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Richard I of England
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Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 1189 until his death in 1199. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony; Lord of Cyprus; Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes; and was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. He was the third of five sons of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine and seemed unlikely to become king, but his two elder brothers predeceased their father. Richard is known as Richard Cœur de Lion (Norman French: Quor de lion) or Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior. The troubadour Bertran de Born also called him Richard Oc-e-Non (Occitan for Yes and No), possibly from a reputation for terseness. By the age of 16, Richard had taken command of his own army, putting down rebellions in Poitou against his father.[2] Richard was an important Christian commander during the Third Crusade, leading the campaign after the departure of Philip II of France and achieving considerable victories against his Muslim counterpart, Saladin, although he finalised a peace treaty and ended the campaign without retaking Jerusalem.
Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 1189 until his death in 1199. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony; Lord of Cyprus; Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes; and was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. He was the third of five sons of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine and seemed unlikely to become king, but his two elder brothers predeceased their father. Richard is known as Richard Cœur de Lion (Norman French: Quor de lion) or Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior. The troubadour Bertran de Born also called him Richard Oc-e-Non (Occitan for Yes and No), possibly from a reputation for terseness. By the age of 16, Richard had taken command of his own army, putting down rebellions in Poitou against his father.[2] Richard was an important Christian commander during the Third Crusade, leading the campaign after the departure of Philip II of France and achieving considerable victories against his Muslim counterpart, Saladin, although he finalised a peace treaty and ended the campaign without retaking Jerusalem.
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The Third Crusade: Results and Impact - Third Crusade Podcast Episode 11
The Third Crusade: Victory or Defeat? - Third Crusade Podcast Episode 10
Diplomacy of the Third Crusade - Third Crusade Podcast Episode 7
A Letter of Richard the Lionheart from the Third Crusade
The Third Crusade: A Concise Overview for Students
Richard the Lionheart: a reading from Andrew Ehrenkreutz
Richard the Lionheart: A Good King?
Third Crusade: Results and Aftermath
Richard vs. Saladin - The Battle of Arsuf, 1191
Richard I of England | Wikipedia audio article
The Daunting Fortress of Richard the Lionheart
Richard the Lionheart: The Crusading King of England
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King Richard I "The Lionheart" (1157-1199)
800+ year old song on the death of King Richard the Lionheart, 6 April 1199 - DavidYardleyMusic.com
Why is Richard, the Lionheart?