Stupas

Stupas

Stupas are Buddhist monuments associated with relics, commemoration, and devotional practice. Stupa architecture commonly combines a solid mound or raised mass with a base, a crowning element, and surrounding space for circumambulation. Variations in stupa shape, scale, ornament, and setting reflect regional traditions while retaining a relationship between sacred contents, symbolic form, and ritual movement.

Sacred Buildings and Monuments

Temples and cave sanctuaries organize sacred interiors and ceremonial approaches through different building traditions. Pagodas and stupas show how religious architecture can also concentrate devotion around a vertically prominent structure or a solid monument, with distinctions in enclosure, access, and ritual movement.

  1. Temples

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  2. Pagodas

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  3. Cave Temples

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