Conspiracy, Power, and Blood: The Mysteries Behind the Capetian Dynasty | Middle Ages Wiki

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The kingdom of the Western Franks was created by the Treaty of Verdun in 843, and members of the Carolingian dynasty reigned within that territory until the late tenth century. As anointed kings, their authority, like that of their Capetian successors, had a sacramental quality that was acknowledged by the princes who ruled in significant centers of power such as Normandy, Burgundy, Anjou, Poitou and Toulouse. Aquitaine, however, had ceased to be part of the West Frankish kingdom in the early tenth century, and Brittany was entirely independent. Capetian and Carolingian rulers conceded the nobility’s right to run their own territories in return for loyalty and military assistance when needed. Despite these agreements between kings and nobles, disputes concerning land and influence nonetheless recurred between the monarchy and the effectively independent dynasts. As a result, the kings’ unfettered authority was confined to their personal fiefdom or “demesne” in the Île-de-France, an area of the middle Seine centered on Paris and Bourges where the Capetians actually owned land. The primacy accorded these reges Francorum was therefore often merely ceremonial, and until the 13th century they struggled to assert themselves. The Capetian monarchy eventually persuaded the nobility that solidarity with the Crown was in their own best interests, and a more cohesive governing élite emerged as a result. But the evolution of a widespread national identity was a very long-term development in medieval France, as in other parts of continental Europe. The loyalties and identities of the great mass of the population were local and particular rather than general and uniform. Linguistic profusion emphasized further the plurality of cultures which barely communicated with each other. If the north was the land of the langue d’oil it was the langue d’oc that predominated in the south, and out of these two broad linguistic groups there emerged several distinctive dialects, such as Norman and Burgundian, Provençal and Languedocien. “Middle French” also existed by the 14th century, but this standardized language made few inroads in the south.