【埃及 Pyramids 】(1) 阶梯金字塔/ 红色金字塔/ 胡夫金字塔/卡夫拉金字塔/孟卡拉金字塔/The most famous five pyramids / khufu Pyramid

埃及，这个有着7000多年历史的文明古国，一直让我充满好奇和向往。高大威严的金字塔、千年不朽的木乃伊，所有的神秘元素吸引着我开始此次的埃及探秘之旅。

Egypt, an ancient civilisation with a history of more than 7,000 years, has always filled me with curiosity and longing. The tall and majestic pyramids, the thousand-year-old mummy, all the mysterious elements attracted me to start this trip to Egypt.

说到金字塔，我们首先想到的是胡夫金字塔，但其实埃及的金字塔至少有120座。而埃及的第一座金字塔，是位于塞加拉的左塞尔阶梯金字塔，虽然它不是严格意义上的金字塔，但可以说是它奏响了金字塔时代的序曲。
When it comes to pyramids, the first thing we think of is the Pyramid of Khufu, but in fact there are at least 120 pyramids in Egypt. The first pyramid in Egypt was the Step Pyramid of Djoser in Saqqara. Although it is not a pyramid in the strict sense, it can be said that it played the prelude to the era of pyramids.

这个金字塔呈六层阶梯塔状，是埃及现有金字塔中年代最早的一座，也是首座由6个马斯塔巴叠加成的金字塔，由下往上依次递减，形成一个类锥体。

This pyramid is in the shape of a six-story stepped tower. It is the earliest pyramid among the existing pyramids in Egypt. It is also the first pyramid composed of 6 mastabas, which decrease in order from bottom to top to form a cone-like shape.

约公元前3150年，随着法老美尼斯统一了上下埃及，首都就设立在下埃及的孟菲斯，而后塞加拉成为孟菲斯的“死亡之城”。
Around 3150 BC, with the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Pharaoh Menes, the capital was established in Memphis in Lower Egypt, and then Saqqara became the "city of death" of Memphis.


古埃及的金字塔不只是坟墓，也有成功促使法老抵达来世，使他可以永远重生的目的。

The pyramids of ancient Egypt were not just tombs, they also had the purpose of successfully propelling the pharaoh to the afterlife so that he could be reborn forever.

埃及第一王朝时已有贵族在此下葬，塞加拉作为王家墓地的重要性后来被吉萨及底比斯的帝王谷取代。

Nobles were buried here during the First Dynasty of Egypt, and Saqqara's importance as a royal cemetery was later replaced by the Valley of the Kings in Giza and Thebes.

走过了一段尘土飞扬的土路，我们就来到了位于代赫舒尔的法老斯尼夫鲁Sneferu 的两座金字塔，一个是红色金字塔，远处的是弯曲金字塔。斯尼夫鲁Sneferu 是谁呢？正是吉萨大金字塔中沉眠的法老王胡夫的父亲。

红色金字塔的断面首次呈现等边三角形，因此，某种意义上说，是世界上第一座真正的金字塔。
For the first time, the cross section of the Red Pyramid presents an equilateral triangle, so, in a sense, it is the first true pyramid in the world.

胡夫金字塔，它的形象早已成为强烈的文化符号，使人产生一种对它非常熟悉的错觉。
The Pyramid of Khufu, its image has long been a strong cultural symbol, giving people the illusion of being very familiar with it.

这座矗立在沙漠里的巨型锥体穿越数千年，出现在眼前，就像一座40层高的摩天大楼。
This giant cone standing in the desert has traveled through thousands of years and appeared in front of us like a 40-story skyscraper.

金字塔几乎是一座实心的巨石体，工匠们将这些大石块沿着金字塔内部的螺旋上升通道往上拖运，然后逐层堆砌而成，十万多个工匠共用约20年的时间才完成的人类奇迹。

The pyramid is almost a solid boulder body. Craftsmen dragged these large stones up the spiral passage inside the pyramid, and then stacked them layer by layer. It took more than 100,000 craftsmen about 20 years to complete it. Human miracle.

卡夫拉金字塔与附近另2座金字塔不同的是，在金字塔顶端，仍然保留着部分的石灰岩外壳，至今尚未脫落，非常清晰可见。

The difference between the Khafre Pyramid and the other two nearby pyramids is that at the top of the pyramid, part of the limestone shell still remains, which has not yet fallen off and is very clearly visible.

我们现在所在的神庙就是卡夫拉金字塔给我们留下的唯一的一个神庙，原来是每一座金字塔都盖了两个神庙，一个神庙送给太阳神，另外的一个神庙就是葬礼仪式，给法老王做木乃伊，我们看这里也会有24个坑，每一个坑原来是放了一个雕像，代表我们的24个小时，太阳光照到那一个，我们就会知道现在是几点！

The temple we are in now is the only one left by the Khafre Pyramid. It turns out that each pyramid has two temples, one for the sun god, and the other for the funeral. Ceremony, mummification for the pharaoh, we see that there will be 24 pits here, and each pit was originally a statue, representing our 24 hours, when the sun shines on that one, we will know what time it is!

在卡夫拉金字塔东面的狮身人面像，大概是墓地的守护者。在古埃及，法老的权威和力量常用狮子来代表，百多年前，狮身人面像的兽身仍掩盖在沙土之下，1930年才被挖掘出来，可惜的是人面像曾遭人为损坏，近距离看人面像是没有鼻子的。

The Sphinx on the east side of the Khafre Pyramid is probably the guardian of the cemetery. In ancient Egypt, the authority and power of the Pharaoh were often represented by lions. More than a hundred years ago, the body of the Sphinx was still covered under the sand, and it was only excavated in 1930. By human Damaged, sphinx’s face looks like no nose at close range.

我们来看一看孟卡拉金字塔，这个比两位前辈的金子塔要娇小许多。它的高度只有65米，但它是唯一一个以花岗岩为底部外层的金字塔 。这也反应了孟卡拉时代的建筑团队不断尝试改良金字塔的建筑方法，力求造出更完美、更具突破性的金字塔。

Let's take a look at the Menkaure Pyramid, which is much smaller than the pyramids of the two predecessors. Its height is only 65 meters, but it is the only pyramid with a granite bottom outer layer. This also reflects that the construction team in the Menkaure era continued to try to improve the construction method of the pyramid, striving to create a more perfect and breakthrough pyramid.


J：在孟卡拉金字塔北面有個大洞，它的出現是因为十二世纪时有位埃及苏丹，他对金字塔里面的秘密非常的好奇，所以凿了一个洞，但最后因工程过于艰难而被迫放弃，但却让孟卡拉金字塔留下了破坏的痕迹。

There is a big hole in the north of the Pyramid of Menkaure. It appeared because there was an Egyptian Sultan in the 12th century. He was very curious about the secrets inside the pyramid, so he dug a hole, but in the end he was forced to give up because the project was too difficult. but leaving the Pyramid of Menkaure with a trail of destruction.