Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) was a German composer and pianist whose music bridged the Classical and Romantic eras. Born in Bonn, he moved to Vienna in 1792, studied briefly with Haydn and won renown as a pianist. Within a few years he began to lose his hearing. In 1802, in a letter now called the Heiligenstadt Testament, he resolved to live on for the sake of his art, and the following years brought a burst of creativity: the “Eroica” Symphony, the Fifth Symphony, the opera Fidelio and the “Emperor” Concerto. Though eventually almost totally deaf, he went on to compose the Missa Solemnis, the late string quartets and the Ninth Symphony (1824), whose choral finale, a setting of Schiller's “Ode to Joy,” now serves as the anthem of Europe. His nine symphonies and 32 piano sonatas remain pillars of the repertoire, and his life an example of perseverance.

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From Vivaldi to Beethoven

Vivaldi's concertos, including The Four Seasons, spread across Europe, and Bach studied them closely, arranging several for keyboard and organ. Bach's own works became a foundation of Western music: Mozart discovered his fugues in Vienna in the early 1780s and was deeply influenced by them, and the young Beethoven learned The Well-Tempered Clavier from his teacher in Bonn. Beethoven carried the Classical style of Mozart toward the Romantic age.

Giants of the Romantic Era

Romanticism prized feeling, imagination and national spirit. Beethoven's music bridged the Classical and Romantic eras. Victor Hugo led French Romantic literature, from the drama Hernani (1830) to Les Misérables (1862). Chopin, who settled in Paris in 1831, gave the piano a new poetic voice. Wagner, who revered Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, reshaped opera as music drama, and Tchaikovsky brought Russian Romanticism to the world with Swan Lake and The Nutcracker.

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