Microbiology 022 a Louis Pasteur Father Modern Microbiology Pasteurization Milk Rabies Vaccine Germ

Hello people, in this video let us look at the contributions of Louis Pasteur, who exactly he is and it is important for exam. They will ask Louis Pasteur very often. So, Louis Pasteur, he is considered the father of microbiology. So, obviously, microbiology question paper will have question on Louis Pasteur, father of microbiology and you might have it in spotters also. They may give this photo and ask you to identify the person. This person lived 1822 to 1895 and he was in France. He was a professor of chemistry and he studied fermentation. This was his basic thing, fermentation. Moving on, the contributions, if they ask you the contributions of Louis Pasteur, basically, he studied fermentation in chemistry. So, he gave the principles of fermentation for preservation of food. So, how can you preserve food with fermentation? Sterilization techniques, he developed sterilization techniques like steam sterilizer, hot air oven, autoclave. So, all these are because of Louis Pasteur. If they give, ask for more marks, right, how these work also. Like autoclave temperature, you know, autoclave is 121 degree centigrade for 15 minutes at 15 pound pressure. So, that is what is autoclave. You can remember that if you want. Hot air oven also has a temperature weight. Hot air oven is actually dry heat. It is 160 dry heat, 160 degree centigrade for 2 hours, okay, that is hot air oven. Autoclave is more like a pressure cooker. So, it will be moist heat only, okay. So, right here autoclave is moist heat. All this you can write if there is time and they have asked for more marks, okay. Moving on. So, we are done with these contributions. Next, pasteurization of milk, fully you can explain like, what is pasteurization? It is a physical method of sterilization. So, here you are using moist heat temperature below 100 degree centigrade, okay. Now, there are two methods here, holder method and flash method. Holder method is actually little weak. Flash method is really really good. Now, holder method what they will do, for 30 minutes they will hold a temperature of 63 degree centigrade. Now, if you have gone and visited in your community medicine field visit, if they have taken you to a dairy milk processing unit actually, then you would have seen this kind of equipment which we also saw. So, there basically you will see that how they pasteurize the milk, right. So, you are supposed to maintain this temperature. I think what they use is actually the flash method because it is better. Here they are using a higher temperature, 72 degree centigrade but here only for 20 seconds. Imagine only for 20 seconds they have to maintain this higher temperature of 72 degree centigrade and then rapid cooling has to be done to 13 degree centigrade or lower. So, this is how 13 degree centigrade, see it's not negative, it's just rapid cooling to 13 degree centigrade, okay. So, 13 degree centigrade or lower you can just rapidly cool it. This word is important, rapid cooling. Don't let it cool for like so long. So, rapid cooling has to be done, okay. Now, here it is not negative. Don't write off an exam by mistake, you will write off negative. No, it is 13 degree centigrade only. It's positive 13 degree centigrade only you will do. So, what is the holder method and what is flash method? Can you see now? Holder method is basically 63 degree centigrade for 30 minutes, right, 63, 33. Here it's 72, 22, 72, 20 seconds but here, seconds, okay. Because it's a higher temperature you can maintain a very short time, 20 seconds and rapid cooling to plus 13 degree centigrade or lower, okay. Now, what exactly is the intention here? You are going to kill all the non-sporing pathogens. Why doesn't it like the word sporing? Okay, it doesn't recognize. Non-sporing pathogens including mycobacteria, that is tuberculosis. Don't write mycobacteria only, write tuberculosis also, mycobacterium. It didn't write specifically, all mycobacteria maybe they mean. Just write here example mycobacterium tuberculosis because you should know tuberculosis is avoided because of pasteurization, right. Then you can also kill brucellae. Brucellae is what? What's the full name for brucellae? Actually, they have something like brucellae mellitinensis, brucellae suis, brucellae abortus, brucellae canis etc. So many are there. So anyways just write brucellae and salmonellae. Salmonellae means what? You should write properly. Salmonella, salmonella typhi, T is capital here, typhi, okay. Salmonella typhi, they are all killed except coxillia burnetii. Coxillia burnetii needs flash method, okay. It can, coxillia burnetii that causes Q fever, right, which causes Q fever. This one, it survives Holder method, so flash method is better for coxillia burnetii, okay. Now another thing pasteurization does is it inactivates this alkaline phosphatase. So this phosphatase enzyme is inactivated. So to check whether pasteurization of milk is done properly you can use phosphatase test, phosphatase test is designed to test the effectiveness of pasteurization of whatever you have done. Actually pasteurization can be done for juices, beverage, beer etc. So now we are done with pasteurization of milk. What are we currently studying? We are studying about Louis Pasteur contributions. Moving on, continuing with the contributions of Louis Pasteur. So basically you have vaccine development. So he developed vaccine for these three. The discoverer of vaccine was different, remember. The discovery of vaccine was done by Edward Jenner for smallpox in 1796. That is much much before Louis Pasteur was born itself, vaccines were discovered. But Louis Pasteur found the vaccines for anthrax. He developed the vaccines for anthrax. What causes anthrax? Bacillus anthracis, then fowl cholera and rabies. Now what is this fowl cholera? It actually affects fowls, the birds, the avian species. Rabies caused by rabies virus. So basically this also you should know. Very important because rabies is a fatal disease. If infected then there is fatality only. And that too the fatality comes in a very horrifying way. So the person will go into neurological symptoms. You have to look at some videos of rabies online if you can. They are like horrifying videos. And we must thank Louis Pasteur for finding the vaccine for rabies. Now coming to germ theory of disease, he also proposed a germ theory of disease. What is this germ theory of disease? Basically he said that microorganisms cause disease, not any ghost or sins or crimes. Also they are not just coming from where, somewhere spontaneously they don't come. So he disproved the spontaneous generation theory and he said germ theory of disease. The germs cause the disease. He also did the swan neck experiment to prove that germ theory of disease. Are you okay? Shall we move on? Contributions continued, liquid media concept. So he gave this liquid media, nutrient broth and all he started for culturing these microorganisms. That's nice, right? That's why he is the father of microbiology. No wonder. Pasteur Institute in Paris, he only founded it. I thought maybe they have set it up in his remembrance. But no, he is the founder of this Pasteur Institute. Interesting. So we have completed the contributions of Louis Pasteur. So let's revise quickly. Louis Pasteur, father of microbiology. He was somewhere in the 1800s, a France professor of chemistry who studied fermentation. He told us how to use fermentation to preserve food. Sterilization techniques like steam sterilizer, hot air oven, autoclave. Hot air oven uses 160 degree centigrade for 2 hours. It is dry heat. Autoclave uses moist heat 121 degree centigrade for 15 minutes at 15 pound. How are you feeling with the contributions of Louis Pasteur? Do you think he should be father of microbiology? Very good. Okay, now let us move on pasteurization of milk. So it is a physical method of sterilization. It is using moist heat. Temperature is below 100 degree centigrade. There are two methods, holder method and flash method. So holder method is 63 degree centigrade for 30 minutes and the flash method is 72 degree centigrade for 20 seconds only and then rapid cooling to 13 degree centigrade or lower. Rapid cooling is important. So what and all you can kill? Mycobacteria, you can kill Salmonella, you can kill Brucellae, you can kill but coccylia burnetii can be killed probably in flash method, right? In holder method you cannot kill and it inactivates alkaline phosphatase. To check if pasteurization has been done correctly, you can use this phosphatase test, okay? Not just for milk, you can do this technique for juices, beverages, beer etc. they are seen, okay? So pasteurization of milk is over. Next, Louis Pasteur contributions continued vaccine development for anthrax, rabies and foul cholera. At least remember rabies and anthrax very important. Germ theory of disease, he told that diseases comes because of germs, not because of some spontaneous generation theory, not because of sins, crimes etc. Then he also gave this liquid media concept nutrient broth. Pasteur institute in Paris, he was the founder. So we are done, done, done with Louis Pasteur. Okay, so welcome to microbiology. Enjoy, watch further videos. Tata, bye-bye.