質子腓力到腓力二世的方陣 他改變了馬其頓 馬其頓軍事改革 第一話【中英字幕】 P2 - 中文字幕

今年是359年 馬薩多尼亞的皇帝已經死於毀滅之時 他的軍隊被擊敗 人民也在悲慘之中 然而 希望仍然存在 因為新的皇帝 菲利普 渴望重建皇帝的財產 他將參與一項古代最具革命性 全面的軍事改革 這部新的系列 將探討這些改革的深度 從他們的起源 到菲利普對他的軍隊進行的革命性改變 我們的故事 首先將我們帶到馬薩多尼亞外面 相反於人們可能預料到的 菲利普在他年輕時 花了很少時間在自己的家鄉 因為馬薩多尼亞的脆弱性 他花了大多數他的青春 作為一名囚犯 首先在奧利利人的法庭 然後在菲律賓 在菲利普居住在菲律賓的時候 他的軍事改革的想法就開始形成 在371年世紀 大陸的主要城市之間的權力平衡 會被扭曲至其核心 在盧克特拉 菲律賓人贏得了一場驚人的勝利 成為大陸的主要權力 這場不可預料的勝利的原因 是阿帕米諾安德斯和佩洛帕德斯的軍事創新 在菲律賓的創新中最著名的 是那些極度改善了菲律賓的軍隊 不僅是阿帕米諾安德斯的集中在菲律賓的 Hoplitei Phallax的深層層 摧毀了對方的西班牙人 而是創造了一支優秀的專業軍隊 聖誕樂團 提供了菲律賓一支力量 這證明瞭菲律賓的軍隊和阿帕米諾安德斯相等 由於這些改善 阿帕米諾安德斯的軍事力量終於與菲律賓合作 菲律賓人迅速地結論 菲律賓的軍事尊嚴 在菲律賓軍隊的不斷練習 不斷體驗和不斷行動之中 專業是菲律賓軍隊的關鍵 同時 阿帕米諾安德斯尊嚴的改善 也讓菲律賓的年輕人印象深刻 阿帕米諾安德斯改善了阿帕米諾安德斯軍隊的裝備 阿帕米諾安德斯軍隊的重金Hoplitei裝備 被替換成了較軟的肋骨 而Hoplitei的大裝甲 被替換成了較軟的肋骨 並且使用了新的長槍 這些改善增加了阿帕米諾安德斯軍隊的武器 並且提供了阿帕米諾安德斯軍隊更多的動力 雖然這些改善並不符合阿帕米諾安德斯軍隊的時間測試 但學者認為阿帕米諾安德斯軍隊的這種戰術 是使用了Hoplitei在海上的戰術 因為增加了肋骨的長度 並且增強了肋骨的靈活度 並且使用了阿帕米諾安德斯軍隊在海上的戰術 因此軍事創新是阿帕米諾安德斯軍隊 在4世紀初的主要地區的德國人的常識 而菲律賓人卻是很快的學者 在365年代 菲律賓人回到馬薩多尼亞 他從阿帕米諾安德斯軍隊的改善 佛羅布達斯軍隊 以及阿菲克裏提斯軍隊的改善中學到了很多 這將會很快地變成證據 菲律賓的長兄佩德克斯的死亡 在359年代的伊利利人戰爭中 菲律賓人在馬薩多尼亞的皇位上突然升起 馬薩多尼亞被敵人包圍 並從來沒有變弱 另一個襲擊看似有可能 由於保住了他的皇位 菲律賓人決心改善馬薩多尼亞軍隊 把他從當時學到的東西 放進了訓練中 理論上 菲律賓軍隊最大的改革 就是軍隊 有限的證據仍然存在 但很可能菲律賓軍隊的後代 主要是輕型軍隊 菲律賓軍隊從貧窮家族中獲聘 他們通常缺乏裝備 缺乏訓練 並不適合他們鄰近的高級軍隊 尤其是伊利利人 看來馬薩多尼亞軍隊 也包括了一支優秀的軍隊 武裝成像 然而這些優秀軍隊 少數並被他們的伊利利人相反 馬薩多尼亞軍隊 非常需要改革 想起了菲律賓和伊利利人的改革 菲律賓軍隊迅速聘請了 4000名馬薩多尼亞軍隊 並為他們設計了 極新的戰術風格 為了武裝 菲律賓軍隊設計了 混合重型戰衣和輕型 伊利利人戰衣 每位士兵都配戴了 金色頭盔、襯衫 高跟鞋和襯衫 與他們的南部鄰居 這些士兵並沒有 穿著重型戰衣 而是穿著輕型身體裝備 輕型身體裝備 被新武器 Sarissa補充了 他們的新武裝 是一條4至6公尺長的鞋 鞋架是從康奈爾木製成的 當時是歐洲最有名的 馬薩多尼亞軍隊 著名於這種高質量的木材 菲律賓軍隊 新武器 Sarissa的一端 是一條鋼線 鋼線的頭部 是用鋼線鋒芯 鋼線鋒芯 Sarissa補充了 新武裝 Sarissa的新武裝 是一條4至6公尺長的鞋 鞋架是從康奈爾木製成的 當時是歐洲最有名的 是最主要的武器 Sarissa在一場一對一的戰鬥中無可奈何 因此每個士兵的目的 是為了參與更大的訓練群體 Macedonian Phalanx Most of the surviving information on the structure of the phalanx comes from later sources that describe the phalanx of the Hellenistic period Yet there are a few facts that we can deduce about the original Macedonian phalanx of Philip It consisted of basic units of 10 men called a decus although this number was soon increased to 16 Multiple decus units or decades were then combined into larger groupings called lokoi with the separate decades being deployed side by side The most experienced men in each decus were placed nearer the front Early on the Macedonian phalanx was to be formed 16 men deep and 8 men across The men being in very close order thanks to the small size of their shields This basic tactical unit consisted of 128 men and was called a taxeus Each taxeus was commanded by an officer called a lokigos Two taxeus combined was called a syntagma Alongside the lokigos there were also certain other specialized soldiers that were attached to each taxeus There was the salpingetes who would relay messages with his bugle during the heat of battle There was also a signalman called the semiophorus who would give visual signals during the march with his standard as well as an army herald a stratocorax who would shout out orders There was also an aide a hyperetes who was to convey messages between units and do whatever the lokigos required And finally a file closer the orogos who would collect any stragglers from the phalanx As each taxeus moved in their rectangular formation on the battlefield every man would carry their sarissa upright Only just before they were to engage their enemy would the first five ranks lower their pikes horizontally creating a deadly wall of iron The lines just behind would lower their own pikes at a 45 degree angle to protect their comrades from enemy projectiles While the rows further back would keep their sarissas upright Thanks to the great length of the pike four deadly sarissa heads could protrude ahead of the first infantrymen in the phalanx This gave Philip and his infantry a great advantage over their neighbours Not only could the sheer offensive power of multiple advancing sarissa steamroll any opponent but any opposing infantry force would struggle to get past the multiple rows of pikes to even reach the holder From the elite hoplite infantry of both the Illyrians and the Greeks to the hardened warriors of Thrace and Paeonia all would struggle to combat Philip's sarissa-wielding phalanx with their shorter spears Philip's phalanx was virtually unstoppable from the front Its cohesiveness and the weight of its offensive armament was unmatched in the contemporary world Yet this new formation was not without its flaws The key to the phalanx's deadliness was its cohesiveness If the formation was shattered whether it be from fighting on uneven ground or from being attacked on either side or the rear then the poor individual fighting skill of these soldiers would soon be apparent The phalanx was deadly just for so long as its order was maintained And so in 359 BC Philip equipped and trained his 4,000 new Macedonian recruits in this new revolutionized system of warfare Continuously he would train them in a variety of maneuvers to make sure they were ready for war He ensured the phalanx formation had flexibility For example, training his men to either double or half the usual 16-man depth of the phalanx when necessary Furthermore, Philip also made his infantry march and run long distances with full equipment so that they were always fit and ready for battle when on campaign The majority of Philip's reformed infantrymen originated from the Macedonian levy of the region Farmers, craftsmen and men from other citizen professions Yet among his new-look infantry Philip also had an elite corps the peshetairoi or foot companions These men were picked for their size and strength to serve as the distinguished infantry guard of the king The peshetairoi who were the Macedonian equivalent of the famed Theban sacred band were Philip's only full-time citizen soldiers far outclassing the rest of his infantry Philip placed his elite peshetairoi on the furthest right wing of the infantry line the most prestigious place in the line It was the peshetairoi for example that accompanied Philip II on his right during his first major battle against the Illyrians in 357 BC We hear that Philip and his elite phalanx shattered the opposing Illyrians who proved no match for them For the first time in years the Macedonian infantry outclassed its neighbors Scholars still debate the equipment of Philip's peshetairoi Some argue these men were armed as hoplites, wielding shorter spears aspis shields and heavy bronze armor, trained to add versatility to Philip's sarissa-wielding infantry line Yet evidence for this is sparse and many now argue that Philip equipped his peshetairoi similarly to the rest of his reformed infantry It was their skill and expertise that singled these soldiers out, not their equipment Later, during the reign of Alexander, this elite force would undergo a significant change The entirety of his phalanx was now called the peshetairoi and a new name was given to his elite infantry, one that would remain down through to the Hellenistic period, the hypaspists Philip's infantry reforms were the first great step in transforming his kingdom into the dominant power in the central Mediterranean Yet it was only the beginning, and in the upcoming videos we will discuss other aspects of these reforms, so subscribe and press the alarm bell to get notified. 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