Фильм 4. АРХИТЕКТУРА XV векa _ Film 4. ARCHITECTURE OF THE 15th century

The Moscow church architecture achieves a special monumentality and peculiarity in the cathedrals and fortified buildings of the Moscow Kremlin. Traditional Russian-Byzantine forms and techniques are replaced by quite specific features of the Italian Renaissance, but a Renaissance that is smoothly and organically combined with the aesthetic skills of the local Middle Ages. In the Uspensky Cathedral of the Kremlin, the Italian architect Aristotle Fioravanti gave the ancient Russian temple composition an unprecedented scale, and the interior an unprecedented spatial scope. The Italians who worked in the Kremlin equipped the Grand Duchy Palace with Renaissance decor, as well as new fortress walls and towers. The architectural ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin of the 15th and 16th centuries, preserved to this day, includes the Uspensky Cathedral, the main temple of the Moscow state, the Blagoveshchensky Cathedral, the house church of the Moscow princes and Russian tsars, the Archangel's Cathedral, the tomb of the Moscow princes and Russian tsars, the Granite Chamber, the parade-throned hall of the Russian state, the Bell Tower of the Ivan the Great. The north-western part of the Kremlin is occupied by the Arsenal, erected in the 18th century in the style of the Petrov Baroque. Opposite it, at the end of the 18th century, the Senate building was erected on the project of the Cossacks. The Grand Kremlin Palace, the parade-throned Moscow residence of the tsars, was built by the architect Anton in the mid-19th century. The palace is connected with the prison palace, built in the 17th century. In the building of the Armory, built in the mid-19th century, there is a diamond foundation. In the 20th century, a significant part of other monuments of architecture of the 15th and 19th centuries, located on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin, was barbarically destroyed. In the middle of the 20th century, on the project of the architect Pasokhin, a palace of congresses was built in the Kremlin, intended for the congresses of the Communist Party, congresses and theatrical performances. The Kremlin walls and towers were built in the 15th century from brick, taking into account the fortification requirements of that time. They have been preserved with some alterations to the present time. Initially, the combat passage over the walls and all the towers was covered with a chiseled roof. The first was erected in 1435, the Tainitskaya Tower, with gates and a secret passage to the river. Then, in 1435-38, two round angular towers were laid, Vodovzvodnaya and Beklemishevskaya. After that, the construction of the southern wall with towers along the Moscow River was completed. The length of the Kremlin walls is 2,235 meters. They have 18 towers, six of which are the most significant, and they have their own passage gates. Spasskaya was originally called Frolovskaya, Nikolskaya, Troitskaya, Borovitskaya, Tainitskaya and Konstantino-Eleninskaya towers. The Kremlin bells ring on Spasskaya Tower. These clocks have been around for centuries and continue to be a benchmark for exact time. The main entrance to the Kremlin The cathedral is made of brick of increased size and is faced with blocks of white stone. Three facades of the cathedral are divided with shovels to the same width as the armchairs, which end behind the mosquitoes at the same height. Five apses on the eastern facade are expressed weakly. The architectural belt seems to divide the building into floors, of which the lower one, deaf and smooth, is cut through only by the portal of the entrance. Narrow gap-shaped windows are located strictly one above the other. The lower ones are placed in the architectural belt. The perspective portals together with the central dome highlight the main axis of the building. Symmetry, balance and strict geometricity are the main techniques of architectural composition of this building. According to the inscription, the walls of the interior of the cathedral began to be decorated with frescoes immediately after the completion of the construction and at the beginning of the 16th century it was completely painted. The typological basis of the cathedral is a four-column, three-apse cross-dome church made of stone, erected by the Pskov masters in 1484-1489. Initially, the church was small, three-headed and had an open bypass gallery, attracting attention with a thin white stone carving and a high cellar. In 1508, the central head was gilded, and in the second half of the 16th century all the heads and the roof were covered with gilded copper, from which the cathedral began to be called Zlotoverkhy. In the 60s of the 16th century, the gallery was built, four more one-headed churches were erected above it and two imaginary ones above the vaults. Thus, the cathedral turned into a picturesque nine-headed building. On the south side, a papyrus was attached with a high white stone porch decorated with carving. All the Russian tsars went around the Kremlin cathedrals and entered the granite chamber on the red porch, where the royal meal was held in the presence of the high nobles. The outer walls of the granite chamber are beautifully decorated in the form of faces, hence its name. The windows are decorated with elegant white stone caskets with columns covered with a grape vine. Actually, the chamber is a one-column structure with an area of about 500 square meters, covered with four cross vaults. In the center of the chamber, supporting the high vaults, there is a four-sided column, decorated with sculptural images of birds and animals. The modern colorful painting of the granite chamber was made in 1881 by the masters from Paliha. The spiritual fortress on which Moscow, the new capital of Russia, was able to lean, became a monastery in honor of the Holy Trinity, founded by St. Sergius of Radonezh. In the early 1340s, there was already a large monastery here. In its center there was a wooden church in the name of the original Trinity, erected by St. Sergius, which became a symbol of the unity and indivisibility of Russia. In 1408, the monastery was ravaged by the troops of Khan Yedigey. In 1422, it was restored. At the same time, the holy relics of St. Sergius of Radonezh were discovered and an act of his canonization was made, as a patron of the Russian land and an intercessor before the Lord God. This event was celebrated with a solemn laying on the site of the former wooden, white-stone Trinity Cathedral above the coffin of St. Sergius. The monastery of St. Sergius of Radonezh was a single-headed, three-apse, cross-domed temple with raised arched arches, as it is today. Since then, the Trinity Monastery has become an all-Russian place of pilgrimage. St. Nikon of Radonezh, the direct successor of St. Sergius, blessed the painting of the Cathedral of St. Andrew the Great. The icons created for the Trinity of St. Sergius glorified the ancient monastery, especially the Trinity Cathedral, in the iconostasis of which the now world-famous icon of St. Sergius was placed. The St. Peter's Monastery was one of the first five monasteries in Moscow at the end of the 13th and beginning of the 14th centuries. The founder of the monastery was St. Peter, the first metropolitan of Moscow and all of Russia. In 1325, Metropolitan Peter, at the request of the Prince of Moscow, Ivan Danilovich, moved his office from Vladimir to Moscow and thus contributed to the transformation of Moscow into a church and then a state capital of Russia. Soon after that, the wooden Petropavlovsky Cathedral, was re-enlightened by Ivan Kalita in the name of its founder and the monastery was renamed Petrovsky. In 1514-1517, the Italian archbishop Alivis Friasin Novi erected a stone church instead of a wooden one, which became a prototype of the pillar-shaped churches of similar architecture in Russian architecture.