Richard the Lionheart
Richard the Lionheart
Richard the Lionheart (1157–1199), Richard I of England, was King of England from 1189 until his death and a leading commander of the Third Crusade. A son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, he became Duke of Aquitaine in his teens and was known early for the courage that earned him the name Cœur de Lion. Soon after his coronation he set out for the Holy Land, where he won at Arsuf in 1191 and in 1192 concluded the Treaty of Jaffa with Saladin, securing access to Jerusalem for Christian pilgrims. Detained on his journey home, he was held in the Holy Roman Empire until a large ransom was paid in 1194. He died in 1199 of a wound received at a siege in France. A poet and patron of troubadours, he became an enduring model of medieval chivalry; his equestrian statue stands outside the Palace of Westminster.
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Heroes of the Middle Ages
Charlemagne was crowned emperor in 800, and Roland, one of his commanders, became the hero of the epic Song of Roland. During the Third Crusade, Richard the Lionheart and Sultan Saladin faced each other as rivals who earned each other's respect. William Wallace led Scotland's struggle for independence, and Joan of Arc rallied the French during the Hundred Years' War.
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