Joel Salatin on Soil, Cows and the lies We’ve been Told (Polyface Farm Tour)

Now here's a farm tour of one of the greatest farms in America. A farm that turns conventional thinking completely upside down on its head. In this video we're touring Polyface Farms with Joel Salatin. First, the soil. You know what I say, we can be no better than the soil that our food comes from. And here is how Joel is building soil on his farm. I call this the heart and soul of our farm. A lot of people don't see this or understand it, but I want you to realize that we came here in 1961. I was just four and I could walk all of these fields, these pretty green fields you see, I could walk the entire farm and never set foot on a piece of vegetation. That's how bare it was. 10 cows, that was all the grass we had. And it's gone up. Tenfold since. We never planted a seed. We never applied any chemical. Never bought a bag of chemical fertilizer. But what we did is what you're going to see today, but we also compost. So I'm going to, I'm going to, the front row here gets, gets, you just smell it and touch it. Okay. 70 days ago, this was manure. You just thought that was granola you had for breakfast. We just came out and scooped up some of this. So what's going on here is that a lot of times the secret is trying to plug the leaks. So you're leveraging the resources that you have and plugging the hemorrhage. Think about how many things in our lives are hemorrhages. How many people are hemorrhaging time with social media? How many people are hemorrhaging money with taxes and bright, shiny objects? Unnecessary things hemorrhaging friendships with people that don't get it wipe the dust off your feet and move on Okay, you don't have to be you know You know ugly about it But but but there's there's also no sense in casting your pearls before swine either and my mentor Alanation used to say there's no sense trying to teach a pig how to fly. It can't be done. It irritates the pig When we came here and we're looking at well, how does how does soil get built? And when we get up to the broilers, that field there had large quarter acre solid rock where five feet of topsoil had washed off in the previous 150 years from tillage. And we didn't have enough soil to hold up electric fence stakes. My brother and I were just little kids, but we were big enough, the two of us, could get on an edge of this concrete tire and heave it off as dad drove slow down through the field. He'd go along and stick electric fence stakes down in those half-inch pipes in the concrete tires to hold up electric fence because there wasn't enough soil to hold up an electric fence stake to move the cows around. I've never been any place in the world that... was in that kind of condition. So don't tell me it can't be done. And I've watched these places now in my lifetime and we didn't haul dirt in, but I've watched every one of them go to 14, 16 inches of soil. Now it's not, you know, it's not five feet like it ought to be, but it's. we don't use the concrete tires anymore and they were like sores on the land that just every year 18 inches would come in from the edge like just like a like a scab on your skin we only had the little barn right there was all we had we had about 10 cows 12 cows and that concrete floor and every saturday uh we'd have to um hand shovel we'd have a front end loader or anything we had a little old manure spreader and every saturday when dad was off work my brother and i and dad Dad our first Saturday chore in the winter. was to clean up that concrete pad, put in a manure spreader and spread it I've got it. so the cows didn't get all goopy, you know, in their poop. And what we started noticing was what we spread before the middle of February, it was as if you hadn't spread anything. I mean, it didn't do anything. But after the middle of February, it was like you painted green and you had to jump back because the grass wouldn't grow so fast. What happened? Same field, same material, same cows, same everything. What's the difference? The difference is that in the dormant season, when the gibberellins and the azotobacter and mycorrhizae and all that Soil biology is sleeping because it's cold. They don't want to eat any more than we like to eat when we're sleeping, okay? And here we were, we're trying to wake them up at 2 o'clock in the morning from a deep sleep, put a funnel in their mouth, and shove Thanksgiving dinner down. Well, if you do that, about 3 o'clock, you're going to be doing something else. You're going to be kneeling at the porcelain pulpit, puking your guts out. All right, and so what we learned just by observation, was that it made all the difference in the world when we fed the soil, depending on if the soil was ready to eat or not. And so we said, well. We can't, we don't want to apply anything, and of course, you know, this is now a little more common knowledge, that's why it's illegal to spread any manure or even fertilizer, you know, of any kind, in the entire watershed of New York City, the Hudson Bay, from about December 10th until March 1st, because everything spread then is going to end up right in the New York water system. And so, so we, you know, we observed that here actually happening. And so we said, well, we got, we, we got it. We, we got to hold this. Well, the, the typical conventional thought is slurry, you know, big slurry tanks. You know, we're going to, well, we don't want to put the manure in the water. We want to keep it out of the water. Okay. So we don't want a slurry tank. And, and, and in nature, there is no such thing as a slurry tank. But in nature, there's a lot of decomposition, okay? And so we bought a wood chipper and we began chipping carbon to create a carbonaceous diaper. Those cows are dropping 50 pounds of goodies out their back end every day. It is highly soluble. It is highly volatile, if it gets dry it wants to vaporize, you all know what that smells like, and if it gets wet it wants to leach into the groundwater, it's more insidious but nonetheless deadly. So what we want to do is link it up, tie it down with carbon so that it neither vaporizes nor leaches. So this is a very simple awning. Notice our barn has no sides, we basically call it a hay shed in order to not be confused with a typical barn. Barns have killed way more cows Then then not because of respiratory being too tight, too close. So it's very open. But when there's when there's 200 cows in here and you come out on a blizzardy 10 degree morning, it's about 30 degrees in here and it's just as warm as can be. And and this deep bedding never gets cold. Um it so the cows are heavy they tromp out the oxygen and this is building so you see the hay the feeder gates are eating through Those are they they're able to raise and lower you see the angle iron the the the spots are on the back The boxes there are on a pulley. We don't have any now of dad's original v v shaped And then and then I developed these boxes on pulleys And then Daniel has now, so we've got three generations of iteration. Dad did a feeder gate that we would push through the hay horizontally, but we didn't have the development of the deep bedding. He passed away in 88, and I developed the deep bedding concept. Well, then I needed something we could elevate and drop, so we did the boxes. And now Daniel has gone to the, to the, uh, so now as the boxes wear out, we're replacing them with these nice, uh, nice feeder gates here. That's generational, uh, you know, refinement, uh, and, and, um, in some ways, economic, economic, uh, accumulation as well. The cows are tromping out, they're heavy, they're tromping out the oxygen. And so this whole bedding, which this is designed this, the walls and stuff so that it can go up four feet deep. Okay. So we're on the floor, but imagine four feet up, you know, this is where the cows were. And it's anaerobic, so it's fermenting, and it never freezes. It stays about 50 to 55 degrees, which on a zero-degree day is like cows lounging on a warm blanket. And there's zero smell. You can come in here and eat lunch because the carbon is absorbing all of the manure and urine. And every couple of days we're just adding some more, adding some more carbon. As we add it, we add about 80 pounds of corn per cubic yard of carbon. That corn then is embedded in the pack and it ferments, releasing all the sugars and juices. So when the cows come out to start grazing in the spring, we put in the pig aerators and the pig aerators aerate it, pig aerators, okay. They seek the fermented corn and act like a big egg beater and oxygenate it and convert it from anaerobic to aerobic compost, which is what you're seeing right here. And so rather than having machinery and petroleum do all that work and labor, we're harnessing the pig's natural... instinct and desire, this is hog heaven, you know, and so they seek the corn and that turns it multiple times because, you know, they do the, they do the. the top stuff first and then they've got to go deeper and then they go deeper and deeper and by the time they're you know they're you can't see their tails you know they're down uh they're down here to the bottom uh uh and we put a lot more in the bottom than we do in the top and there's i don't have time to go into every nuance of this but but just to point out that this is this is the heart and soul of our fertility program that in addition to the controlled grazing which we'll talk about at the end but um This is our fertilizer factory, so this becomes comfortable space for the cows in the wintertime. It becomes our fertilizer factory. It allows us to monetize woods work, cleaning up wood, weeding the wood lot. Now, that becomes, instead of just being junky trees, they become fertilizer value. The cows, because they're warm and not cold, they eat less feed. And so all these things together reduce hay consumption by about, you know, 15 to 20 percent. So now you don't have to make as much hay, feed as much hay for the cows to maintain their condition, so you don't need to add grain, silage, lick tanks, protein tanks, all the other things that everybody does that are very expensive because the cows are so comfortable their caloric requirement is low, okay, for the same thing. And, um, and then of course this grows pigs. We clean it out. You can, you know, we can have parties in here. We can run, we can put, uh, pigs in here. You can see we've, we've already cleaned these out. Now we've got, uh, uh, pigs over there. They're just, so this is the batch that's going to slaughter right now. So they've just come in from the field and they're going to slaughter. So they're, you know, we bring the whole batch in. We take part of them this week, part of them next week, part, you know, a batch of 50 will take us, you know, three weeks to get through. But, um, That's the way this works. So we've spread a lot of this already. As soon as we finish hay here, we'll get the rest of this spread. But notice we're standing here with, you know, thousands of pounds of manure and urine, and there's no smell. And so we say that good farming should be aesthetically and aromatically sensually romantic. It's not romantic. If it's ugly or it stinks, it's probably not good farming. The final thing that I'll say here, and I'll take a couple questions, One of the questions is that... That this fully honors the pigness of the pig so that numerous of you have talked about you have such a happy team here. All these young people are enthusiastic and they're smiling and they're, you know, they seem, well, because we don't talk about just raising pigs and raising eggs or whatever. We talk about participating as masseuses in God's object lesson of divine providence. Okay. And suddenly you elevate that language. You elevate the mission. You elevate the vision and the messaging. So we're just not gathering eggs and we're not running pigs. We're all part of this great thing. And so the pigs here, the pigs here are not just bacon and pork chops. They are co-laborers in a land healing ministry. Three, okay? And that then brings a new respect and honor to the pig. And allows us to use their innate plow on the end of their nose, you know, and honor them to be able to be, to not just, we're raising you for us, but actually they are team members in this. And that changes kind of the relationship and the emotional, you know, feeling that you have toward them. And I would say that a society that doesn't ask how to make happy pigs, ...or needful pigs, very soon quits asking how to make happy citizens and needful citizens and collapses into social chaos, teen suicides, and psychological distress. It's how we respect and honor the least of these that creates a moral ethical framework on how we honor and respect the greatest of these. If we're going to maintain an honor and respect for the tomness of Tom and the merrieness of Mary, it starts with the pigness of the pigs. And honoring them. Now let's go to their famous pastured poultry operation where one person could make $60,000 a year. One person could move 4,500 birds in just one hour. Pastured poultry profits, let's go. This is the pastured broiler. This is certainly our farm's first signature piece. If you will, and it's still kind of our claim to fame about more than anything. We move these every day. So these are Cornish cross. There's nothing natural about this chicken. It's a race car, NASCAR, double breasted, high octane, I'm fast growing bird. starting But my mentor, Alan Nation, used to say, when you're in retail marketing, you can be a nudist or you can be a Buddhist. But if you're a nudist buddhist, nobody will believe you. It'll be really hard to sell anything. to So these are the same genetics as the industry uses. speak. They're what people are common with. If you want a heritage, dark meat, razor-breasted, old, tough, great tasting, succulent counterpart, we have those. Those are the roosters of the pullets that we hatch. These are the meat birds like beef compared to dairy. So I'll demonstrate how we move these guys and then we'll talk about it a little bit. This is the tool and once we eliminate Cargill, Tyson, and Tyson and all those guys, this little dolly will be available in every hardware store in America as common as a hammer. Wouldn't that be cool to see? So you just slip this under and use it like a like a kind of a pry bar and now it's on wheels. Excuse me there birds. And then the birds just walk to the next spot okay. Now they've already been moved once this morning so they're all they're kind of just settling and being quiet. I won't move it I won't move it all the way but they just walk to the next spot okay. Everybody got the idea? You just go from one to the other to the other and one person With that little dolly, one person can move 4,500 chickens in 60 minutes without starting an engine. Give everybody a brand new salad bar and change their bedding. You don't even change your bedding every day, do you? These birds get their bedding. Of course, you don't poop in your bed either. We change their bedding every day, give them a new salad bar, and they're contained enough that there are very few predators. There are predators. But, in all of our many, many decades of doing this, I've only had one hawk ever get inside. Ever. That's pretty good when you're raising outdoor poultry, okay? And of course, the cap protects them from weather, you get a rain, thunderstorm. These birds come out at between 14 and 20 days. The next batch is down there, and so every three weeks we're starting a batch. So we have a batch in the brooder, a young batch in the field, and an older batch in And we just rotate through the season. And this year we'll raise just short of 40,000 birds. So you're just seeing a third of our... We have about 160 of these shelters, they're not all here, they're somewhere on other rental farms and different places that our young people run. The elephant in the room of American agriculture right now is that the average American farmer is 60 years old. So in the next 15 years, half of all of America's farm equity is going to change hands. That has never happened in any civilization. Peacefully. It's only happened in conquest. So if we get through this transition peacefully, and I'm not trying to scare anybody, I'm just explaining this. If we get through this peacefully, we will be the first civilization that's ever made that level of agrarian equity transfer peacefully. If you ever watch horse racing and betting, you know, that's not the way to, you know, you don't want to bet on the team that's lost 25 races. Every civilization that's done this and lost, you know, they're all in the heaps of history. All right, so if you're betting that we're going to make it, you're betting on the losing horse. Okay, but hope springs eternal, right? And we'd like to be the first one. You know, we're the nation on a hill, right? Okay, we're American exceptionalism. So why don't we be exceptional and make this transition? So how do we make this transition? The problem is that when young people can't get in, old people can't get out. So we got young people that want to get in, old people want to get out. And they're both stuck. One's on an on-ramp, one's on an off-ramp, and there's nobody on the interstate. Okay, so how do we get that transition going? Three things what you're seeing here. First of all, mobile infrastructure. Mobile infrastructure eliminates the need to own the land. The biggest cost of entry in agriculture is buying land. What if you don't need to buy land? Is that a game changer? Pretty big, right? There is not a square foot of farmland in the world that wouldn't benefit from pastured poultry. They disturb it, they churn it up, they poop on it, they do amazing stuff, all right? So these can be put in vineyards, orchards, wheat farms, cattle farms, dairy farms, pig farms, all right? There is not a single square foot on the planet that couldn't benefit from pastured poultry, okay? So mobile is a game changer. August 21 and 22, we're going to be hosting the first... Germinating Young Farm launch here, sponsored by the Stopman Grass Farmer, and we're going to feature eight young people who were 20, no land, no money, and they're 40 and full-time farming without using government grants. All of them bootstrapped. A lot of you might want to come back to that. I think it's going to be the most important. Agriculture seminar in the country this year, because all the ag seminars, I don't care whether it's organic industry, I don't care what it is, everybody's moping around, ain't no money, how's the young people get, you know, they're all whining and complaining and they're hopeless. And so we're really excited to be able to feature eight who defied all the odds, even in modern day, and some of them own land, some of them don't. Some of them are married, some are not. Some are direct marketing, some are not. I mean, I've chosen a broad spectrum, but what they have in common is they were 20, no land, no money, and they're full-time farming at 40 without government grants. So mobility, mobility changed everything. Next one, modular. So we've got enough of these to be equivalent to a Tyson factory chicken house, you know, 15,000 chickens. Okay, but they're modules. If you want to raise a chicken for Tyson, hopefully nobody here does, but if you did, what's the first thing you got to do? Build a chicken house. How expensive is that? Million is like an auction. Million here, million, million, million, how about 900, 800, you know, going once, all right. Yeah, it's up there somewhere between 750 and a million dollars, depending on how big it is. Would you call that an impediment to entry? I would. I like to call it elitist. Because that's what they call me. You're high-priced chickens. It's elitist, you know. Well, to get into Tyson Chicken Farming, that's pretty elitist if you've got to borrow a million dollars just to get in. But here, all you've got to do is cancel your Netflix subscription for three months. And with pocket change, you build one of these. You start it in your backyard. And if you like it, you can build a second one. And if you're as nuts as we are, you can build 160 of them. But over time, so you scale by... duplication of modules. One of the big problems in American agriculture right now is when anybody talks about scale feeding the world, scale they assume the only way is to consolidate, centralize, and concentrate. A bigger chicken house, a bigger cannery, a bigger, you know, orchard, a bigger, you know, processing plant. Nature doesn't scale that way. If nature wants more oak, it doesn't make a great Great big oak tree. It makes acorns. If nature wants more milk, it doesn't make a great big cow, it makes maybe calves. If nature wants more tomatoes, it doesn't make a great big tomato, it makes a bunch of tomatoes. Are you with me? Nature scales by duplication. So one of the things that we're trying to prove here, I think we've proved it, it's just everybody doesn't recognize it, is there is not one single need for a confinement poultry house on the planet. Not one reason for it, we don't need it, it's unnecessary, and look at how happy the chickens are, okay, and so modular is a game changer, so we got mobile, modular, one more, management intensive. Management intensive, that's where the naysayers, I knew there was a catch, and with a condescending snarl, yeah, this would take more farmers, as if they can't imagine a worse indictment on a techno-sophisticated glitzy culture like ours than to have more farmers. We have twice as many people incarcerated in prison in our country than we have farmers. That gives you pause when you write farming books. I mean, it gives me pause to realize I could have had twice as many possible buyers if I had written a book on how to be a successful inmate than how to be a successful farmer. Yes! Guilty as charged, it does take more farmers. You know what it doesn't take? It doesn't take bankers. It doesn't take pharmaceutical companies. It doesn't take pollution abatement people. It doesn't take attorneys to fight over who's stinking up the neighborhood. It doesn't take hospitals to deal with the MRSA and C. diff from antibiotic-derived superbugs. You can go on and on and on, okay? Here we are amongst thousands of chickens. There are no flies. There are no smells. I mean, you can come up here and eat lunch, right? You can do this in a suburban backyard, okay? And so we don't apologize that this is management intensive, which you know what that means? That means that our equity here, our equity is not stuff. It's not energy intensity, pharmaceutical intensity, capital intensity. It's people intensity, which means our equity is skill, knowledge, and patrons. And I think it pleases God and is socially responsible to invest in a people-centric business. Most things in America right now, businesses are tripping over themselves trying to get rid of people. I mean, you can't even buy bananas at Kroger's and talk to a person. They want you to, I refuse to. I go stand at the checkout line, somebody come help me. I go to Lowe's, I get, I get. Plumbing parts or something at Lowe's, I just go up there to the front and I just stand there until somebody, can I help you, sir? Yes, I'd like to be checked out, please. Thank you very much. I just don't, I just refuse. I just am not going to do it. But what you see is you see this tripping over ourselves, don't we, to eliminate people. Wouldn't it be cool if you called American Airlines and a person answered the phone instead of a robot? Without enough numbers for you for your problem. And so you're sitting there. So we don't apologize for being people centric All right, and then how about this one? How about? North America used to be better off with more ruminant and grazing animals than we have today How about they aren't the problem? We've heard that they're the problem. How about they're not? Let's see if Joel can convince us otherwise. I mean, he had me 10 years ago. So this is cows. As you've watched news in America recently, the cow has kind of become a demonized bad rap deal. You know, she's going to burp and fart. We're all going to be crispy critters in 30 years because of cows. So a couple really just important things to understand when we talk about Remember... There was more animal weight on the planet 500 years ago than there is today. That's herbivores, birds, amphibians, definitely pollinators, insects, 500 years ago than there is today. Clearly, it's not animals that's killing the planet. You know, this is where I irritate my conservative friends, because it's true. The planet is losing pollinators. We're losing insects. We're losing soil. We're losing aquifers. You know, the Chinese have this saying, if you keep going the way you're going, you're going to end up where you're headed. And we're not headed to a good place. In the world right now. So why are there so many herbivores on the planet? I mean llamas and alpacas South America you go on over you got you know zebras and elephants and giraffes and wildebeest in Africa and you're going up to Indochina you got you know You know... Cape Buffalo you got water buffalo Yaks, and then you go on up into you know You know, the... Lapland, you got reindeer, you come across the Canada, you got caribou, moose, come down to the U.S., you got deer, elk, bison, used to have bison, a lot more. But what's the deal? Well, the deal is, if I can pull one of these grass plants, all right, so the deal is that this grass grows in a sigmoid curve. See my S here? It starts slow, then it grows real fast, then it goes into senescence. I call these three stages diaper grass, teenage grass, nursing home grass. If the goal is to capture as much sunbeams, I call them sunbeams, sunbeams is more romantic and mystical. So if our goal is to capture as many sunbeams and convert it into biomass, carbon, as possible, Of those three stages, where do we want it as much time as possible? Teenage, yeah, this is not, I don't do trick questions. You don't want it in diapers. Are they ever going to get going? And then, you know, out here on the end, you know, are they, they're not productive anymore. So, so it's here. And so the herbivore in the, in the great grand scheme of things is to take this as it reaches senescence, makes seed head and reaches senescence, is to prune it back to restart. You know, if somebody didn't prune their apple orchard or their vineyard, you'd say they were negligent. When we go around and see cows pruning the vegetation and we say they're destroying the planet. Horses would destroy it if you handle horses the way most people handle horses. So Horses need to be put in a deep bedding stall and forgotten about. So that's the goal here. So in nature, this is done with another three M's. So let's see how good memories are. Up there, we had three M's. Mobile, modular, management intensive. All right, ready for three more? How does nature do this with herbivores? They're moving. They'll stay in the same place. When they do this, they move on and let this grass go through its next growth stage. All right? They're moving. They're mobbing. They're mobbed up for predator protection. There's a lion lurking in the bushes. Okay? And they're... Mowing! They're not eating dead cows, dead chickens, and manure, and all the stuff that were, you know, ho-ho cakes, and little Debbie's, you know, cast-offs. They're mowing, okay? They're not eating corn. They're not eating soybeans. All right, they're mowing. Moving, mobbing, mowing. Say it with me, class. Moving, mobbing, mowing. All right, so how... You don't want them to moo. If they're mooing, then they're not happy. All right. So how do we do that on a commercial domestic scale and duplicate what nature did with migratory Migratory, migratory. herd choreography and predator prey choreography? So our predator is the electric fence. That defines where they're going to be. We move them one day. Every day they get moved to a new paddock. And so they're moving, they're mobbing, and they're mowing. We call this mob stocking, herbivorous, solar conversion, lignified carbon, sequestration, fertilization. Okay? For short. And yes, I did practice that in front of a mirror many times before I ever tried to do it publicly. So it's... So it's mob stocking, herbivorous, solar conversion, lignified carbon sequestration, fertilization. And if I have to stop and think about it, I get all tongue-tied. It's got to just, it's just got to flow. Okay, so the result of this is that the production, because the grass is allowed to get out of first gear, so to speak, the production goes way up. So in Augusta County, the average pasture in Augusta County is... is producing 80 cow days per acre a cow day is what one cow will eat today if you took if you took all the food that you're going to eat today put on a plate that would be one person day of food all right so what one cow is going to eat today is is is one you know one cow day worth of food in Augusta County the average is 80 which means the average acre in Augusta County can feed 80 cows for one day a year or one cow for 80 days a year everybody with me our average here is almost We're almost 400, and we've never... planted a seed or bought a bag of chemical fertilizer in 65 years and when we started we only could feed 10 cows and you could walk the place and not set foot on a piece of vegetation. So I don't say that proudly, I say that humbly honoring yes God made this. He's about abundance and not scarcity. If there's scarcity we made the scarcity. He didn't make the scarcity. And so our obligation is to study these patterns, these wonderful, ancient, indigenous patterns, and say, how do we restore that? And I've gotten a little bit of... Pushed back and raised some eyebrows recently. You know, we just did this people versus poison rally on the Supreme Court steps and this stuff and glyphosate and all this. And I said, you know, we're asking the wrong question. We're all running around, you know, how do we do? Can we spend 700 million dollars giving farmers transition money to quit polluting? And do we need glyphosate? And, you know, what are we going to do about SNAP and all this stuff? We really only have one question. How do we restore the abundance of pre-European America? Pre-European America produced way more food than we do today. People think, oh, thank goodness for the Green Revolution and for ammonia and, you know, Borlaug and John Deere tractors and the plow and hybrid seeds. Pre-European America was far more abundant. Now, it wasn't all eaten by people. We had 200 million bison. We had 2 million wolves that ate 20 pounds of meat a day. That's 40 million pounds of meat. Thank you. You know, we had 200 to 400 million beavers that ate more vegetables than all the people in North America today. We had bears, you know, the Lewis and Clark expedition, when they went out west, they said every single mile they encountered a bear, every mile, and that was just the bear, that's the one they saw, okay? Bears eat a lot. You know, ask Baloo. You need those fairness seconds. So, So, birds. You know, Audubon sat under a tree in 1800. He recorded in his diary, he said, a flock of birds flew over. I couldn't see the sun for three days. It blocked out the sun. That was before Cargill, Tyson. Okay? I mean, chickens are birds. So, it's hard for us to conceive of the abundance of that pre-European, North American landscape. And it wasn't just by itself. The Native Americans strategically did fire. They did all sorts of cool stuff. I'm But it was an amazing, symbiotic, synergistic choreography starting that built the soils that we have been mining ever since the Europeans came here. And so what we're trying to do is go back to to a fundamentally perennial situation rather than annuals. speak Um, with an herbivore as the foundation to actually build soil now. and build in the diversity so that we actually capture more solar energy, turn it into carbon sequestration that actually builds soil and converts the carbon that's in the atmosphere into the soil. These animals come straight off of here, straight to the butcher. There's no grain, no silage, no nothing. That is a, that is a. A fermentation, a portable four-wheel drive fermentation tank. They take cellulitic structure and they ferment it on stuff that we can't do. I hope you enjoyed that tour with Joel. Happy day.