Rumeli Hisari,it was built only 4 month by lifting the stone into a fortress ide sang Sultan.

We are approaching Rumeli Hisari Fort. Now just to give a brief overview what Rumeli Hisari Fort is and what it was used for. Now Rumeli Hisari Fort was obviously a fort. Now this fort stood on the Bosphorus Strait. Well it stands on the Bosphorus Strait, it's still there okay. So yeah this fort was founded, was created by Sultan Mehmed II or famously known as Sultan Fatih. Sultan Fatih made this fort and as you can see today, the three forts are still there today as you can see. Now each fort is named after three of his most loyal followers. Benteng Rumeli Hisari, a benteng that stands on the side of the Bosphorus, this benteng is built by Sultan Mehmed II or Sultan Fatih. This benteng stands with three main towers, each named according to three followers of Sultan Mehmed II. The large tower near the gate was built by Chandali Halil Pasha. The southern tower was built by Zaganos Pasha and the northern tower was built by Saruka Pasha. This fort has 14 watchtowers with towers ranging from 22 to 28 meters high with a wall thickness of between 5 to 7 meters. The Sultan ordered the building of the fort to be formed in Muhammad's alphabet in Arabic script. A large tower near the gate was built by Kandarli Halil Pasha, the southern part of the tower was built by Zaganos Pasha, the northern part of the tower was built by Saruka Pasha. This benteng has 14 guard towers with a height of 22-28 meters with a wall thickness of 5-7 meters. The Sultan commanded the construction of this banteng in the form of Abjad Muhammad in the Arabian Peninsula. Rumeli Hisari was founded on a hill on the edge of the Bosporus Strait, built with the aim of controlling traffic services for the Bosporus Strait, also to cut off the line of assistance for Byzantine troops moving from the direction of the Dead Sea, such as from the Amorite region, Qatar, or Saudi. Rumeli Hisari is located on a hill on the edge of the Bosporus Strait, It was built with the aim of controlling the service route of the Bosporus Strait. He also decided to help the Byzantine troops moving from the Dead Sea, such as from the Asmara region of Kata or Sino. Rumeli Hisari Fortress was worked on for four months. There are six large cannons that can fire up to 300 kilos of These were called the Basilica Cannons. Benteng Romeli Hisari is only used for 4 months. There are 6 large barrels that can shoot 300 kg of bullets, which are called Basilica Cannons. A cannon maker by the name of Orban from the city of Constantinople offered his expertise in making cannons for Sultan Muhammad Al Fatih, who previously worked for Constantinople. So Orban was... A cannon maker from Constantinople. However, because the Constantinople government did not pay the wages promised to him, he finally defected and offered his services to Sultan al-Fatih to build cannons. Three months later, this cannon maker successfully completed the work of numerous amounts of cannons to strengthen the Sultan's troops. Among them was a giant cannon that had never been made. Or created before on this earth, it weighed about 700 tons. The cannon bullets also were a very gargantuan size. It takes a hundred buffalo plus a hundred strong men to pull or move this cannon from one place to another. This cannon was eventually named Midfa Sultani or the Sultan's cannon. A craftsman from the city of Constantinople named Orban from Hungaria offered his skills to make meriam to Sultan Muhammad al-Fatih, which previously this man worked for Constantinople. But because the government of Constantinople did not pay the payment promised to him, he finally refused and offered his services to Sultan al-Fatih to build meriam. After three months, the people who made this meriam managed to solve the problem of a number of meriams to strengthen the Sultan al-Fatih troops, which among them there is a mighty meriam that has never been made on this earth. It weighs about 700 tons and its bullets, this meriam also has a very large size. We'll be right back. From one place to another, Meriam was finally named Midfa Sultani or Meriam Sang Sultan. We're gonna enter this tunnel-like area so this was originally a cistern during the Byzantine period time and when the Ottomans came and conquered Constantinople this area as you can see was turned into a jami. A jami is a Turkish name for a masjid a mosque and also as you can see the brick and mortar was of the Khorasan it's an area in the Iran region Khorasan structure as you can see and it was also used to house water so it had a water facility water storage unit as well as a masjid Okay guys this is the part where we're gonna talk a little bit about the history and about the origins of the fortress of Rumeli Hisari. It might be a tad tedious and a bit boring but I'll make it as interesting as it can be. Fortress of Rumeli Hisari. So it's located on the European shore of the Bosphorus and in the northernmost district of modern-day Istanbul. Of course it's a striking Every year, hundreds of thousands of visitors to this great city follow the long-established tradition of taking a Bosphorus cruise and see the impressive castle from afar. So from the lake, sorry, from the Bosphorus, they would look at the impressive sites of Rumelihisari. Now, a few of them realized that the building played an essential role in the siege and fall of Constantinople in 1453. And that its very shape and details exemplify the historical developments that led to this world-changing event. The end of the Byzantine Empire, after over a thousand years, over millennia, and the establishment of the new Ottoman Empire as a major player for five centuries. Distinguished by its historical significance, its highly scenic Setting overlooking the Fatih Sultan Bridge that links Europe and Asia. and its sheer monumentality. The site includes remains of the fortification walls with towers and gates as well as cisterns, fountains and a mosque. It currently functions as a cultural centre with an open-air theatre and a museum set within the lower part of the recently built Bosphorus University campus. In a city where there is so much to visit and discover, Byzantine churches, Ottoman mosques, walls and cisterns, Ottoman palaces, bazaars, food and spices, and at a place where east meets west, it's a bit of a tongue twister if I may say so myself, Rumeli Hisari Fortress is an off the beaten track site. Rarely listed amongst the top 10 or even the top 30 things to do and see. Notwithstanding the lack of fame, it is a highlight on... An Istanbul tour, should you wish to use one. The name Rumeli Hisari means the fortress in the land of the Romans, i.e. in simple terms, on the European side or the Byzantine side of the Bosphorus. Initially, it was called Bogazkesen Castle. I don't know if I said it right, I'm sorry Turkish people, whoever's watching this. Correct me if I'm wrong, literally means the throat cutter as its purpose was to cut the straits or the throat that is the Bosphorus Strategically placed. It was built in 1452 by the order of the current Sultan Sultan Mehmed famous as Mehmed the Conqueror or simply Mehmed the second by the narrowest point of the Bosphorus channel just opposite Anadolu Hisari, another Ottoman fortress located on the Anatolian side, the Asian side and constructed about 60 years earlier as an observation post and safe point for a small number of Ottoman troops. Despite damages, repairs, modifications throughout the centuries Rumeli Hisari still breathes history. Its great significance lies in some specific and well-defined elements closely related with the general circumstances and innovations that shaped the history of the late middle ages and the pivotal events it was involved in. I know some of you viewers are tired by now but bear with me. At the outset however, two general points about castles and fortifications should be noted. First, it is important to keep in mind that taking that talking about castles always means engaging with the topic of warfare and of the foreign and defense policies of states, blah, blah, blah. Secondly, the development of medieval states, sorry, medieval castles, followed by the military developments and standards of their periods. All very boring stuff. The 15th century was that crucial time when the introduction of new materials, i.e. gunpowder, and new fighting techniques, firearms, and complex siege machinery led to dramatic changes affecting the conduct of warfare as well as the design of new fortresses. Hence, Rumeli Hisari's significance is due to some new features of military architecture. Underlining the development of warfare technology at this fleeting but pivotal point in time, together with its contribution to the evolution of the developing Ottoman military, a further factor of significance is certainly the fortress' key strategic location and its function during the Ottoman conquest, the final fall of Constantinople and the entire 11th century old Byzantine Empire. So, um... Okay, numbers, new forms and new powerful technologies. So Rumeli Hisari, roughly 30,000 square meters, really big to be honest and it's like a small town. Should you wish to go there, I highly recommend it. Now, the three huge towers, a major and typical element of Ottoman fortifications in conjunction with the innovative replacements for defensive cannons. Now what distinguishes this fortress is that it is more advanced than the more old-fashioned Ottoman fortifications in the Balkan peninsula in Albania, Edirne and in Thrace. Now we'll talk more about the introduction of gunpowder and how it affected this fortress. The introduction of gunpowder and the spread of artillery in the second half of the 15th century created a revolution in all aspects of defensive and offensive warfare affecting both weapons and fortifications. Clearly, the Republic of Venice and its expert architects and engineers played a leading role in the evolution of military defense architectures, especially in the Aegean. They introduced several innovations by adding new defensive structures to existing forts, widening the moats, Increasing the thickness of the walls and of the wall wall walks for the placement and movement of cannons thus during the 16th century the Venetians completely changed the preceding medieval castles by introducing strong squats and angular bastions with Several projections and sloping walls based on the system of side fire aiming to leave attackers exposed and unprotected all this was to combat the new form of warfare which was gunpowder which could penetrate any wall that wouldn't be thick enough and would leave lots of nations defenseless so the ottomans they were never as advanced as the venetians or the other europeans in regards to defensive structures so what they did was they suffered suffered several defeats by these venetians and the knights Knights of Rhodes until they finally came to besiege their fortified cities. However the situation at Constantinople in 1453 was different. Here the Ottoman had up hand in terms of both attack and defense. Their dominance in both regards was beyond question and moreover the recovery of the Byzantine empire was beyond the achievable or imaginable by this time. Understand and truly appreciate the extent of the Ottoman's handiwork at this time. So anyway, we move on to the final stage of this. So by the time of Mehmed II, Constantinople was surrounded on all sides by Ottoman territories. So at that time Constantinople was fully surrounded, its empire was on its last legs. Let's do this. So the new Sultan with his reformed army made his military preparation in his European capital. Aden in Eastern Thrace. In 1452 he ordered the casting of the new massive bronze cannon by Orban as we have mentioned earlier. The same master craftsman and engineer who earlier had unsuccessfully approached the Byzantine emperor in order to promote and sell his new super guns. Bronze cannons were however extremely expensive and thus unobtainable for the Byzantine state. All things considered they were on their last legs like I said before. Whereas for Mehmed II, they were the most extraordinarily ordinarily well-suited weapons to destroy his enemy. The biggest of Orban's monster guns, famed as the Royal Cannon, was made of solid bronze. You don't want to go into the details. 8.2 meters long with a diameter diameter of 76 centimeters. It was at that very time Mehmed II decided to construct Rumeli Hisari on the European shore in order for it and it's all the counterpart on the asian side to block all sea traffic to and from the black sea so like an economic embargo so the con the sorry the constantinople so that constantinople will be faced with an embargo that will eventually force them to surrender So he built Rumeli Hisari and Rumeli Hisari first saw action in November of 1452 when its guns opened fire on a pair of Venetian ships attempting to escape the scene. Ironically, the monster cannon of Sultan Fatih turned out to be of limited use in destroying the city's walls. Eventually, its immobility and slow rate rendered it Ineffective. The final resolution came after several weeks of stalling by the sea and through assaults by smaller but still massive cannons. The Bosphorus was very well protected by Romeli Hisari and the smaller sea fortresses and thus blocked out, blocked that sea route for the Byzantines and any external forces. So like an economic embargo. so nothing could come in nothing could come out and the Byzantines would eventually starve to death in terms of weaponry and in terms of foods and supplies the Ottoman vessels under the protection of the new cannon artillery forced the Byzantine fleet to find refuge away from the sea walls while at the same time the Ottoman army devised a brilliant trick to penetrate into the to the heart of the city. An intriguing anecdote from the 1453 siege. This was a siege where they literally built a ramp from one side of the Bosphorus to the other side to combat the blockade the Byzantines put up and they literally dragged the ships from one side of the Bosphorus to the other. Technologically speaking, it was a masterpiece, to be honest. From that time onwards, the Ottomans bombarded the city walls continuously and from all sides. The local population was exhausted, numerous cracks in the walls could not be restored any longer, and Constantinople fell after a bloody and dramatic siege on the 29th of May, 1453. In conclusion, Rumeli Hisari is indeed a place of great significance, a key structure, Standing in between the two worlds during 1453, involved in inaugurating a new historical era and new international geopolitical balances that turned Constantinople for the second time in its long history into the capital of a newly risen powerful empire that was to be a major power, a major empire. Player for many centuries, it is a perfect site to imagine the sounds, the smells and the images of battle and to discover the Ottoman history and archaeology of Istanbul alongside various gems from the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman worlds. Hamams, bazaars and aromas of a city that has always straddled the edge of two continents and worlds.