[REPLAY #05] TIẾNG GỌI HỎA TINH - SỰ SỐNG TRÊN SAO HỎA | Khám Phá Vũ Trụ Mới Nhất

From the moment the human species appeared and evolved, the universe was born a long, long time ago. The universe is both a familiar house, nurturing, nourishing food and nurturing the life of humans on Earth, but it is also a very dangerous and incomprehensible place. The universe is both dark, deep, but also very beautiful, mysterious, waiting in front of the human eye, as always waiting for us to explore to the end of reality. Humans, with curious nature, like to explore, can certainly not ignore understanding the universe. Even from the moment the human species was born, they knew how to observe and predict objects in the sky to create patterns, wonders of the world, or apply them to their lives, such as foraging, farming. With such knowledge, humans attach the universe to the gods of power, creating the whole world. Then, the technology of the human species develops quickly like a storm. We send hundreds of spaceships to every corner of the solar system, using giant glasses to observe the deep universe to the point where it almost touches the starting point of everything. We study and draw out the principles, lessons about this universe. Humans, although their age is nothing compared to the age of the universe itself, but we, who were born from the universe, will not stop going further to know about our own origin. And here, we look at a very small part of the time stream from the past to the future, where outstanding missions take place, to feel like a part of the work of human space exploration. Who knows that the history of the space industry has known many ups and downs, with the illusion of touching a special planet, attracting us through the eyes of despair because of the outside of the bright red light, in front of other twinkling stars in the night sky. Until the 18th century, when the first astronomical glasses were sent to the sky, humans had their first glimpse of this planet, opening up a mystery of the science and culture associated with the star. In 1877, the Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli discovered on the surface of Mars, clues from the galaxy. Since then, in the scientific community, there have been theories about the existence of civilizations outside the Earth. Before those theories were denied by more advanced astronomical glasses, there have been many imaginative scientific works that took the theme of life on Mars to life. Inspired by True's book From the Earth to the Moon, astronomer Camille Flammarion described Mars in his imagination to the reader through the work L'Eter du Ciel in 1884. A similar planet to us, with water, air, raindrops, springs, and a flood of water floating on the earth. Percival Lowell, a man who always believed in the legends of Mars, who laid the foundation for the discovery of the Milky Way, had three books, Mars, Mars in 1895, Mars and its Canals, in 1906, and Mars and the Abode of Life, in 1930. Although his blind faith in life on Mars annoyed many colleagues, Lowell still left his legacy as a world-class astronomer. Lowell Observatory, which he invested from his own pocket, is located in Flagstaff, Arizona, USA, the most ideal place to observe astronomy. Today, Lowell Astronomy continues to contribute to the advancement of human knowledge. From the early 1960s to the 20th century, astronomy has become a hot topic, the centerpiece of the space race between the U.S. and the U.S. Humans continuously launch satellites to explore the planet Earth, which is farther away than this Earth. Astronomy is arranged in a quadruple order from the sun, with a size only half as small and a gravity of 38% compared to the Earth. Astronomy takes more time than the Earth to complete a full orbit around the sun, 687 days compared to 365 days, giving the opportunity to approach this planet only after 26 months once, about more than 2 years, and takes at least 6 months to get here. But the speed of self-orbit is almost the same as that of the Earth, leading to a day that is only more than 40 minutes longer than that of the Earth. Looking from the Earth, the star is not only bright red, but also has mysterious lines that look like giant mountain ranges or artificial constructions. This is one of the many reasons why it is always speculated to be the hidden source of life outside the planet. Lowell, despite his bizarre theories, has inspired the public's imagination to explore the planet more than anyone else in his time. He has also inspired the imagination of H.G. Wells, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Stanley G. Whitebaum, with the most iconic scientific works in human history. Then, the mysteries and adventures of the 19th and 20th centuries are the great driving forces for us to explore, discover, and conquer space. In the 1960s, the Soviet Union launched nine spacecraft to Mars to illuminate human curiosity for decades. However, the missions all ended in failure. These missions included orbital satellites, landers, and flybys. The spacecraft were initially launched very small, and were launched with the Monia rocket. Among them was the Mars-1M program, also known as Marsnik, with Mars plus Sputnik, according to Western media. It included two of the Soviet Union's first self-propelled satellites. These launchers were designed to be identical to the Venus-1 spacecraft, with a 2-meter-tall main body, two solar panels, a 2.33-meter-tall signal-oriented network antenna, and a 650-kilogram-long antenna arm. The initial goal was to observe the effects of the Martian environment on the spacecraft's equipment, and then broadcast radio about the Earth. The spacecraft carried 10 kilograms of scientific equipment, including a design, a 7-ion plasma counter, a launcher, a satellite launcher, and a light-reflective probe to study CH, a mysterious number for life on Mars. It was launched in October 1960. However, the Monia rocket failed in approaching the Parking Orbit, which was used to make the spacecraft fly to Mars and return to Earth due to an incomprehensible collision on the third floor of the rocket, leading to a fuel pipeline shutdown in both launches. By early November 1962, the Soviet Union had just launched a spacecraft to the first Mars, named Mars 1. It was equipped with special equipment to take close-up images, measure magnetic field, take environmental measurements, create atmosphere, and all possible life forms on Mars. In addition, the spacecraft was also able to measure cosmic emissions and celestial orbits, which paved the way for future missions. In the next phase, the Soviet Union's mission commanders used heavier Proton-K missiles to launch a large 5-ton spacecraft, including a orbiter and a lander, to Mars. The design of the orbiter was a bit rushed and unfinished. The lack of reliability of the Soviet Union's space hardware in the late 1960s and early 1970s was a common problem because most of them were reused. The Soviet Union's leaders seemed to want to save as much money as possible, often combining missions with each other or fixing current designs rather than creating new hardware. The pioneers. The U.S. also joined the race to the red planet early on. Whether it's the ocean or space, humans have always had big ambitions to conquer new lands and the Mariner mission represents that ambition. The Mariner 3 and Mariner 4 spacecraft were the first to explore Mars. In 1964, NASA's JPL, the Low-Energy Experimental Laboratory, made two first attempts at approaching Mars. The Mariner 3 and Mariner 4 couples are identical spacecraft designed to make their first flight to Mars. The Mariner 3 was launched on November 5, 1964, but the canopy around the spacecraft on the top of the rocket could not be opened, causing the mission to soon end in failure. Three weeks later, on November 28, 1964, the Mariner 4 was successfully launched during a journey of more than seven months to Mars. The Mariner 4 flew through Mars on July 14, 1965, providing 21 images of the first red planet near the scene. The images were then sent back to Earth by a small camera on a rover, showing the collisions. The data was accurately provided, estimating atmospheric pressure on the surface as much as 1% of Earth's and the daytime temperature as 100 degrees Celsius. No magnetic field and the range of fire were detected. The new data showed that life could not exist like many predictions before, and they needed to redesign Mars landers to meet new conditions. By November of the same year, the Mariner 9 became the first spacecraft to successfully enter orbit around Mars. The spacecraft's video camera system was ready for activation, and American scientists were eagerly waiting for the first detailed images of Mars. Since the Mariner 6 and 7 flew over just two years ago. But what was captured from the deep-space radio was not images of mountain ranges, volcanic mountains, and complex mountains of Mars, but images of a mysterious world covered in thick dust. Two days after the launch of Mariner 4, Linsol tested again with Sol 2. The spacecraft passed through Mars, but the radio transmission equipment was faulty, and it did not return any data. NASA continued the Mariner program with another pair of spacecraft, Mariner 6 and 7. Usually, spacecrafts are launched in pairs to prevent accidents of other spacecrafts in the background of space races. Mariner 6 and 7 are no exception. They were planned to be launched into space and to the planet in 1969. But unfortunately, the mission to Mars once again failed. Next, in 1971, Mariner 8 brought NASA's hopes for the first successful single spacecraft. However, there was an accident during the launch. It was impossible to let failure take the lead, missing a chance every two years. Only about half a month later, NASA launched Mariner 8. The spacecraft was designed to continue the ambitious research of aerodynamics from the failure of Mariner 6 and 7 and to build a map of 70% of Mars from a height of about 1,500 km and at a resolution of about 1 km to 100 m per pixel, the highest in any mission to Mars until that time. Mariner 9 and Mariner 8 were brought on board the spacecraft to discover the sources of heat to find evidence of the activity of the volcano, study the changes over time in the atmosphere and the surface of Mars. Two small moons of Mars were also analyzed. Together with two orbiters of Mars 2 and Mars 3, Mariner 9 captured a large-scale dust storm that affected the entire planet, slowing down the efforts to photograph the surface of the planet. Scientists controlled the mission to spend some time waiting for the sandstorm on Mars to probe and take photos of Phobos, one of the two natural satellites of Mars. After the dust storm stopped, it was enough for Mars to allow Mariner 9 to take photos. The photos recorded showed a significant progress These are the first live evidences that provide more detailed signs between the mountains and valleys that water may have flowed on the surface of this planet. Nex Olympica is one of the few features that can be seen in the dust storm of the planet. This is the highest mountain, more precisely the volcano, on any planet in the entire solar system just like Olympus Mons, the highest volcano in the solar system. As for Linsol, after many failures, until 1971, this country launched the next generation of satellites to Mars to compete with the Mars orbiters Mariner 8 and Mariner 9 according to the US launch plan. In May 1971, a day after Mariner 8 collided when launching into orbit, the Cosmos 419 Mars 1971C, a heavy-duty probe of Linsol's M71 Mars program, also failed to launch successfully. This spacecraft was only designed as an orbiter, while the next two probes of the M71 project, Mars 2 and Mars 3, are a multi-purpose combination of an orbiter and a small spacecraft, expected to be the first robot to orbit a planet after successfully landing on the Moon. They were successfully launched in mid-May 1971 and landed about 7 months later. On November 27, 1971, the Mars 2 landed due to a computer crash on board and became the first man-made object to reach the surface of Mars. On December 2, 1971, the Mars 3 lander became the first spacecraft to land lightly, but its transmission process was interrupted after 14.5 seconds. Mars 2 and 3 orbiters sent back a relatively large amount of data from December 1971 to March 1972, although the transmission continued until August. On August 22, 1972, after sending back data and a total of 60 images, Mars 2 and 3 completed their mission. The images and data allowed the spacecraft to create a map and provide information about the attraction and magnetic field of Mars. In 1973, Lien Xiu sent four more probes to Mars, the Mars 4 and Mars 5 orbiter and the Mars 6 and Mars 7 lander. All missions, except Mars 7, sent back data, of which Mars 5 was the most successful. Mars 5 only transmitted 60 images before losing the pressure in the launch vehicle and had to end the mission early. The Mars 6 lander transmitted data during the landing, but failed to land. Mars 7 and Mars 8 landed on the planet at an altitude of 2,200 km, returning a series of images and mysterious, wireless data, creating the first discovery of the night power grid on Mars. The Mars 7 probe separated from the launch vehicle due to an accident in the operation of one of the systems on the ship, controlling a helicopter or a jet and leaving the planet about 1,300 km. NASA has been researching and developing Viking since its first Mars missions, and is even more ambitious. The Viking 1 was launched on August 20, 1975, and the second, Viking 2, was launched on September 9, 1975. Both were launched on Titan 3E, a multi-storey rocket, the upper floor is called Centaur. The Viking 1 entered the Mars orbit on June 19, 1976, and the Viking 2 followed on August 7. The entire Viking project cost about 1 billion USD at launch, equivalent to more than 5 billion USD at present. It is considered the most expensive, but at the same time, it was a huge success, as the Viking 1 was the first to land on Mars in the middle of the 20th century. After orbiting Mars for more than a month and returning to the images used to choose the landing site, the orbiters and landers separated. The landers then entered the Martian atmosphere and landed softly at the chosen locations. The Viking 1 lander touched the surface of Mars more than two weeks before the Viking 2 landed on the orbit. The Viking 2 then successfully landed on September 3. The orbiters continued to take pictures and perform other scientific activities from the orbit, while the landers deployed equipment on the surface. Space technology is entering a new era. In recent years, the aerospace sector has seen many breakthroughs, and the link between humans and space is becoming closer and closer. Of course, these changes are always accompanied by effects. According to astronomer Jonathan McDowell, working at the Harvard-Smithsonian CFA space center, there are currently more than 5,000 satellites operating on the orbit by the end of 2021. This number is five times higher than more than 10 years ago. Elon Musk's SpaceX company alone has launched about 2,000 Starlink satellites in recent years. If companies like Amazon, Boeing and China all participate in the ambitious space conquest plan, scientists predict that Earth will have about 30,000 more satellites in the next 10 years. In 2022, we can look forward to SpaceX and OneWeb at least continuing to launch hundreds more satellites to expand the Internet bandwidth. In addition, another big man is Amazon, which also plans to deploy more satellites and strengthen its Kuiper project wide bandwidth trajectory. Of course, with the increasing number of satellites and spacecraft, companies in the field will have a hard time maintaining safety and balance. In the future, space travel and looking at the Earth through a spacecraft will no longer be a strange thing. However, can humans bring the entire modern industry into space? In fact, these ideas have been planned in great detail. The concept of orbital nursing facilities, gardens and even the entire city with artificial attraction is a completely feasible scientific element. However, according to Mr. Moribacha, an aviation technology professor at Texas University and a former NASA co-director, we should consider space near Earth as an additional ecosystem. It also needs to be protected by measures like humans are doing with land, water and air. In the future, Professor Moribacha hopes to build a connected system to keep the environment safe near the Earth orbit. It is an urgent issue, similar to environmental protection stories. Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the solar system. It is often called the Red Planet due to the presence of a lot of oxides on the surface of the planet, the Red Planet is a rocky planet with a thin atmosphere. It has features on the surface that are similar to the holes on the Moon and the volcanoes, valleys, deserts and glaciers at the top of the Earth. The cycle of the seasons on Mars is quite similar to that of the Earth due to the curvature of the Earth's orbit. The Red Planet is the Valles Marineris mountain range, the longest and widest mountain range in the solar system. The Borealis Plateau, flat on the North Pole, covers up to 40% of the area of the Red Planet and may have been a huge collision lake in the past. Mars has two satellites, Phobos and Deimos. They are small and spherical satellites. One is called 5261 Yuri, a Trojan planet of Mars. Currently, there are three orbiters that are still in operation, flying around Mars. Mars Odyssey, Mars Express and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. On its surface, there are self-propelled Mars Exploration Rovers. These are landers and self-propelled robots in the past, both successful and unsuccessful. The Phoenix lander completed its mission in 2008. Observations by NASA's Mars Global Surveyor have shown that the orbiter has stopped operating due to the small and wide expansion of the North Pole in the seasons. In recent years, images have shown the possibility of running water in the hottest months on Mars. Mars can easily be seen from Earth with the naked eye. Its zodiac sign value is 3.0, standing only behind Jupiter, Neptune, Moon and Sun. The InSight rover discovered When the survey mission began in November 2018, NASA used the InSight rover to study Mars' geological, geothermal and atmospheric conditions. This mission was completed in two years. Just over a year and a half later, NASA released a series of first studies on the surface of Mars. The InSight team has shared some interesting discoveries about the magnetic field on Mars. The research team said the area where the InSight rover landed had a magnetic field 10 times stronger than expected. This discovery was made thanks to InSight's confidence that Mars is flat in the north. NASA chose this area because it has a combination of a flat, low-altitude structure and few rocks allowing InSight to explore deep inside Mars. Before carrying out this mission, InSight estimated Mars' magnetic field from satellites in orbit, and its atmosphere at the British Columbia University, a senior scientist at the PSI. The main author of the study said one of the major hidden features from previous satellite missions was the magnetic field on small areas. The research team placed the first magnetic fields on the surface of Mars. InSight found the magnetic field to be 10 times stronger than NASA's previous estimates. The magnetic field will help us understand the nature and strength of Mars' magnetic field over billions of years. Previously, predictions about the magnetic field on Mars were not true. The magnetic field on the surface of Mars is much stronger than the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. The magnetic field on the surface of Mars is much stronger than the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. The magnetic field on the surface of Mars is much stronger than the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. The magnetic field on the surface of Mars is much stronger than the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. The magnetic field on the surface of Mars is much stronger than the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. Mars is exposed to the sun's wind and the electric currents that come from the sun and bring its magnetic field to the interplanetary space. But Mars lacks a module. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. It is rarely protected from weather and sun's wind and allows landers to study the magnetic field on the surface of Mars. Serpentineization Tao-Yuri Spress Solar Flare Joseph Mirschowski Professor at the Hong Kong University of China to explore the possibility of life on Mars, said that the solution is to use Mars dust to protect yourself. Using bags filled with Mars dust can prevent footsteps into hidden places. Humans can also temporarily find a hiding place in some of Mars' lava pipes. Large caves from ancient times when Mars had volcanic activity. 3. Health In long-distance journeys in space, astronauts suffer from 1-2% irregularities per month. It is not yet known whether the environment does not grow, slowing down the process. But in the worst-case scenario, astronauts, when performing a mission on Mars within 3 years, will lose half of their bones. That means the bones become crumbly, easy to tear, and slow to recover when injured. 3. Immune system Immune system Although NASA is focusing on developing technologies to help the journey to Mars, many risks are still beyond human prediction. Experts estimate that the risk of Mars exploration will be 25%. That means that every four flights to this planet, there will be one crew member who does not return. That is also the risk ratio that NASA has predicted for the Apollo generation when performing lunar research missions. However, a journey to Mars will be much longer and more complicated than going to a satellite. Therefore, the last and most important thing is whether NASA is willing to take the risk to fulfill its ambition to conquer the red planet far away or not. 6. Food, Water and Oxygen Elisabeth Hausrath, an assistant professor at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA, is receiving NASA's support in the study of snow plowing, a popular plant in the Nevada desert and low-altitude, low-nutrient environments on Earth, in conditions similar to Mars. The idea is to grow plants in glass houses made of flexible materials similar to space clothes. The experiment is developing well. Growing plants in such conditions not only creates food, but also creates oxygen. In addition, scientists still need to figure out how to get enough water for humans to live on Mars. Victoria Hamilton, an astronaut at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado, USA, The red planet has some layers of ice on its surface, possibly water, and a mission on Mars in the future needs a satellite to map their distribution. 7. Return to Earth Unless you only register to go one way, humans traveling to Mars need missiles to return to Earth. Finding a way to get fuel for spacecraft back is the biggest technological obstacle astronomers have to face. Scientists note that carrying fuel on a missile is not feasible because it is too heavy. A reasonable solution is to use resources on Mars to create fuel. First, you need to separate water by electricity from ice that absorbs water and ice on the surface. Then combine hydrogen and oxygen to create missile fuel. Sooner or later, optimists believe that scientists will be able to solve these problems.