世界航海/海軍歷史 美英1812年戰爭 護衛艦決鬥 - 美國憲法號VS英國加瓦號

大家好,歡迎來到這個視頻 是由Squarespace贊助 今天我們要發表一篇文章 如果您使用這篇文章的頁面 已經有些頁面是預設的 所以我們正在編輯頁面的最後一頁 您可以看到我們正在製作《亞瑪莫託》 這篇文章的原因是 有些人發電子郵件問 您的文章看起來如何等等 我心想,我為什麼不把視頻中的文章 變成了一篇文章 讓人們可以在自己的免費時間內閱讀 所以這就是這篇文章 您可以看到 通常您會看到一張圖片 當然您可以增加更多 但是很容易地 只要增加自己的 所以我會把我創造的謎題 放在《亞瑪莫託》中 然後這就準備好 訂開 然後您會注意到 這篇文章的真正的頁面 仍然是原本的頁面 所以為了改變這頁面 您必須進入設定 刪除舊圖片 上載自己的 當然 目前這就是一個修正的比例 所以當我們選擇了 亞瑪莫託的相關照片 我們還要進入 調整焦點 就在這裡 按下這個按鈕 然後就完成了 我們的文章準備上傳 讓我知道您覺得 如果您想看到其他文章 作為您需要閱讀的文章 所以如果 我做了這些小小的小教學 您覺得 您可以建立一個網站 為了 可能理想的海軍歷史的目的 但你不知道 你可能想要 有其他原因 那麼就去 squarespace.com forward slash drkenafel 您可以獲得免費試驗 然後當您準備好 那小小的連結 會給您10% 您的第一個網站或頁面 所以再次感謝 Squarespace 贊助這個視頻 接著是主題 1812年結束 也會看到 大海中的最後一場 戰爭的獨立海軍 一切開始在10月末 Hull船長 在對抗 Constitution和Guerriere時 就如同我們在 第一部影片中提到的 他離開了Constitution 他現在擔任 Commodore的指揮 或者Captain Bainbridge 因為他擔任Commodore的指揮 但是當然 任何人在船上擔任指揮 都是一個船長 他曾經擔任 USS Constellation 技術上 Constitution應該 領導一支隊伍 包括 USS Essex的小船 和Sloop USS Hornet 但只有Hornet在波士頓 和Constitution Essex坐在大陸 所以決定在 在英國能夠 擋住兩艘船 在他們會做到 幾個月後 到USS United States 他們會離開 命令被發送到 Essex 給予船上的地址和時間 讓他們能夠 與Constitution和Hornet見面 如果那些行程 都沒有成功 Essex能夠 航行得到她想要的 在10月26日 一天後 USS United States 捕捉了HMS Macedonian 雖然雖然雙艘船 仍然在海外 Constitution和Hornet 航行 然後大約 西南西北 抵達San Salvador 在Cape Verde島嶼 在中秋節 這裡他們發現了 20艘Sloop HMS Bonne-Citoyenne 這艘船曾經從 Rio de Janeiro 但被迫 在地面事件後 當港口正常 美國的船 不僅不能進入 並攻擊她 所以他們決定 在海外等待 船隻出現 然而 英國的船隻 仍然留在 過了一段時間 這開始變得 有點無聊 並且注意到 在武器 擊殺量 和船隊數 Bonne-Citoyenne和Hornet 大約相等 Hornet的船長Lawrence 發了一個挑戰 進入港口 提供了一場戰鬥 給Greene 並保證 大規模的憲法 不會干擾 Greene回應 他欣賞了挑戰 他確信 他會贏得這場挑戰 但是 他看不到憲法 保持沉默 如果戰鬥 會走向 英國的船隻 事實上 他在美國的鞋子上 Greene說 他認為 憲法應該幹擾 如果Hornet 他看似會輸 他並不相信 Bainbridge會 幹擾他的任務 因此 Bonne-Citoyenne會 謙虛地 留在港口 這個相對比較 迅猛的評估 這個情況 是由 另一個 小小的細節 英國的船隻 背負著 一萬五百萬 的金錢和硬幣 足夠的價值 去建造 九艘船 像Constitution 甚至賠償 五艘全尺寸 加勒多尼亞級 一百二十槍 第一階級航空母艦 Greene 並沒有任何意圖 允許 任何 機會 這筆錢 落入敵人的手中 無論如何 好的機會 都答應了他 尤其是 考慮到 這個特別的 貨幣 應該幫助 付出 最新的 安裝 相當重要的 島嶼運動 當它變得清晰 Bonne-Citoyenne 並沒有謙虛 Bainbridge 決定離開 Hornet 來封鎖英國航空母艦 然後出發 南向 巴西 Bonne-Citoyenne 可能擔心 Constitution 其實已經離開 並坐在 附近 她會留在 正確的位置 直到第三階級 HMS Montague 出現幾個星期後 來追捕Hornet 29年12月18-12 回歸Constitution 兩艘航空母艦 被派到西方 這些 航空母艦 HMS Java 被船長 Lambert 和一位 最近捕獲的商人 20艘航空母艦 登陸 Java 把她的獎勵 派到北方 並轉為 調查她的航班 轉為 派到東方 他們現在 跟隨 一隻貓和貓的遊戲 這兩艘航空母艦 還沒有 派出 貨物 因此 認知 有點不確定 反而 他們製造了 當時 作為 私人訊號 基本上 複製了 溝通區塊 需要 一個具體的回應 然後你會認識 自己 作為朋友 非常相似 對於 日曆 使用在 世界大戰二 航空母艦之間 通過 電臺或訊號燈 作為一種 挑戰和回應 Java 有訊號 錄製 給國軍 但也有 能力 挑戰 在 西班牙和 葡萄牙 航空系統 但 共和黨 失敗 回應 任何 這三個選項 反而 她採用了 自己的訊號 當然 Java 並不知道 正確回應 美國 系統 兩邊 越來越 懷疑 共和黨 轉變 然後 離開 南 西 大致上 為了 清晰地面 這明顯 在Java 西方 這顯然 限制 戰略選項 Java 決定 前進 Java 她自己 並不是 在英國 服務那麼長 她 正式的 說 一枚40槍 Pallas 級 飛彈 開始了 生命 名為 Renommée 在法國服務 在1808年 在南海港 和兩枚 其他法國飛彈 她跑進了 英國隊伍 三枚 比較小的飛彈 和一條 在5月1811 在馬達加斯卡 在接下來的 Tamatave戰爭 Renommée 被捕 並進入 服務 和法國軍隊 HMS Java 經過修復 和其他 她只有 實際上 在8月 1812 在早上 11月 在她的 第一任 前往 印度 加上 供應 和男士 給法國軍隊 組織 他們 站在那裡 船長 Henry Lambert 被給 船上的指令 他擔任 各種 法國軍隊 戰艦 幾十年 擁有 廣泛的 戰鬥體驗 在 單艘航行 和 有趣的是 在航行 他的船 面臨著 相當 大的問題 作為 法國船 Java 是 稍微 較輕的 船 比一般的 法國軍隊 飛彈 使她 稍微 少能 站起來 進行廣泛戰鬥 但這讓她 速度 和積極 確實 她在 法國 戰鬥 非常快 在這場戰鬥中 她帶來了 46枚槍 28 18盎司 在主要槍架 和16 32盎司 榴彈 在 開放的 上層 加上一對長 9盎司 追擊槍 在她的 職業 法國似乎 減少了她的 武器 稍微 比起她 早期的旅程 但仍然 獲得 30 24盎司槍 在她的主要槍架 加上 2 24盎司追擊槍 然後有 不確定 數量 32盎司 榴彈 在她的 職業 槍架 雖然 大部分 來源 似乎 認為她 通常 是54 或56 榴彈 在這場 職業 是22 或 24 榴彈 來源 也 似乎 不同 一點 在 牽涉到的時機 有些人用數字 設定一小時前 或後 其他人 但是 基礎的平衡 和 近期 來源 似乎 通常使用 相同的時序 所以我們會繼續 使用 那個時序 這是我們在 之前的視頻中 也做了 因此 大約 下午 1點 Java 把距離封鎖 以至於 她現在 相當自信 她的工廠 實際上 是敵人的戰艦 然後她開始 轉換 從全艦 到戰艦 並將她的顏色 兩枚戰艦 和一枚聯合戰艦 其中一枚 緊扣 以避免 鎖匣被剪裁 憲法回應 同樣地 鎖匣 進入戰艦 並鎖匣 她自己的顏色 在這個情況下 一枚 鋼彈 兩枚 美國旗 有用的 也是美軍 戰艦 和 航空母艦 擺在前面 更快 更靈敏 Java 現在開始行動 嘗試 進入 鎖匣 一段時間 追逐 變成了 扭曲的 鎖匣 在憲法 改變了 方式 阻止她 從Java的槍 從此 更小 更快的 轉換 鎖匣 嘗試 另一種 方式 這又要 被反駁 再一次 來源 exact nature of the opening volleys when they eventually arrived but on balance it seems that constitution fired a single ranging shot followed almost immediately thereafter by a full broadside but both of them fell short whilst Java's return broadside was just a fraction high causing a number of casualties on constitution spa deck and some not inconsiderable damage the american ships rigging Bainbridge realized he was going to have to close Java down somehow as for whatever reason his own guns just weren't reaching as far as he'd like and a few more salvos like that first one to his rigging and he'd be a sitting duck but closing the distance risked Java getting a raking shot because he had to put his bow towards the enemy but ultimately there wasn't a better option on the cards and so the two ships headed into close range and began a furious cannonade at some point early on in proceedings smashed apart Constitution's wheel leaving the ship having to be steered by a large number of men on the tiller in response to relayed commands from further up top in the ship this in turn made steering the big frigate which was already a tricky task when the enemy was much more agile all the harder with the wind coming from the north east the two ships now whirled across the sea in a series of switchback turns realising that she couldn't win a prolonged gunfight Java kept using her speed to try and get ahead and cut across to rake her larger opponent Constitution would then be forced to turn inside the arc of Java's manoeuvres which would bring both ships around on a new course still in parallel Java also cut back and forth to try and keep the weather gauge and also turning to attempt to rake whenever Bainbridge tried to close to absolute point blank boarding range Captain John Marshall related the combat in a letter to a friend of his after the action He was aboard Java at this point as a passenger one of those heading for India He states at about five minutes past two we came up with and received her broadside the enemy shortens sail we still carried our sail and having close to rather more than a pistol shot we opened fire I must observe that our rigging and sails were at this time much cut by his shots we now mutually maneuvered to obtain advantageous positions both ships keeping up a heavy fire our opponent being desirous to increase his distance which we as obstinately prevented by closing with him keeping the weather gauge this is an interesting juxtaposition of tactics as according to most other sources it was constitution that was trying to bear in close and was constantly being warded off by the risk of being wrecked by java whereas in marshall's letter the constitution is trying to get away from java and java is constantly closing constitution down what exactly was going on there i leave up to each reader's discernment but we still do know the general course and whatever was going on between the two ships meant just enough whichever way he was trying to manoeuvre to keep constitution's main battery in action despite being himself rather badly wounded by the same salvo that had carried away the ship's wheel but he was also forced to pull some rather special tricks out of his hat in this case he eventually came up with a tactic of setting additional sail at a key moment this allowed him to get close in and let fly abroad side that smashed off much of java's bow sprit taking the head sail with it this proved critical as it allowed constitution to break off briefly vanishing into the gunsmoke and then wheeling about java tried to mirror this action but with the head sail gone so was her agility advantage and she turned more slowly then constitution emerged from the smoke and raked her heavily wheeling from the lethal fire java gathered herself completed her turn and ran down wind alongside the american ship trading fire once again now at pistol shot range american marines in the fighting tops began a steady process of trying to clear java's upper decks even whilst the british ship's lower decks having grape and round shot blasted through them captain marshall recalled we soon perceived the superiority of our enemy's fire by the fatal effects produced we continued engaged in this manner till a few minutes after three when finding all our rigging cut to pieces the head of the bow spirit shot away our foremast tottering our ship becoming unmanageable captain lambert was induced to try and snatch the victory by boarding we accordingly bore up for that purpose to lay him on board but unfortunately our foremast was falling over the side followed by the main top mast and this foiled our attempt from this instant the battle was lost to us it now only remained for us to defend the British flag with honor to preserve it unsullied we thus continued the action till about four o'clock for the most part receiving a most galling raking fire indeed it had been a close run thing Java had mustered a large boarding party helped in part by the large number of military passengers she'd had aboard but Constitution had managed to get in a raking broad side into the ship's bow as she'd turned to close in for boarding as Marshall had just related to us this cost most of Java's remaining mast height and robbed of speed and with many of the must those mustered for the boarding party either wounded or in cover the ship coasted gently in instead of coming in at high speed what was left of the bow sprit became tangled briefly in constitution out of rigging leaving the ship at the mercy of further American close range fire obviously all raking the ship from the bow before the two ship separated once again as they broke apart constitution decided to clear some distance rather quickly to avoid being raked in turn then constitution proceeded to pass up the port side of the crippled Java turn across and come back down the other side all the time working the starboard guns before coming about again to reengage with the port side battery still Java fought on but now what was left over upper sails and rigging had fallen and draped all over the ship's starboard guns which meant that everytime the ship fired in reply this was almost immediately followed by a race to put out the fires that had been started in the wreckage that they were having to shoot through around this time Captain Lambert was also shot in the chest by one of the American Marksman Captain Marshall takes up the account once more Our enemy being enabled to command any position we were reduced to an unmanageable log laying in the trough of the sea seldom getting half our guns to bear a little past four our mizzen mast and manyard both went and we fell off which with the enemy shooting unavoidably ahead again brought us fairly broadside and broadside when we opened our fire with the greatest spirit at half or thirty five minutes past four the enemy made sail from our fire passed half past three the command of the ship consequently devolving to Lieutenant Chad's who I must observe nobly succeeded his gallant captain on the enemy's leaving us Chad's asked my opinion about the propriety of surrendering the ship not a hope being left of us successfully resisting the overwhelming power of our opponent at this time our decks were literally covered with killed and our ship on fire from firing through the wreck of the fallen masts and the main mast alone standing I acknowledged our hopeless situation but observed the responsibility he owed to our country which lay principally with him saying I did not like to advise but whatever was done I would cheerfully and conscientiously attest to the honorable and gallant conduct of every officer on board during the action however I carefully surveyed our state and the enemies and thinking we might dismast him if he would return alongside as we were yet still strong at our guns or that possibly some accident might induce the enemy to decline any further contest or that some friendly sail might heave into view I advised him not to strike our colors we were meantime employed setting a sail on the stump of the bow sprit and foremast and getting a jury foremast up our mainmast in the interim fell overboard unbelievably despite now being dismast it mildly on fire and having to rely on jury rigged sails to make any kind of forward progress java's crew was still hoping to capitalize on the damage they'd done ahead the guns were temporarily silent Bainbridge seeing his enemy crippled and possibly with the lack of gunfire surrendered since every bit of timber capable of supporting a flag had been shot apart and thus the flags had come down decided to range on ahead and set about repairing the same damage that java's crew was still hoping to exploit on constitution for in some cases a little bit concerning even if the hole was mostly okay losing your mast spars sails and rigging was not good this led to the odd position of the next hour being spent with both ships lying quietly in sight of each other with both crews busily aloft repairing battle damage although slightly less aloft in java's case someone on java managed to find a new flag and hoisted it on the tallest remaining scrap of mast timber they could find with the hour up Bainbridge moved back in but there was a fine line between honorable combat and foolishness and Bainbridge was no fool instead of coming up alongside as java's crews had hoped he positioned his ship across java's bow in the perfect raking position with no real conceivable means of reply java's crew were forced at last to strike their colors captain marshall relates our enemy now bore up and stood for us we were all at quarters in the hope he would come alongside he however took position about one cables length ahead of us where we could not possibly bring a gun to bear when chads lowered our colors it may be proper to review the state and condition of our ship when surrendered our three masts and bowsprit were gone the great part of our guns were covered and consequently rendered useless from the falling masts laying on them some guns had been dismounted and otherwise destroyed with twenty three killed and a hundred and one wounded our ship often on fire to wantonly waste more lives and trusting to the generous consideration of his country for judging of his conduct lowered the colors this was a few minutes before six i did not leave the java till the next evening choosing to remain with the gallant though unfortunate lambert so that i had an opportunity of rightly judging the state of the ship i shall not give you all the scene but you may form an idea when at daybreak on the morning following the action we beheld many of the mangled bodies of those who fell and were thrown overboard Figures for the casualties on both sides are once again disputed across various sources although Roosevelt's account in his War of 1812 book goes some length to try and reconcile a number of the competing versions he arrives at 12 killed or mortally injured and 22 wounded aboard constitution with 48 killed or mortally injured and 102 wounded aboard Java The gunnery on both sides have been so intense that only a single ship's boat which was on the constitution was inserviceable condition and this lone craft now formed a ferry with the prize crew ferrying out one way and the worst cases of the injured men heading back in the other which included Captain Lambert who shortly thereafter succumbed to his injuries. Bainbridge would write The Java was exceedingly well handled and bravely fought. Poor Captain Lambert was a distinguished and gallant officer and a most worthy man whose death I sincerely regret. Indeed it had been the most closely fought action between British and American frigates thus far and this showed when the prize crew finished their examination. Unlike Macedonian which Cardin had surrendered in a condition which allowed it to be sailed back to the US and commissioned as a US Navy ship. Java had resisted to the very last and so was so damaged by her prolonged engagement that it was concluded that there was little realistic prospect of her surviving the trip back to Boston and so all aboard were taken back to constitution after which Java was set ablaze exploding shortly thereafter when the fires reached the ship's magazine. Thus although he'd lost the fight Captain Lambert had at least managed to fight so long and so hard that he still denied his ship to the enemy. Bainbridge and his immediate subordinates were praised for their good conduct toward the prisoners by said prisoners although the rank and file of Constitution's crew were a little bit less well received as they apparently took to pilfering their British counterparts of all their valuables. Captain Marshall reckoned the loss of a hundred guineas or a hundred and five pounds as a result of this behaviour which was quite a considerable sum in an age when that sum reflected about seven years wages for the average man on the street. Now loaded with prisoners and still with a fair bit of damage aloft temporary repairs being by their nature usually not as strong as what they were replacing Bainbridge elected to return to Boston cutting short his cruise. The nature of the damage incurred can be ascertained from the report after her arrival in Boston which was too great to claim. The report listing amongst the ships needs were new spar deck planking new beams and the wholesale replacement of the masts sails and most of the rigging. Due to the extensive nature of the work and the resources gathered for it constantly being diverted to fit out ships on the great constitution would not sail out again until the very last day of 1813. As a result of these three frigate dual losses, the admiralty issued new orders to ships sent over to fight the Americans. Although these orders are sometimes a little bit overblown in popular culture as to their nature with claims that British frigates were outright forbidden from engaging American ships and they should only do so in squadrons. In fact the orders was they did exist were a little bit more level headed than that. Instead of patrolling alone frigates were now to patrol in pairs. And if for some reason a frigate armed with 18 pounder guns found itself alone, it was not to engage an American frigate if that vessel was thought to be one frigates could still operate perfectly fine solo if they were in the area and came across an American ship and the far more common 18 pounder frigates were still free to chase down smaller American vessels which were also armed with 18 pounder guns or similar, essentially meant everything except Constitution, United States, and President, as even Constellation, Congress, the other three of the original six frigates were armed with 18 pounders, and indeed, the next dual we'll be covering next month, was exactly the kind of solo dual still permitted by these aberrante orders, as the 18 pounder armed HMS Shannon took on the similarly armed USS Chesapeake.