Vaginal Yeast Infection (Vulvogainal Candidiasis)

Vaginal yeast infection, medically known as vulvovaginal candidiasis, is one of the most common gynecological conditions affecting women at least once in their lifetime. It is caused by an overgrowth of a fungus called Candida, most commonly Candida albicans. Normally, small amounts of Candida live harmlessly in the vagina. Problems arise when the natural balance of vaginal bacteria is disturbed, allowing the yeast to multiply. Common triggers of this imbalance include antibiotic use, which reduces protective lactobacilli, poorly controlled diabetes, pregnancy, hormonal contraceptives, immunosuppression, and frequent use of tight or non-breathable clothing. Additionally, stress and excessive vaginal douching can also play a role. The most typical symptom is intense vaginal itching, often accompanied by redness and swelling of the vulva. Many women notice a thick, white discharge that is often described as having a cottage cheese appearance. Unlike bacterial infections, this discharge usually has no strong odor. Other symptoms may include burning during urination, pain during intercourse, and general vaginal discomfort. Diagnosis is usually made clinically, but in recurrent or severe cases, a vaginal swab may be needed to confirm the diagnosis and identify the specific Candida species. Most uncomplicated yeast infections respond well to antifungal medications, which can be given as vaginal creams, pessaries, or oral tablets such as fluconazole. Symptoms usually improve within a few days. However, completing the full course of treatment is important, even if symptoms settle early. For women with recurrent yeast infections, meaning four or more episodes per year, longer term antifungal therapy and evaluation for underlying causes is necessary.