【古希臘】建築的前世今生 The Development of Ancient Greek Architecture

你知不知道許多現代建築都是基於古老的基督教建築嗎? Hello and welcome to World History Encyclopedia My name is Kelly And today's video is all about the incredible architecture that not only went on to influence Hellenistic and Roman architects but which provided the foundation for much of the architecture of the modern Western world Today we are looking at the architecture of Ancient Greece Don't forget the easiest way to support us is by giving this video a thumbs up subscribing to our channel and hitting that bell icon for notifications so you don't miss out on any new uploads World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization and you can find us on Patreon a brilliant site where you can support our work and receive exclusive benefits in return Your support helps us create videos twice a week So make sure to check it out via the pop-up in the top corner of the screen or via the Patreon link down below Some of the most exceptional and distinctive buildings from the ancient world were crafted by the architects of Ancient Greece and some of their structures like theaters, temples and stadia became staple buildings in cities and towns from antiquity onwards in the Western world The architectural feature of all or most of these buildings and the one most commonly associated with the Greeks are columns There are five of what are called orders of classical architecture And an order is basically a combination of a type of column either with or without a base with an entumblature which is what the column supports This could be something like a frieze or a beam called an architrave The five classical orders are Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan and Composite though it was not the Greeks but the Romans who gave them these names The Greek architects created the first three and those three influenced the latter two The Doric column evolved from early wooden pillars it is thinner at the top it doesn't have a base and it has a simple capital at the top The Ionic order with origins in the mid-6th century in Ionia on the western coast of Asia Minor had a base and volute which is a scroll capital and is a slimmer and straighter column Then in 5th century BC Athens, the Corinthian was invented which is much like the Ionic column but it's topped with a more decorative capital of stylised acanthus and fern leaves For the public buildings in Greece marble was definitely the material of choice although wood would have been the initial material not only for architectural elements like columns but for the entire building From the late 7th century BCE onwards though buildings were constructed using more durable stone such as limestone which was sometimes covered by a protective layer of marble dust The best marble that could be sourced came from the Greek islands of Naxos and Paros as well as Mount Pentelecon near Athens The classical orders can still be seen on modern buildings such as the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC, USA which features 36 Doric columns the Prado Museum in Madrid, Spain with its annex adorned by Ionic columns and the US Capitol building with its Corinthian columns The ancient Greeks are well known for their incredible Doric and Ionic temples and none are quite as famous as the Parthenon atop the Acropolis of Athens built under the direction of the General Pericles and envisioned by the architect Phidias in the 5th century BCE Of course there are other famous temples including the Doric Temple of Zeus at Olympia which was completed in circa 460 BCE and the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus which was completed in circa 430 BCE and was considered one of the seven wonders of the ancient world It's clear that a whole lot of time and thought went into the creation of these buildings as not only were many temples built at prominent sites like the Temple of Poseidon at Sunion but they employed optical tricks using sophisticated geometry like thickening the bottom of columns or having columns lean slightly inwards so that from a distance the building seemed perfectly straight This technique was actually employed in the building of the Parthenon But you can't actually see these refinements with the naked eye So if you visited the Parthenon today the columns would look perfectly straight Temples, especially on the mainland all followed a similar plan They were almost all rectangular and peristyle which means that their exterior sides and facades consisted of rows of columns Although, of course, not every temple was the same and you just have to look next to the Parthenon to the Erechtheion which has the famous Porch of the Maidens where the columns are women and known as caryatids The regular style of temple was peristyle which is when columns surround an inner chamber or space in a building like a courtyard and the whole thing was atop a platform and the interior was paved with rectangular slabs It usually had a raised roof which had a slope of approximately 15 degrees and was constructed of wooden beams and rafters which were then covered in overlapping tiles made of either terracotta or marble The doors to the temple would often be made of either elm or cypress wood and would be decorated with bronze Temples were often decorated and the architectural sculpture would be arranged to tell a narrative Pediments, friezes and metopes often in high relief ran around the temple and would be brightly decorated in colours like blues and reds and metals such as bronze The stories told in the artworks would often be popular tales from mythology or a part of their history The ancient Greek architects knew how to keep a building's foundation stable with water drainage and building the base on top of various layers of fill material Many ancient Greek buildings that have fallen have done so not because of a natural weakening of the building but from human intervention such as people removing blocks or metal fixtures for personal use When buildings aren't interfered with like the Temple of Hephaestus in the Athenian Agora or the Temple of Aphaia on the island of Aegina they continue to stand tall Sometimes temples would have a monumental entrance near it like the Propylaia of the Athenian Acropolis Modern day buildings with impressive entrances mirroring ancient Greece include the British Museum Downing College Cambridge and the Shrine of Remembrance in Melbourne, Australia Common to many temple complexes from the 7th century BCE onwards but a separate building is the stoa A stoa is a long roofed building with columns on each side and backed by a plain wall It would often be used as a meeting space or for storage and many Agora of ancient Greek towns would have a large open space surrounded by a stoa The stoa in the Hellenistic period served a different function in the Gymnasia and Palaestra complexes These stoas were used to create an enclosed space not just for markets but for physical exercise and a space for practicing sports like throwing javelin and discus One very distinctive addition to architecture from the Greeks was the amphitheatre The oldest archaeological evidence for theatres dates back to the late 6th century BCE But we know that earlier even as early as the Minoans in the Bronze Age people gathered in large stepped courts as a space for spectacles or religious processions From Thoreos in Attica comes the earliest example of the rectangular theatre-like structure from the late 6th century BCE which had a temple to Dionysus on one end which suggests it played a part in the Dionysian festival where dramas were performed It was from the 5th century BCE though that the Greek amphitheatre developed into the recognizable and influential form that we are all familiar with These Greek amphitheatres were open air so there was no roof and were built as a semicircle with rising rows of seats They had incredible acoustics and the stage or orchestra was semicircular and backed by a skene or a screen There were often monumental arches or paradoi on either side of the stage for entrances One of the best-known ancient Greek theatres is the Theatre of Dionysus Eleutherius on the slope of the Athenian Acropolis and was the place where plays by Tragedians Sophocles, Aeschylus and Euripides were first performed The Theatre of Argos is one of the largest which had a capacity for over 20,000 spectators And the Theatre of Epidaurus is one of the best preserved and is still used to this day There was also the stadium which was named after the distance of 600 ancient feet or around 180 meters of the foot race known as the stadia or stadion The stadia evolved into having rows of stone or marble steps that were used for seating which had divisions which made the rows of seats easy to access Conduits were included to drain any excess rainfall And during the Hellenistic times vaulted corridors were added for a dramatic entrance for athletes and judges The two most famous stadia are at Nemea which seated 30,000 and Olympia the home of the ancient Olympic Games that seated 45,000 spectators These ancient buildings became the models for later ones right up to the stadiums and arenas of the present day Can you see any features of Greek architecture in your hometown or city? 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