Augustus Caesar
Augustus Caesar
Augustus Caesar (63 BC–AD 14), born Gaius Octavius, was the founder of the Roman Empire and its first emperor, ruling from 27 BC until his death. Named heir in the will of his great-uncle Julius Caesar, he entered public life at 18 and, after years of civil war, emerged as sole ruler of the Roman world following the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. In 27 BC the Senate granted him the title Augustus. His reign began the Pax Romana, about two centuries of relative peace and stability across the Mediterranean world. He reorganized the provinces and public finances, built roads, aqueducts and temples, and reportedly said he had found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble. Poets such as Virgil and Horace flourished under his patronage, and the month of August bears his name.
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Rome from Republic to Byzantium
Julius Caesar's rise to supreme power brought the Roman Republic to its end, and his adopted heir Augustus became Rome's first emperor, ushering in the Pax Romana. Marcus Aurelius, the philosopher-emperor, recorded his Stoic reflections in the Meditations. Constantine the Great granted tolerance to Christianity and founded Constantinople, and in the sixth century the general Belisarius recovered North Africa and Italy for the Eastern Roman Empire under Justinian.
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Builders of Great Empires
Alexander the Great created an empire stretching from Greece to India, and Augustus turned Rome into an empire that endured for centuries. Charlemagne united much of Western Europe under a single crown. Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire, which under his successors became the largest contiguous land empire in history, and his descendant Akbar the Great expanded and unified Mughal India.
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