How Vietnam finally CRUSHED the Mongols? Mongol invasion of Đại Việt

How Vietnam finally CRUSHED the Mongols? Mongol invasion of Đại Việt
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How Vietnam finally CRUSHED the Mongols? Mongol invasion of Đại Việt. Since 1206, Genghis Khan had unified the tribes of the Mongolian steppe and established the Mongol Empire. From that point on, he continuously launched invasions in all directions, expanding his territory without pause. By the reign of the 4th Great Khan, Möngke, he was determined to destroy the Southern Song dynasty by attacking its southwest. To achieve this, conquering Đại Việt, Vietnam nowadays, became an integral part of the Mongols’ grand strategy against the Southern Song. The plan was that, once Đại Việt was subdued, Mongol forces would split into 4 divisions to attack the Southern Song from the north, west, and south. Möngke, Kublai, and another Mongol commander would lead three of these divisions, while the fourth was entrusted to Uriyangqadai.

How Vietnam finally CRUSHED the Mongols? Mongol invasion of Đại Việt. In 1253, Kublai Khan was sent by his older brother to conquer the Dali Kingdom, intending to use it as a strategic base for launching further attacks on the Southern Song dynasty. After successfully subjugating Dali, Kublai returned and left General Uriyangqadai behind to suppress any remaining resistance and secure the loyalty of Dali’s remaining forces.
Following their victory, Uriyangqadai's forces established a camp north of Đại Việt. According to the Vietnamese military treatise The Art of War of the Vietnamese People, the Mongols amassed around 45,000 troops in the region. This force included approximately 25,000 Mongol cavalry, supported by indigenous Yi troops, as well as an additional 20,000 soldiers recruited from among the newly-subdued forces of Dali. The vanguard of the Mongol army was led by generals Aju and Cacakdu, while the Mongol prince Kaidu and the surrendered Dali king, Duan Xingzhi, who had pledged allegiance to the Mongols, also played prominent roles in the upcoming campaign against Đại Việt.

How Vietnam finally CRUSHED the Mongols? Mongol invasion of Đại Việt. The army of Uriyangqadai was not particularly large in absolute numbers—about half the size of the Tran Dynasty's forces. However, the Mongol armies had repeatedly proven their ability to succeed even with significantly smaller numbers. Typically, the Mongols fought with a numerical disadvantage of at least 1:2, often with only half the troops of their opponents. Despite this, they excelled in cavalry skills, giving them a distinct advantage in mobility. This mobility allowed them to swiftly concentrate their forces on weak points in the enemy's line or to retreat rapidly if the battle took a disadvantageous turn.
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