Gustavus Adolphus
Gustavus Adolphus
Gustavus Adolphus (1594–1632), Gustav II Adolf, was King of Sweden from 1611 until his death and is known as "the Lion of the North." Coming to the throne at 16, he worked with his chancellor, Axel Oxenstierna, to reform the government, courts and finances, founded the city of Gothenburg, endowed Uppsala University and established secondary schools across the kingdom. He also modernized the Swedish army, combining infantry, cavalry and light artillery in a flexible system later studied by commanders across Europe. The turning point came in 1630, when he entered the Thirty Years' War in Germany in support of the Protestant cause, winning a major victory at Breitenfeld in 1631. He died at the Battle of Lützen in November 1632. Sweden marks Gustavus Adolphus Day each November 6, and he is remembered as a devout and capable ruler who established Sweden as a major European power.
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Napoleon's Great Captains of History
Napoleon Bonaparte urged soldiers to read and reread the campaigns of history's great captains, naming among them Alexander the Great, Hannibal, Julius Caesar, Gustavus Adolphus and Frederick the Great. Spanning more than two thousand years, these commanders were admired for their strategy, leadership and organization of armies, and their campaigns remain classic subjects in the study of military history.
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