
Why 60,000 African Penguins Starved to Death in South Africa | Connecting The Dots
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More than 60,000 African penguins have starved to death along South Africa’s coast over the past two decades after a dramatic collapse in sardine stocks, revealing a deadly chain reaction between climate change and overfishing. Unlike polar penguins, African penguins depend almost entirely on sardines and anchovies, and their survival hinges on building fat reserves before their annual three-week moulting period, when they cannot enter the ocean or feed. From the early 2000s, sardine biomass fell to less than a quarter of historical levels due to shifting ocean conditions and intense commercial fishing, leaving penguins undernourished as they entered moult. Long-term studies at key colonies like Dassen and Robben islands show that up to 95 percent of breeding penguins from 2004 died within eight years, mostly from starvation, contributing to an overall population decline of nearly 80 percent in three decades. Now classified as Critically Endangered with fewer than 10,000 breeding pairs left, the species faces extinction without urgent action to restore fish stocks, curb fishing pressure near colonies, and address the broader impacts of a warming, changing ocean
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