拿破崙鑄下大錯 1808半島戰爭【中英字幕】

一部歷史電視劇《歷史大戰》的合作 由我們贊助的 Osprey Publishing 1807年秋天 法國皇帝納波利安·波納帕 統治了歐洲 他慰藉了澳大利亞和俄羅斯 並與俄羅斯簽訂了協議 由於主要權力 只有英國仍然能夠阻止他 避免被侵略 多虧了他的強大的軍隊 納波利安命令 所有由法國或其盟友控制的地區 停止與英國交易 所謂的國際制裁 設計為了破壞英國的經濟 並強迫其政府和平 但中立的波羅斯 仍然繼續與歷史上的盟友英國交易 因此納波利安派了軍隊 隸屬於詹姆斯·朱諾 來佔領國家 並將其鎮壓成條件 法國的盟友 西班牙支持了這個行動 雖然私下中 納波利安對西班牙的領導人 持有憎恨的態度 波納帕的皇室家族 是激進和腐敗的 皇帝和皇帝王 互相憎恨 而國家實際上是由 國務卿曼威爾·戈多 皇帝的愛人 納波利安認為 西班牙是反向的 軍事弱勢 和無法統治的 但他設計了一個計劃 來佔領國家 1808年春天 以防衛西班牙 對抗英國 法國軍隊 佔領了國家的戰略位置 西班牙人民 看到法國軍隊 的存在 是最新的一條漫長的 慚愧 並替 國務卿曼威爾·戈多負責 在阿蘭奎夫的皇宮 戈多幾乎被囚禁 納波利安邀請 西班牙皇室家族 和戈多 在巴黎的 法國城市 在巴黎的 5萬軍人 回報 但是2月2號 1808年 巴黎人民 站場對戰戈多 戈多將被稱為 道斯達邁奧大戰 花旦藝術家 法蘭西·高雅 這場戲 描繪了納波利安皇室 被戈多的軍人 法國人堅決反應,在街上射擊數十架槍, 射擊團隊射擊了超過一百槍。 同時,在巴黎, 尼泊爾人迫使皇帝卡洛斯禁止 並賜予他自己的兄弟傑瑞夫人 稱呼自己爲西班牙王。 那一夏,尼泊爾人迫使西班牙 實現新的現代化法律, 尼泊爾人迫使西班牙 和他的兄弟傑瑞夫人進入新的 亞洲國家, 西班牙人反應激烈。 西班牙人不是強行 在國家的榮譽上 他們是無神的迷信人, 在法國革命期間 他們拒絕了聖經和教會。 尼泊爾人, 領導人警告了稀罕人 是他們自己的反對者。 反亂統統發生在國內, 西班牙軍隊被 軍隊和反對者團結, 攻擊了法國軍隊 並殺了合作伙伴。 法國士兵 發起了狠狠的反抗, 沒有人放過他們。 數以萬計的惡行 恐嚇了法西斯·戈爾 並引發了他著名的 戰爭系列的災難。 一開始, 法國似乎會輕易 擺平反亂。 Girona, Valencia 和Zaragoza 被法國軍隊包圍, 而西班牙軍隊 被馬術·貝塞爾 包圍, 在Medina del Río Seco的戰爭中。 但八天後, 將軍杜邦 和三個法國軍隊 逃離了寇多巴, 被擠壓的摩托車 圍困在巴林, 被安德魯西亞軍 逃離了寇多巴。 西班牙準備了 18,000名法國團隊, 大約一半的人 後來因饑荒而死亡。 巴林對法國 是一場侮辱, 這是她成爲皇帝后 法國在歐洲的敵人 都很高興, 而納波利亞人 卻充滿了怒火。 這一局 從不好的變得更糟糕。 葡萄牙人蔘與了抗爭, 而激烈的西班牙抗爭 迫使法國 離開巴林, 吉隆納和薩爾哥瑟的戰爭。 西班牙的新皇帝 杜邦 甚至被迫逃離了首都。 英國幫助了抗爭, 現在被西班牙稱爲 獨立戰爭, 用皇軍 運輸武器到西班牙。 1月1日, 一個小的英國軍隊 由阿瑟·阿瑟·威爾斯利領導 抵達了波蘭, 以協助他們的抗爭。 1月17日, 他擊敗了一個小的法國軍隊 在羅裏薩。 然後四天後, 他擊敗了朱諾的主要軍隊, 在比美爾歐的戰爭中。 但威爾斯利的新到達的 上級, 赫魯·達爾·仁波, 答應將 朱諾和他的軍隊 返回法國, 用英國的船 帶走他們的兵力和混亂。 在英國,這種榮譽的行爲 被認爲是一場荒謬和混亂。 隨後, 威爾斯利,將來的 威靂頓將軍, 被赫魯·達爾·仁波 赫魯·達爾·仁波 被赫魯·達爾·仁波 赫魯·達爾·仁波 在這一時, 馬莎·蘭的第三軍隊 以毀滅 加斯達尼亞將軍 將其送往兩方。 納波利安迅速地進行。 在納波利安的北部, 8000個西班牙人 在桑羅西亞的山區 納波利安, 無法通過城市 在納波利安的山區上, 納波利安將軍隊 放了四個攔截 將士兵 John Moore, had just arrived in Salamanca, after a 300-mile march from Lisbon, with another smaller force en route from Coruña. The British army was inexperienced, but in contrast to most Spanish forces, it was well-trained, organised and led. As news reached Moore of the Spanish collapse, he nevertheless planned to divert French forces by attacking Marshal Soult's isolated Second Corps, and threatening Napoleon's communications to Burgos and France. At Sargon on 21st December, the British 15th Hussars advanced overnight through winter frost, and made a dawn attack on a French cavalry brigade, routing it in one great charge. But as Moore prepared a full-scale attack on Soult's corps, he received news that Napoleon was advancing rapidly towards him with his main army from Madrid. While two French corps under Marshal Lannes began a second, bloody siege of Zaragoza, Napoleon saw a chance to get to grips with the British at last. Intending to trap Moore between his own forces and Soult's Second Corps, he force-marched his troops over the icy Guadarrama Pass, in the midst of a blizzard. Moore, facing odds of more than two-to-one, immediately ordered a retreat, planning to march 250 miles to the coast, where his army could be evacuated by the Royal Navy. For both sides, the race to the sea was an exhausting slog, through mountains, mud and bitter cold. Many fell by the wayside, as British discipline collapsed, leading to looting and drunkenness… except among the rearguard, which fought several skilful delaying actions, and kept the French at bay. Soldiers of Britain's elite 95th Rifles were prominent in these skirmishes. This specialised light infantry regiment wore green uniforms for better concealment, and were one of the few units on any side armed with rifles. Unlike the standard smoothbore musket, rifles had spiral grooves in the barrel that spun the bullet as it was fired, making them slower to load, but much more accurate. In one legendary incident during Moore's retreat at Cacabelos, rifleman Tom Plunkett picked out and shot dead a French general at 400 yards, some say further. Thanks to the skill of the rearguard, and the desperate pace of the retreat, the British kept one step ahead of the French. On New Year's Eve, Napoleon received grave news from Paris, rumours of plots, and Austria mobilising once more for war. The Emperor immediately left for France, taking many of his best troops with him, and entrusted Marshal Soult and Second Corps with finishing off the British. The pursuit continued, but on 11th January 1809, Moore's ragged army reached Coruña. For Sir John Moore's exhausted army, the Spanish port meant supplies, rest, and the prospect of rescue. But few ships were there to meet them on the 11th. Fortunately, the British had been able to blow up bridges behind them, to delay Marshal Soult's advance. And three days later, on 14th January, the naval transports arrived, allowing Moore to begin embarking his cavalry and artillery. But the very next day, Soult's army appeared on the hills south of Coruña, taking up positions on the heights of Peñasqueiro, where he sighted his main battery of cannon. Half of Moore's army deployed in a defensive line 2 miles south of the city, with two divisions held back to protect his right flank. Both armies were roughly 16,000 strong. The French had four regiments of dragoons, while the British cavalry was already aboard ship. But the broken terrain of walls, hedges and olive trees made it a battlefield ill-suited to cavalry. Soult's plan was to attack the British right flank, and trap Moore's army against the sea. Around 2pm, the French artillery opened fire. Then Mermet's infantry division advanced, supported by Lahusse's dragoons on his left. Moore had been unsure if Soult would attack, and had just ordered Paget's division to begin embarkation. Now he hurriedly cancelled that order, ordering Paget instead to bring up his men to reinforce his open flank, and Fraser's division to take up position on the heights of Santa Margarita. The French advanced through hedges and over walls, with heavy firing from skirmishers on both sides. Then the British counterattacked. The 42nd Highlanders and 50th Foot charged into the village of Elviña, and drove the French out. But in confused fighting, they in turn were soon pushed back to their own lines. Sir John Moore was close to the front line, observing developments, urging on officers and men. But as he ordered up the Guards Brigade to reinforce the line, he was hit in the shoulder by a cannonball. He remained conscious, but it was obvious the wound was fatal, and he was carried back to the city. Soult sent forward Merle's division to support the attack on Elviña. Scottish General Sir John Hope had taken over command of the British army from the dying Moore, and he ordered forward two battalions of infantry to meet the French attack. Padgett's division, led by skirmishers of the 95th Rifles, arrived to shore up the British right flank. The terrain was so bad for horses that French dragoons chose to dismount and fight on foot, but were slowly pushed back by the British. Padgett's advance threatened the flank of Merle's attack on Elviña, and he too was forced to withdraw, while an attack on the right by Delaborde's infantry secured a foothold in the village of Piedralonga, but got bogged down in heavy skirmishing. Around 6pm, dusk fell, and firing died out across the battlefield. News that the British line had held reached Moore shortly before he died in Coruña, around 8pm. That night, the British lit campfires and posted sentries, then silently withdrew to Coruña to begin embarkation. The next morning, the French found the enemy positions abandoned, but they were slow to take advantage. It wasn't until noon that they were able to bring up six cannon, and get them into position overlooking the bay of Coruña. The British had almost completed their evacuation by the time the French guns opened fire. In a hurried departure, a few British transports ran aground, and two were set on fire. But overall, losses were light. A small Spanish garrison held Coruña, waiting until the British fleet had escaped to sea, before surrendering. Whether Moore's retreat to Coruña was a British disaster, or miraculous escape, is still debated. And did he abandon Spain in its hour of need? Or draw off Napoleon's main force, buying time for others? Either way, Britain's only army had been saved, and would return to fight another day, while Napoleon now faced the prospect of a long war on the Iberian Peninsula, and renewed conflict with Austria – a war on two fronts, that would challenge his empire like never before. Napoleon had blundered in Spain, but it was years before the scale of his mistake was evident. Then he would say, I embarked pretty badly on this affair, I admit it. The immorality showed too obviously. The injustice was too cynical. The whole of it remains very ugly. If you'd like to learn more about the Peninsular War, or any of the campaigns across Europe, our sponsor Osprey Publishing has nearly 200 titles on the Napoleonic Wars, written by specialist historians, and covering everything from the history of elite units, to tactics, weapons and uniforms. Visit their website to find out more. Thanks to the YouTube channel History March for the battle map and animation sequences, and to the 95th Rifles Reenactment Society for the use of their photo. Most of all, thank you to our Patreon supporters for supporting this channel. If you'd like to join their ranks and get access to exclusive updates, previews and polls on future topics, please visit our Patreon page.