Day - 82 | History | Growth of Nationalism 1858 - 1905 | Mr. Kishore Kumar

Greetings to all, I'm Kishore Kumar. So far we have seen the economic impacts of British rule. We have seen the economic policies, administrative policies, the revolts. We have seen the administrative changes that followed. We have seen the economic impacts of the British rule. So in this class we are going to see, due to this economic impact and due to many other factors, what happens is, there is a flower called Nationalism in us Indians. So what are the reasons for this? Causes of the growth of Nationalism. We are going to see that. Then the struggle of the early Nationalists. How was that? What did they do? How did they ask? What methods did they follow? We are going to see all these in detail. Till 1905. The Congress movement started in 1885. From 1885 to 1905 they called it the phase of moderates. Because everything was like that from the agitation. So what methods did they use? Why did they call themselves moderates? Did they succeed or fail? How did they live in their own world? We are going to see all these in this class. So let's go to the class. First of all, it is in the growth of New India. Nationalist movement from 1858 to 1905. This is what we are going to see. So the growth of New India. If you look at this, there are many factors. Many factors are the reason for the growth of Nationalism. The first important factor is the very foreign dominance. There is foreign dominance. Dominance. That itself is a big cause for the growth of Nationalism. Everyone understands this. Especially the educated Indians. Because the Britishers did not rule for their own interest. They ruled for the interest of some important people in England. They exploited us. We have to bear everything. So this foreign dominance is a big factor. All sections of the society. They themselves realize that everyone is affected. Who are they? First is the peasants. Peasants. What do the peasants get? Rank renting by the landlords. Landlords. What do they do? They get a big exorbitant rent from the peasants. So the landlords are exploiting the peasants. But if the peasants want to agitate them, who comes to save them? The British Missionary Police. Be it the police, army or judiciary, they all come to save them. So the peasants hate this organization and this institution. Not only the landlords. To save them, they go to another section of the society. Merchants, rich merchants and money lenders. This institution comes to save them. So the peasants hate this British imperialism. The second group is the artisans. The artisans are also affected. We have seen this many times. The artisans are affected by their trade and manufacturing capacity. The artisans are de-industrialized. Not only de-industrialized, they have become peasants again. Modern industries have not started in India to absorb them. So this section is also affected. The next group is the workers. Even if some companies start, we have seen how they started in the 1850s. Even if they start, the workers have been discriminated. The workers in foreign domination are more than the workers in Indian companies. The British industrialists are supported by the British missionaries. They are stopped from conducting strikes and trade unions. So the workers were against the British rule. The next important group is the educated intelligentsia. They are also affected. They understand the true nature of the British. They know what they are exploiting us for. They see the British rule as a disappointment. They see the British capitalism from an economic point of view. Capitalism will be introduced to India. They want to increase the potential of the modern industries. They want to modernize them. But that did not happen. They were disappointed in the political front as well. Why are they disappointed in the political front? The British have been saying that they will gradually bring about self-rule. After the revolt of 1858 and 1857, they said that we were destined to be ruled by the foreigners. They said that we did not deserve to rule. They are criticizing us. They are saying that we are unfit to rule among us. This is why they are displeased with the British. The next group is the capitalist section. We have seen them as well. They have been discriminated against. Even if they want to start a business, they have to beg. They have to beg for permission. Even if they get the permission, they will not get the capital. Even if they get the capital, they will get it at a higher interest rate. Even if they manufacture their goods, they will get a higher tariff for Indian goods. This is how much they are discriminating against us. Even they understand this discrimination. Even they think that only a Swadesi government can save their interests. Only a few landlords, money lenders, princes and princely states support the British. Even they are self-respecting Indians. What do the British think of them? They think that they are superior. Because they think that they are superior, they are inducing the patriotic feeling. Because the patriotic feeling is spreading, nationalism is also present in this section. Nationalism is spreading in all the existing sections because of the foreign dominance of the British. This is one of the important factors for the spread or growth of nationalism. This is the first factor. Foreign dominance. We have seen so much about foreign dominance. This is just one point. What is the second point? The second point is with respect to the racial arrogance. Racial arrogance. Racial arrogance of the Britishers. The Britishers have a racial and partial attitude towards us. This itself creates a lot of disrespect and disappointment. The next important thing is administrative unification. Administrative unification of India. What do they do with administrative unification? In administrative unification, the first thing they do is with respect to the linking of India as a nation. They introduce common laws. Then they introduce railway lines. Through this, goods can be produced in British Bombay. You can sell it in Karachi, Lahore and other places. This affects one place and repeals in another place. Then they introduce telegraphic lines. So, both administrative, economic and political, they stretch an Indian union. So, this enables Indians to come together. Already, culturally and socially, we are united. All of us, culturally, are like a branch of a tree. Now, they introduce administrative unification. All have the same structure. Judicial structure. Police structure. Administrative structure. Communication-wise, they introduce railways. They introduce telegraphic lines. When they do all of this, they find a way to create a new modern nation state with territorial integrity. This is the third important thing. Administratively, they are organizing India. The fourth important thing is It is with respect to the western ideas. Western thoughts and ideas. Thoughts and ideas. The penetration of western thoughts like democracy, secularism, nationalism. All of this goes to the educated intelligentsia. So, they are the first section. They want to create a nation state with modern ideas. This is what they think. So, they are fighting for this. They are struggling. They want a constitutional democracy. They want a republican democracy. They want to talk about constitutionalism. This is what they think. They cover a lot of political thinkers. For example, Thomas Paine. Stuart Mill. They talk about utilitarian philosophy. They talk about western political thinkers. They talk about liberty. They talk about equality. They talk about fraternity. They cover a lot of political thoughts. They think of western intellectuals as political heroes. Western leaders like Mazzini. Karibalti. They think of them as their heroes. Modern education is also playing an important role. Modern education. Modern education and English language. There are some positives and negatives in this. In modern education and English language. What are the positives? Modern education gives them the knowledge. They find out what is important. They understand what is important. English language makes all the intellectuals in India speak in the same language. The flip side of this is that English is acting as a barrier from the commoners. They cannot control the common masses. The common masses do not know what the Indian intellectuals think. They do not have any control over the common masses. They do not know what to do with them. When does this change? It changes from moderate leaders to extremist leaders. From 1905 to 1908. The leadership comes from the moderates to the extremists. Their political ideas and thoughts are published in regional languages. This is how the masses get mass education. Western political thought is very important. The next important thing is the role of the press. The role of the press is very important. The role of the press is used to educate people on ideas like indigenisation and exploitation. The role of the press is initially taken up by the nationalists. Everyone has their own press. Everyone tries to educate. This is why the role of the press is very important. There are many questions to ask from this. Who, where, in what language, in what name is the press run? This is what you need to know. I have given you a list. I have given you important newspapers and journals. I have given you the name of the newspaper, the year and the founder. I have given you important keynotes. You need to read this. Even if you cannot read everything, there are some things you know. For example, Amitra Bazaar Patrika. This is in our NCRT. The names in the NCRT are the names of the newspapers and the names of some important leaders. At least read that. For example, Gopal Haridesh Mook, Vishnu Shastri Chepulkar. These people are in the NCRT. Their names are mentioned in the NCRT. So read this. Subramanya Iyer. Similarly, Lokmanya Thilak. At least read the newspapers run by these people. There are so many. First, remember the important things. After that, if you have time and find it interesting, look at the next list. Even if you cannot read everything, look at this list. After the press, what is important is the rediscovery of India's past. Rediscovery of India's past. How did nationalism grow? If you look at how we have been controlled, you have been ruled by outsiders from the beginning. This is how a generation has been played. If you look at how we are, our past is like this. Like everyone says, we are doing this to foreigners. There is an inferiority complex within us. What do some British people do? They invented the Indus Valley Civilization. Some people invented Maurya. Who deciphered Maurya? James Princip deciphered it in 1826. There was a great king named Ashoka in Maurya. We know that he spread Buddhism to many countries. We know how his borders spread from Afghanistan to Andhra Pradesh. We know that he was an indigenous king. Then came the Guptas. We know how their Sanskrit is a classical language. Then came the political unification. They are not outsiders. They are the rulers. From this, you can see that the Indians have ruled the Indians well. They have that self-confidence. But the problem is that they glorified ancient India. They left out medieval India. It became the Hindu renaissance. The Muslims went to the Turkish and Iranian cultures. For the revival and resurgence movement. Communalism is the reason for the growth of communism. The second important thing is that they justify the past mistakes. We should not have done this. They justify the past mistakes. These two things happen. But the rediscovery of India's glorious past is an important reason for the growth of nationalism. If you ask me why I am saying these two things at the same time. They say critically discuss. Or critically examine. You have to take one thing and analyze both sides of it. It is for films. They do not ask this in a film angle. But it is an important question for the mainstream. If they ask you to critically discuss. You should not just write glory in the rediscovery of India's past. You should also say what was the reason for it. That is why we are discussing these two things. The next important thing is. It is with respect to racial arrogance. There are some immediate factors. For the 1857 revolt. A spark was needed. A spark was needed for the greased cartridge. It is the same here. Litton. His reactionary policies. What he does is. In the last four years. He made some big mistakes. First. The tariff. The tariff to export to the British. He reduced it a lot. The goods of the British started to come here a lot more. The next thing is. The second Anglo-Afghan war. What we were doing. Before this. The policy of non-interference was in place. But after imperialism came. Litton's ideology was at the peak of imperialism. He left the non-interference. He interfered in Afghanistan. A lot of things are happening. The cost of goods. The cost of money. The loss of human lives. A lot of things are happening. Who is taking all this? The Indians are looking at it. Next. His arms act. What is the arms act? In those days. Europeans and Indians. Both of them had weapons. For hunting. For self-defense. They had weapons for a lot of things. What he does is. In the name of the arms act. Only Europeans should have arms. Indians should not have it. This is also racially discriminatory. Many people see that. Next. The vernacular press act. In that. English newspapers are not censored. But. The newspapers run by Indians. The newspapers run in indigenous languages. The government should read it. And then. We should see that there is nothing against the government. We should make it clear. Only after that. We will leave. That is what they say. This is the vernacular press act. Not only this. In 1877. What happens is. He makes a grand Darbar. In Victoria. He announces that they are the emperors of India. When he announces that. There is a big famine in Bengal. But without worrying about that. There is a grand Darbar here. This is what they criticize. Intelligentsia. So. What happens is. A reactionary policy. Ribbon who did some good things. In his own administration. There is an important controversy. What kind of controversy is that? It is called the Hilbert Bill controversy. The Hilbert Bill. Hilbert is a law member. He brought this bill. In Ribbon's period. That is. The Europeans. Even the Indians. If you see what can be done. You can take their case and run it. This is the matter. But. What happens is. This is a big reaction. In England. How can we. With an Indian judge. Judicial. How can you give this? How can you do the trial? Then they dilute it. Okay. Indians can also be there. But the majority should be Europeans. When trying the Europeans. Now for example. If there are 5 judges. There should be 3 judges Europeans. There can be 2 judges Indians. Like that. Dilute it. They put it in that version. Now all this. What is it? To the Indians. If it is revealed. This is not our rule. This is to discriminate us. It is a rule to insult. Then. Because of us. Only if we are controlled. We get self-respect. We can live correctly. Then Indians should be Indians. They come to a calculation like that. To create a nation state called India. To come to that matter. So many reasons. Reasons. Reasons are needed. Okay. This is how they take it little by little. Then. First of all. This is the All India Congress. Those sessions are happening. A name association is being formed. Before that. There were some associations called Pre-Congress. We will see some things about that. Okay. Then the predecessors of the Indian National Congress. Landlords Society. After that. Bengal British India Society. What happens when these two merge? Landlords Society. Landlords of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa. All of them together. For their interest. They start this society. Then Bengal British India Society. In 1843. For the common good. These two merge. It becomes British India Society. Okay. This is the first important society. Okay. In the pre-congress session. This is an important society. Then Scientific Society. Syed Ahmed Khan starts. These are less known societies. It is like a club. Then East India Association. This is an important one. Okay. This is British India Association. This is different. East India Association. Who starts this? Dada Bhai Navaraj started in 1866. East India Association. Where does this start? It starts in London. Why? To arouse the common Londoners. British common people. To let them know what kind of problems Indians are facing in India. Okay. These are some prominent ones. This is in Bengal. This is in Bombay. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha. Started by Ranade. Okay. Then in Madras. Madras Native Association. Then Bombay Association. Then Madras Mahajana Sabha. Madras Native Association. Okay. Laxman Gazalu starts. Madras Mahajana Sabha. Started in 1881. This is started by Anand Charlu. Subramanian Iyer. Okay. Then Bombay Presidency Association. Started in 1885. When All India Congress started. When Congress started. Bombay Presidency Association also started. K.T. Thilang. Bagruddin Tyabji. Feroz Shah Mehta. Started by them. Then Indian Association. This is also an important association. Indian Association by the Surendranath Banerjee. Surendranath Banerjee's Indian Association. Surendranath Banerjee. Then Anand Mohan Bose. Indian Association started by them. They wanted to take it as All India Association. But they couldn't do it. So they joined it with Indian National Congress. They joined it with Indian National Congress in 1886. Okay. But it started in 1876. They also fought against injustice against Indians in Bengal. For example, The Hilbert Bill controversy. Or the Vernacular Press Act. They fought against all of these. The landlords wanted to reduce the rent. So they did what all Indian associations do. But they couldn't take it to a higher level. So they merged. The second Congress session. In 1886, the second Congress session was held in Kolkata. Under the leadership of Dada Bainavaraj. At that time, they merged the association. Surendranath Banerjee is very important. Why is he important? He himself cleared ICS. But a free thinker shouldn't be there. How can a free thinking Indian be there? They dismissed him. Since he studied ICS, he was an educated intellectual. So he became a great leader who spoke fluently to the people. Next is the Indian National Congress. This is very important. Now, the Indian National Congress will be held. From the Indian National Congress to 1905, we will see the Moderate phase. From the next class, we will see the Gandhian phase. There are three important phases in the Indian National Congress. First is the Moderate phase. From 1885 to 1905. Next is the Extremist phase. From 1905 to 1908. Next is the Gandhian phase. From 1915 to 1917. From 1917 to 1947. Now, let's see how and where the Congress started. The Congress itself started as a humble beginning. In Bombay, there were only 72 delegates. The first chairman of the Congress was W.C. Banerjee. He was the president. From the beginning, the Congress had a plan. The president would not preside over the meeting. Only one leader would preside over the meeting. That is why Dada Bainavrao could preside over the meeting in Kolkata. Please remember this. So, in 1885, Bombay started with 72 delegates. With the insistence and help of the retired British civil servant, A.O. Hume. Now, the Congress started with a theory. It is called the Safety Valve Theory. What is a safety valve? When there is smoke inside, a pressure builds up inside. To release that pressure, a safety valve is created inside a machine. Similarly, to prevent another revolt from happening inside, the British created the Congress system. Who says this? After reading the biography of A.O. Hume, Lala Lajpatrai wrote this criticism in his newspaper. At that time, the moderates in the Congress and the extremists were split. He wrote this theory. Even if the safety valve theory is true, why did the Congress leaders agree to this? Initially, their main objective was not to gain independence. They had four main objectives. First, they wanted to unite all the nationalist working intelligentsias in India. Second, they wanted to have national unity. They wanted to consolidate and consolidate national unity. Third, they wanted to formulate agendas and give them to the government. They wanted to make the government aware of all the problems. Fourth, they wanted to arouse the public opinion against the British. The Congress system was created to do these four important things. When a British is helped, they take it. Initially, when a British is created, the English officials deal with a soft corner. Otherwise, the nascent movement can be destroyed. Even if the safety valve theory is true, historians and nationalists say that even if they are the safety valve, it has been used by the nationalists as a lightning conductor. They use the official help as a lightning conductor. They use it as a weapon. History tells us who won. Whose theory wins in the end? It is the lightning conductor theory. It is because of the efforts of the Congress that we gain independence. The safety valve theory is a very important theory. The next important significance is Kadampani Ganguli. She was the first female graduate of Calcutta University. Remember this name. We need to see how they fought. Why did the moderates fight? How did they fight? What do they ask for? They ask for constitutional reforms. How? They ask for an act and increase the representation of Indians in the legislative council. They ask for powers in taxation. They ask for permission to discuss the budget. They ask for permission to vote. They ask for elections. They ask for us to be elected. They ask for us to vote and be elected. They ask for us to be representative. They ask for us to represent the legislative council. These are all constitutional demands of the early moderates. Why do they do this? Why did they ask for independence? They still believe in the imperialistic rule of the British and that it can be used to make Indians independent. They are considering them as a subject of British India. They are fighting all these as a subject of British India. The rule of British India is now imperialistic. It is against Indians. But what we can do under the basis of our struggle is we can change that rule. We can change it as a rule for us. So what they are doing is they are asking for constitutional reforms. They are protesting within the four walls of the constitution. That is why they are moderates. So they are asking for these things. The reason for their pressure is the Indian Council Act 1892 is coming. But it is very shallow. None of their plans are being fulfilled. They are increasing the membership of the council, the non-official membership. They are increasing the membership. But it is still less than the official membership. Elections are indirect elections. They are not giving voting rights. They are discussing the budget. This is all they are giving permission for. So what happens to them is a big disappointment. In 1872, this legislative council act is a big disappointment for them. So I have given the important provisions of the legislative council act. Take care of it. Next, they are asking for some things in economic reforms. Economic reforms. So there is no place for them to criticize in economic reforms. Their biggest achievement, the biggest achievement of the moderates is they have exposed imperialism. They have exposed the true face of the British. This is their biggest achievement. Whether it is trade, industry, finance, the policies of the British, they have exposed everything. They are the first ones to talk about the drain of wealth. Dadabhai Navaraj is the first one to talk about the drain of wealth Our wealth is going to England in many ways year after year. In return, we are not getting anything. So what he is saying in this dialogue is ever increasing, ever lasting, everyday what happens is utterly but gradually British rule is destroying India. Increasing, ever lasting, very much increasing, utterly but gradually destroying India. He is talking about British rule. Because of this economic problem. They are exposing everything. Not only that, what is happening is With respect to it, this is why the Swadeshi movement is becoming popular. What they are saying is Indigenous industries, grow Indian capitalists, make tariffs profitable for us. Okay? First, send out the British capitalists. Then, can't we send them out? Indians should encourage what Indian capitalists have created. Then, we should encourage Swadeshi products. That is when the word Swadeshi comes. They are introducing all this. Okay? Next, with respect to administrative reforms, what they are doing is First, the administrative reforms they are asking for is Indianization. Indianization of the services. They are asking this from all angles. Economic angle, political angle, moral angle. To rule Indians as Indians is a moral angle. Because only then, they will know what is good for them. Second, what is the economic angle? If someone has to come from England, he has to pay a lot of salary. Even if he pays a little salary, I am talking about the IR posting. We are still the clerks. But if we are in the IR posting, we will feel like we are being paid a lesser salary. But what he is doing with that salary is he is not spending it here. He is sending it to England. Again, inducing Dynafilt. Second, what is the political angle? In the political angle, Indians know what the problem is. So, only if we do Indianization of services, we can run the country properly. The second administrative change they want to do is separating the judiciary and the executive. The third important administrative change is sensitization of the police. That has not happened yet. That is what they are asking for. Reducing the excesses of the police. Sensitization of the police. These are the administrative demands. The next thing they are doing is agricultural demand. Focus on the agricultural universities. Focus on the irrigation system. Increase productivity. Only then can the peasants not suffer. What should the landlords do? Reduce rent. Reduce the land revenue settlement. They have gone from here. They have sent indentured labourers to many countries. Mauritius, Sri Lanka, South Africa. They have sent them to many places. The problem of those labourers they are sending to the British. This is how active they are. Next is the defense of civil liberties. Right to speech, right to expression. Article 19. Article 19.1. All of this is based on our historical questions. That desire. In our independent India when we have a constitution we should get all the civil liberties. They have been fighting for it since then. Right to expression, right to speech, right to thought. Right to association. Right to free movement. Where does all this come from? These are the demands of the British. The demands of the moderates. What have the Britishers done? They have filed a sedation case. Many people have been arrested in the sedation case. An important leader is Thilak. In the same case Gandhi is arrested. So when Thilak is arrested he becomes the leader of all India. Overnight. Next is the methods of political work. The methods of political work are constitutional agitation. There are three P's. Prayer, petition, protest. These are their methods. They go and plead with the British. They ask them to do this. They give a petition for that. Then they protest. They do this for two important aims. One is to give national political education to the masses. This can only be done through their petition. When they give a petition they say that this group of people gave this petition. This is what they say in the news. So through that we can think like this. We can look at this issue like this. This is how we get education. Nationally. Second is to the British government and the British people know about our problems. In 1889 they formed a committee called the British Committee. Then they run a magazine called India in England. It is run by Dada Bainavaraj. That is why he is called the Grand Old Man of India. Grand Old Man of India. Ok? The next important issue is the effects of the efforts of the moderates. Demand for self-government. They ask for self-government. Swaraj. Like the Dominion status the Dominion status established by the British in the other colonies like the Dominion status give us the Dominion status. What happens next? Swaraj. That is what they demand. Because they know the British can't change their rule like they can change our rule. So what should we do? We should ask for Swaraj. Our rule should be our rule and should be a rule created by us. Only then if we have political rights we can save ourselves. So to save economically Swadeshi. To save politically Swaraj. This is the next Swadeshi movement. In 1905 this is the next big movement in Kolkata and then in all India. Ok? Next is the attitude of the government against them. Initially what they say is start a social organisation. Don't start politically. But they start politically. When they start politically they automatically criticize the government. When they criticize the government it is not good for the British officials. What Dufferin says is Seditious Brahmins. microscopic minority. Ok? So he says many such things. Curson is the highest reactionary. Curson. What he says is Congress is stuttering to its fall. My one and only important aim my first aim is to arrange its peaceful demise. He says I will arrange a peaceful demise. Who gives the dialogue? Curson gives the dialogue. This is the official reaction against the Congress. Next is their success, evaluation of the early moderates. Were their methods useful? There are some criticisms that they treated the British as a soft corner. But their success is exposing the Imperial British. It is in the exposure of the British. They expose imperialism. They awaken nationalism from the Indians. They unite the people against imperialism. All these things are happening. The reason for this is benevolence or moral character of the British rule. I am ruling you to do good for you. They brainwashed us. They brutally expose the moral character of the British. They get beaten up by the moderators. Then they politicize the people. When you see all this Earlier, they achieved their objectives. But overall, if the British give us self-rule and Swaraj, they can't do it. Why? Because they lacked mass base. They don't have mass base. They don't have confidence in mass. Masses. Next, the next important thing is I have brought some questions. The question I asked in 2017 Radha Kanth Depp First President of British India Association Is it? Even if we don't know, let's wait. Gazalu Lakshmanarasimha Chetty Madras Mahajana Mahajana Sabha If you ask if he is the founder, he is not. Ok? After that, Next is Surendranath Banerjee Surendranath Banerjee is the founder of India Association. Ok? If you see here, Madras Native Association The founder of that is Gazalu Lakshmanarasimha Chetty The founders of Madras Mahajana Sabha are Veera Raghavachari, Subramanya Iyer Anand Charlu So, If you remove 2, 1 is confirmed. So, you don't have to worry about it. Surendranath Banerjee is the founder of India Association in NCERT. So, the answer is B. Who of the following were the economic critics of colonialism? Dadabhai Navaraji, Subramanya Iyer, R.C. Dutt All of them will come. D is the answer. Ok? After that, Early Associations What are the associations in Bengal? What are the associations in Bombay? What are the associations in Madras? Read this once. Ok? I hope you understood this session. I hope it was useful. All the best. Thank you. Have fun.