hole, the strong attraction makes the color of the star change to red. The previous results showed that the light emitted from the star was affected by the relatively large force theorem. In the next phase, scientists are likely to see more bright stars near the supermassive black hole, thanks to the extremely large telescope. If we are lucky, we can take close-up shots of the stars so that they can really feel the rotation, rotate, and self-rotation of the black hole. This allows astronomers to measure the self-rotation and mass of the Sagittarius A star, as well as determine the space and time around it. This will be a completely different level of relative theory. In theory, star mass black holes are formed from the attractive rotation of very large stars in the final stages of evolution. After formation, they continue to attract matter from the surrounding environment, and the mass increases over time. Black holes are so attractive that even light cannot escape. Information, such as DNA, when it enters the black hole, cannot escape. Although by definition it is a complete or invisible black object, the existence of a black hole can be predicted through its interaction with the surrounding material environment and particles such as light. And the black hole does not exist forever, but will evaporate as physicist Stephen Hawking discovered in the 1970s. There are some rules that even the most extreme objects in the universe have to follow. A central law of black holes predicts that, in the event of an event, the boundary from which no object can escape from a black hole will never reoccur. This is the Hawking Area Theorem, named by physicist Stephen Hawking, and was introduced by Hawking in 1971. Fifty years later, a new study used attractive waves to obtain evidence that the total area of a black hole event sky will never decrease. Physicists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and other places used attractive wave observations to determine that Hawking's area theorem was completely accurate. In this study, the researchers carefully observed GW150914, the first attractive wave signal discovered by a laser-guided attractive wave observatory in 2015. GW150914 is the product of two black holes rotating inside. These two black holes have combined to create a new black hole and release a lot of energy. This energy circulates in space and time under attractive waves. If Hawking's area theorem is correct, the area of the event sky of this new black hole will not be smaller than the total area of the event sky of its two black holes. In the new study, physicists analyzed the signals from GW150914 before and after the collision of the two black holes. They found that after the merger, the total area of the event sky did not decrease. They announced this result with a confidence of 95%. The simulation on the computer shows the collision of the two black holes. This collision released the attractive wave signal GW150914. Their discovery marks the first direct observation confirmation of Hawking's area theorem. Previously, Hawking's area theorem was only confirmed by mathematics, but it was not observed in nature. The research group plans to test attractive wave signals in the future to further confirm Hawking's theory or prove that this is a sign of violation of the new theory of physics. Massimiliano Isi, a postdoctoral researcher at NASA Einstein at the Institute of Astronomy and Space Cavalli at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and is the main author of the study, said that there may be black holes that contain different densities. Although some of these black holes follow the rules of Einstein and Hawking, other black holes may be slightly different. Therefore, this experiment is just the beginning. In 1971, Stephen Hawking proposed the area theorem. This theorem gave birth to a series of basic knowledge of black hole mechanics. The area theorem estimates that the total area of an event sky of a black hole and all black holes in the universe will never decrease. This statement is similar to the second law of thermodynamics in a surprising way. Because the second law of thermodynamics says that entropy, or the degree of confusion in an object, will never decrease. The similarity between the two theorems shows that black holes can act like hot and cool objects. This is an incomprehensible statement. Because of the nature of black holes, people believe that black holes will never emit energy or radiation. Hawking finally explained these two points in 1974 and proposed that if we consider the quantum effect of black holes, black holes may have entropy and emit radiation over an extremely long period of time. This phenomenon is called Hawking radiation and is still one of the most basic revelations about black holes. E.C. said that it all started with Hawking's realization that the total area of an event sky of a black hole will never decrease. This area theorem summarizes a golden age of space science in the 1970s. Hawking and others have proven that the area theorem has value in mathematics. But before Ligo discovered the attractive wave for the first time, there was no way to prove this theorem through natural observations. At that time, after Hawking heard the news that Ligo had discovered the attractive wave, he immediately contacted the co-founder of Ligo, Kip Thorne, a Ph.D. in physics at the California Institute of Technology. Hawking asked himself, can Ligo's discovery confirm the area theorem? At that time, researchers were not able to choose the necessary amount of information from the attractive wave signals before and after the black hole was incorporated to determine whether the event sky finally decreased or not, as predicted by Hawking's area theorem. A few years later, E.C. and his colleagues developed a technology to help discover the area theorem. In 2019, E.C. and his colleagues developed a technology that can remove the sound right behind the top of GW150914. This is the best time for the two black holes to combine to form a new black hole. Then, the team used this technology to select specific parameters or tones of other attractive waves, and they can use the selected parameters to calculate the final mass and curvature of the black hole. The mass and curvature of the black hole are directly related to its event sky area. Thorne recalled Hawking's question and asked the team a follow-up question. Can they use the same technique to compare the attractiveness before and after the black hole was incorporated and confirm the area theorem? The researchers accepted the challenge and divided the GW150914 signal once again at the top. They developed a model to analyze the signal in front of the top, corresponding to the two black holes rotating inside, and confirm their corresponding mass and curvature before they combine. Based on these estimates, they calculated the total area of the event sky of the two black holes at about 235,000 square kilometers, equivalent to nine times the area of Massachusetts. Then, they used the previous technique to calculate the sound of the newly formed black hole, calculate the mass and curvature of the new black hole, and finally, calculate the area of the event sky. They found that the event sky of the new black hole is about 367,000 square kilometers, equivalent to 13 times the area of Massachusetts. EC said the data showed that the area of the event sky combined has certainly increased and the area theorem is very high. Our result is in line with the model expected. The team plans to use more data from LIGO and Virgo, a telegraph system that detects attractive waves near Pisa, Italy, in the future to test Hawking's area theorem once again and other ancient black hole theories. Nothing in the universe is immune to the strange nature of black holes. The most original scientists are still looking for answers to the physical mysteries surrounding them, like what happens inside the monster that swallows everything. The fastest black hole In February 2021, physicists reviewed the composition of a cosmic monster at the center of the Cygnus X-1 system, which is also where the first black hole was confirmed to exist. Discovered nearly 60 years ago, the Cygnus X-1 black hole is more than 50% larger than initially estimated, is 21 times the size of the sun, and rotates at nearly the speed of light, setting a new record for the speed of rotation of the black hole. The Cygnus X-1 black hole is about 7,200 light-years away from us and is gradually swallowing a giant green star, providing researchers with new insights into the process. 2. The oldest black hole Discovering the oldest black hole This ancient black hole can uncover a long-standing mystery about the era when the stars formed for the first time. Discovered in 2017, the supermassive entity was formed 690 million years after the Big Bang, when the universe was only 5% of its current age. The black hole has a mass of 800 million times that of the sun. 3. The re-ionization of the universe The re-ionization of the universe took place in the 13.1-billion-year-old universe, the vast J1342-0928 galaxy, about 13.1 billion light-years away, and was formed during the re-ionization of the universe, the so-called re-ionization era. This specific period took place when the first stars evolved from ions and gravities. The re-ionization of the universe took place in the 13.1-billion-year-old universe, the vast J1342-0928 galaxy, about 13.1 billion light-years away, and was formed during the re-ionization of the universe, the so-called re-ionization era. The re-ionization of the universe took place in the 13.1-billion-year-old universe, the vast J1342-0928 galaxy, about 13.1 billion light-years away, and was formed during the re-ionization of the universe, the vast J1342-0928 galaxy, about 13.1 billion light-years away, and was formed during the re-ionization of the universe, the vast J1342-0928 galaxy, about 13.1 billion light-years away, and was formed during the re-ionization of the universe, the vast J1342-0928 galaxy, about 13.1 billion light-years away, and was formed during the re-ionization of the universe, the vast J1342-0928 galaxy, about 13.1 billion light-years away, and was formed during the re-ionization of the universe, the vast J1342-0928 galaxy, about 13.1 billion light-years away, and was formed during the re-ionization of the universe, the vast J1342-0928 galaxy, about 13.1 billion light-years away, and was formed during the re-ionization of the universe, the vast J1342-0928 galaxy, about 13.1 billion light-years away, and was formed during the re-ionization of the universe, the vast J1342-0928 galaxy, about 13.1 billion light-years away, and was formed during the re-ionization of the universe, the vast J1342-0928 galaxy, about 13.1 billion light-years away, and was formed during the re-ionization of the universe, the vast J1342-0928 galaxy, the vast J1ür photography system, and its shadow, the vast J1342-0928 dark photosystem, about 13.1 billion light-years away, The black holes are located in the Milky Way. About 12 giant black holes may be hovering in the Milky Way. This discovery was made in August 2021, when researchers announced a new model of cosmic collision. In such great events, the gravitational force can make the black holes super-heavy, with a mass of millions to billions of times the sun, drifting and hovering in space. Some of these black holes will eventually settle in galaxies. For example, galaxies of the size of the Milky Way can contain an average of 12 black holes. Astronomers hope to discover ways to study these giants to see if their models are accurate. 7. Discovering the closest pair of black holes In December 2021, Kinh Thien Van recorded evidence of a pair of black holes closest to our planet. This pair of black holes is located in the constellation of Saturn, 89 million light-years away. The pair of black holes previously recorded were five times farther than this pair of black holes. This means that scientists have a chance to study these systems in more detail than before. The two black holes above are both very heavy, with the large black hole having a mass of 154 million times the sun, and the small black hole having a mass of 6.3 million times our star. They orbit each other at a distance of only 1,600 light-years, and may collide with each other to form a giant black hole in about 250 million years. 9. The Vortex Effect When a shooting star moves too close to a black hole, the attractive force will pull it into long strands stuck in the black hole. This process is called the Spaghettification Vortex Effect. In May 2021, researchers for the first time discovered a star being eaten by a black hole. This black hole has a mass of 30 million times the sun and is located in the center of the universe, 750 million light-years away. 10. LIGO Proved that Physics Professor Stephen Hawking Was Right In June 2021, the LASER observatory observed two giant black holes that were close to each other. They found that the black hole's back surface was larger than the two black holes combined. The black hole's back surface was larger than the two black holes combined. In addition to providing data, the discoveries also helped prove the 1971 theory from physicist Stephen Hawking, also known as the black hole area theory. This theory affirms that it is impossible for the black hole's back surface to decrease over time, a theory that physicist Hawking drew from Einstein's relatively wide theory along with his calculations. Meanwhile, the black hole's back surface While the above results were a victory for physicist Hawking, they left a problem for physicists. According to quantum mechanics, black holes can shrink and deflate, but it is not yet clear how to match Hawking's theorem that their back surface always increases. 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