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Hello, everyone. I'm Mark. Welcome back to Mark Time. This is my exclusive video in the clean world. On August 6, Shanghai Hengxin Satellite Technology's 18 Chinese-version satellites were successfully launched and successfully entered the fixed orbit. This is the first generation of the G-60 Satellite Project. Seeing that Musk's Satellite Project has been successfully promoted, not only has it achieved great success in business, but also has a promising future in military use. This makes the CCP afraid. China has also immediately launched a similar near-Earth orbit communication satellite constellation project to compete with the star chain. Musk's SpaceX has not stopped. It has been constantly pushing forward in the development of new rockets. Recently, SpaceX announced the first Mengqin-3 rocket engine has officially launched. It will greatly improve the performance of the new rocket. After the development of the Mengqin-3, the shape is getting more and more simplified, but the performance is getting stronger. Today I want to talk about the topic of low-orbit communication satellite constellations. In 2014, when Musk first proposed the star chain project, I'm afraid no one in the world would think he was serious. After all, there has never been a country that can launch so many satellites, and the funding demand is also a huge number. After the first launch of two experimental satellites in 2018, the star chain continued to accelerate. In the second half of 2020, it first started running in the north of the United States and in the south of Canada. Then in 2021, it officially began to provide services. The process of starting is quite fast, but the future development will also be extremely challenging, and more and more satellites will be needed. So the star ship will replace the 009 rocket to carry out the launch mission of the star chain satellite, and the star chain has also launched a military version of the star shield plan. In the future, satellite positioning will also be increased. In this case, military communication and military satellite navigation will become very convenient and difficult to interfere with and destroy. At present, there are nearly 6,000 satellites in operation in the star chain. If the star chain plan can really reach the size of Musk's imagination, 30,000 to 40,000 satellites will fly on the top of his head. Such a constellation is not only difficult to destroy, but also as long as Musk wants to do it, it can break down the CCP's network Great Wall. Without the network Great Wall, the CCP's network blockade will also be difficult to maintain. This will take the CCP's life. The CCP's usual idea is to use huge investments to drive the economy. The Belt and Road Initiative, Xun'an Engineering, green energy industry, new energy vehicles, big chain chips, etc. Although many projects are not effective, the leader is still happy. In the field of aviation, of course, there is also the guidance of the leader. In November 2021, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the Communist Party of China issued a plan for the development of the 14-5 information and communication industry, emphasizing the need to strengthen the top-level design of satellite communication in the future, promote the integration of synchronized orbital satellites, mid- and low-orbit satellites and ground communication systems, and hope to form an information network that covers the whole world. In 2023, the CCP will determine the business model as the future industry, which is an important component of Xi Jinping's so-called new production power. Therefore, Shanghai has developed a business space action plan, and the constellation is one of them. Shanghai plans to build a space information industry worth more than 200 billion yuan in 2025. Beijing also has its own business space action, and has set specific goals for it. It plans to build a top-level industrial cluster in five years. Since the central and local governments have set goals and spent funds, then it is time to fight for resources. However, the CCP still does not trust the private sector, and insists on the old way of state-owned enterprises leading private enterprises assisting them. Such a model is the same as a large-scale chip. It is difficult to say how many results will be achieved in the end. In addition to this time's Shanghai Hengxin Thousand-Fold Constellation Plan, there are many large low-orbit constellation plans announced by China at present. They are China's Guitong Group's national network plan to plan to launch 13,000 satellites, China's Hangtian Technology Group's Hongpeng Satellite to plan to launch more than 300 satellites, China's Hangtian Technology Group's Hongyun Satellite to plan to launch more than 950 satellites, Lanjian Hongqing's Honghu No. 3 plan to plan to launch 10,000 satellites, and Yenhe Satellite's Yenhe Satellite, etc. Yenhe Satellite announces that it will launch 1,000 low-orbit satellites in 2025 to form Yenhe Satellite for satellite Internet. However, after the first six satellites were launched in March 2022, no new satellites were launched. The Thousand-Fold Constellation Plan plans to launch 140,000 satellites. At the first stage, it will send 1,296 satellites into orbit. It is expected to launch 648 satellites by the end of 2025 to form a regional network. This year's plan is to launch 108 satellites. The biggest problem with the CCP's development of aviation is that the state-owned enterprises and private enterprises compete for resources, and the government must take care of the state-owned enterprises. In addition, the state-owned enterprises will strengthen monopolies and will not allow private enterprises to develop all fields. Under the CCP, no aviation enterprise can be as vertical as SpaceX to integrate the industry chain, which is difficult to reduce costs and improve efficiency. SpaceX's new chain plan is currently the only successful low-orbit satellite Internet project. There are nearly 6,000 low-orbit satellites that have provided services in more than 80 countries and have more than 3 million users. From the successful experience of the new chain, technology, capital, cost, launch capability, and manufacturing capability These five are indispensable. In general, the main reason why the satellite Internet has not been successful is that the cost is too high and the launch capability is insufficient, as well as the lack of funds. Traditional aviation launch is a one-off rocket. It takes a long time to prepare and the cost is high. At the same time, the carrying capacity is also limited. These have become bottlenecks. In order to reduce costs, SpaceX has put in a lot of effort and vertically integrated all production processes. If you can build it yourself, build it yourself. Satellites, rockets, and user antennas can be built by yourself. And it can also be used repeatedly. It can be said that all aspects can be saved. SpaceX can produce its own chain satellite. In 2020, it has reached 120 units per month. Now the number of deployments is more. There should be hundreds of units per month. The chain satellite has been developed for four generations since 2019. From the initial 0.9 test version to the 1.0 version, 1.5 version and 2.0 version. Function is constantly upgrading. The weight is also gradually increasing. From the 1.5 version, it has increased the construction of laser circuits. It has increased the network bandwidth. It can also support mobile communication. The 2.0 version not only has a higher bandwidth, but also changes the propeller from the krypton propeller to the hypochlorite propeller, which helps reduce costs. The manufacturing and launch of rockets is the biggest cost of deploying satellite constellations. How to reduce this part of the cost has become the key to whether the satellite constellation can succeed. SpaceX launches satellites all rely on the 0.9 rocket. This is a two-stage liquid-oxygen coal-oil transport rocket. The first stage uses nine Meilin ED engines. So many engines are connected. This method is not common. But SpaceX can already use it very proficiently. And the launch success rate can be close to 100%. SpaceX not only pursues the large thrust of rocket engines, but also particularly emphasizes the thrust ratio of the engine. In order to obtain maximum carrying capacity, it is also to reduce costs. SpaceX's unique technology also has the recycling and reuse technology of the first-stage rocket. SpaceX not only reuses the first-stage rocket, but also reuses the entire flow chart of the rocket. And the rockets that are reused will not be sprayed with new oil. It's all black. The purpose is also to save money. In addition, the 0.9 rocket uses a large number of commercial-standard parts, instead of the traditional aerospace standard. This not only benefits large purchases and production, but also reduces costs. Musk used to say that the cost of making a 0.9 rocket is 16 million US dollars, and the fuel cost is only 200,000 US dollars. Some people assume that after the 0.9 recovers the first-stage rocket, the cost of carrying out a mission may drop from 16 million to about 6 million US dollars. If the number of reuses is increased, the cost of launch will of course be lower. But it won't be less than 3 million. Because the cost of the first-stage rocket's recycling, the second-stage rocket's manufacturing, fuel and launch site, etc. These can't be saved. Not only to save costs, but also to have strong enough launch ability, that is, to send a large number of satellites into orbit as soon as possible. Because satellites are life-saving, especially in near-Earth orbit, there is still a slight air resistance. Satellites need to consume fuel to maintain orbital altitude. In this case, the lifespan will be relatively short. The early life of a rocket is only five years. If it can't continue to send satellites into orbit quickly, the constellation of tens of thousands of satellites will consume too much time. Then the former satellites will continue to fall into the atmosphere and burn. The entire satellite constellation may not be able to sustain it. To maintain the satellite constellation, it is necessary to continue to launch satellites. In order to build a new chain network, SpaceX has shown its amazing launch ability. In 2022, it completed 61 launches. In 2023, the number of launches increased to 98. In 2024, it is expected to launch more than 140 times. More than half of them are launches of new chain satellites. Only such launch ability can support a new chain constellation. And SpaceX is still developing a more powerful star system. Launch costs will be further reduced. If it goes well, SpaceX may launch a new chain satellite for the first time this year. Once the star system is successfully developed, the construction speed of the new chain will be greatly accelerated. SpaceX's launch ability has not yet been achieved by any country. The number of launches and return quality of the entire country of the CCP are not as good as that of SpaceX. In terms of launch costs and launch ability, in the foreseeable few years or more than ten years, the CCP cannot catch up with SpaceX with the strength of the whole country. I just mentioned that SpaceX is developing a completely reusable rocket. In the process of developing a new rocket, SpaceX will not freeze the design like a traditional aerospace company, but continue to update. Recently, SpaceX announced the third-generation rocket engine, the Mengqin-3, which will greatly improve the performance of the new rocket. After the development of the Mengqin-3, the shape is getting more and more simplified, and the performance is getting stronger. On August 3, Musk first showed the new generation of Mengqin engine on the S platform, which is the third generation of Mengqin-1. Musk said in a post that he simplified the Mengqin engine, internalized the second flow path, and added regenerative cooling to the exposed components. These workloads are amazing. Therefore, the third-generation Mengqin does not need a heat shield, cancels the weight and complexity of the heat shield itself, and has a fire extinguishing system. Compared with the second-generation Mengqin, the third-generation Mengqin is lighter, more thrust, and more efficient. Mengqin is the engine of the new rocket. It uses liquid oxygen and carbon dioxide as a propeller, and uses the most advanced all-flow partial combustion cycle method. The first-generation Mengqin's sea-level thrust is 185 tons, which is quite amazing. The current second-generation Mengqin propulsion is 230 tons. By the third generation, the sea-level thrust has increased to 280 tons. Compared with Mengqin-2, the new Mengqin-3 weighs about 6.5%, and the thrust has increased by about 22%. According to the sea-level thrust, Mengqin-3's thrust ratio is 186, Mengqin-2 is 143, and Mengqin-1 is only 88. Mengqin-3's thrust ratio is more than double that of the first generation. This evolution is too amazing. In addition to the amazing thrust, the engine's simplification is also amazing. The original first-generation Mengqin has a lot of dense small pipes, which looks in line with the usual style of rocket engines. By the second-generation Mengqin, the small pipes have been greatly reduced, but the number is still considerable. The third-generation Mengqin almost subverted the image of a rocket engine in people's minds. Almost all the small pipes are no longer visible, and the whole engine looks very neat and simple. SpaceX also particularly emphasizes that the Mengqin-3 engine is designed for rapid reuse. It does not need a heat shield, while continuing to improve performance and reduce manufacturing difficulties. The efforts to reduce costs have also shown results. The cost of Mengqin-1 is about $2 million, and the cost of Mengqin-2 is reduced to about $1 million. The target cost of Mengqin-3 is $200,000, but this is not Musk's ultimate goal. He also hopes to be cheaper. Cheap, simple, and fast production. This is the success of Musk and SpaceX. Never satisfied with innovation, never tired of waiting. This is the gene of Musk and SpaceX. Welcome to leave a message about the new chain and SpaceX. Please take advantage of the clean world to pay attention to the exclusive video of Mark Space. See you next time.