【国家地理百年纪念典藏】第66集 愤怒的地球 #國家地理 #紀錄片 #探索

We spend most of our lives learning how to control ourselves and our environment. Suddenly you wake up the realization that I am not in control. In cities all across the world, we go about our daily routines secure in our surroundings, confident that our lives are orderly and predictable. But at any moment, that confidence can be shattered as nature demonstrates that it still has the upper hand. When we least expect it, when we're least prepared, disaster can strike. And few natural disasters are as unsettling as an earthquake. The quake that hit San Francisco on October 17, 1989, was actually centered 50 miles away, near a mountain called Loma Prieta. Even in an area accustomed to earthquakes, this one struck like a hammer. It was tremendous. Believe me. I just held on to dear life. There was a sudden movement like this, shaking the whole store, rattling, I mean, the roof, everything, the beams. My TV screen popped out and glass began to break, you know, things like that. A big marble table flew across the room and shattered like glass almost. The Loma Prieta earthquake lasted only 15 seconds. But in that quarter minute, northern California suffered $6 billion in damage and 62 people lost their lives. Earthquakes are not nice. The ground is moving beneath one. The very essence of stability is questioned. And that's quite apart from the damage, the destruction, the deaths. There is something awful about an earthquake, and it's not fun at all. My guess is that earthquakes are really so scary because you don't have any warning. It's the only thing besides a nuclear war that can really... One second you're living in a big, beautiful city, and ten seconds later, it's flat. Earthquakes leave their trail of destruction on every continent. In 1948, the city of Fukui, Japan, was leveled by a tremor several times more powerful than the atom bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Mexico City was struck by a huge earthquake in 1985. Nearly 10,000 died in the greatest disaster in Mexican history. In September 1993, a quake devastated the Indian state of Maharashtra. In spite of warning shocks, most of the victims were asleep and their houses collapsed around them. Every day, the Earth is shaken by hundreds of small earthquakes. Most go unnoticed. They usually occur along the boundaries of the thin plates that cover the Earth like an eggshell. Driven by the heat deep within the Earth's core, the plates grind against each other along lines called faults. When the plates find their motion blocked, stress builds up. Finally, the fault gives way. The released energy races through the Earth in the form of seismic waves. One place where the boundary between plates is dramatically evident is the 700-mile-long San Andreas Fault. This is the source for most of California's earthquakes. But for California, as for much of the world, the movement of plates like these is also an indispensable creative force. If we didn't have earthquakes, if we didn't have this great flow of heat from the interior of the Earth, the Earth would be a cold, dead place. If it wasn't for this great flow of heat, there'd be no continents, no oceans, no atmospheres. The Earth would be as dead and dry and cold as the moon. Everywhere you look in California, the hills are really created by the action of the earthquakes for the most part. It's really the earthquakes that create the topography, the valleys, the mountains, control the river streams where things go. Earthquakes have been shaping the landscape of California for eons. It's only in the last few hundred years that civilization has gotten in the way. Around the turn of the century, San Francisco was a booming metropolis, an emblem of California's newfound prosperity. But on April 18, 1906, that prosperity was shattered by the most famous quake in American history. Most of the city was destroyed in the tremor and the fires that followed. Much of the charred rubble from these fires was pushed into San Francisco Bay, adding to an existing landfill that eventually became part of the city itself. Today, that landfill lies beneath a section of the Marina District. This was the area hardest hit in the 1989 quake. The problem here is the rubble from the tremor of 1906 buried underground. Shaken by the new quake, it literally fell apart, and so did much of the neighborhood. The practice of building on such unstable ground is a problem throughout the world. Mexico City was built on top of a dried-up lake bed. The 1985 quake was actually centered hundreds of miles away, but it turned the soft land under the capital into a nearly liquid mass. The buildings simply collapsed. Victims were crushed under tons of concrete and steel. It's a modern nightmare, urban infrastructure crashing down around us. As geologists and engineers like to remind us, earthquakes don't kill people. Buildings do. Certain structures, like bridges and freeways, are especially vulnerable to tremors. In San Francisco's quake, most of the deaths occurred on the Nimitz Freeway, when a 1 1⁄2-mile section of the upper deck collapsed on the roadway beneath. Ed McVie was driving a freight truck when it happened. There was no traffic, and I was doing about 55, and all of a sudden, it felt like I had a blowout. I had no control over the truck. Luckily, there was nobody beside me, because I was just all over the place. I hit the brakes. In the rearview mirror, I could see what looked like the freeway falling. That didn't make any sense. I saw cars and trucks disappearing underneath the rubble, and I just knew I was dead. I had no way of getting out of it. There was nothing I could do. McVie was lucky that day. His truck just happened to stop under the only section of freeway. I don't deal with it as well as people think I do. I can be driving along anywhere, and all of a sudden, I've got freeway falling down on top of me. Ed McVie escaped without a scratch. 42 other motorists died. Five years later, when an earthquake hit Los Angeles, there was a similar freeway collapse. Fortunately, the tremor struck before dawn when the road was virtually empty. Next time, this could happen at rush hour. Yet overall, in spite of the freeway disasters and the loss of some apartment buildings and houses, San Francisco and Los Angeles weathered their tremors extremely well, largely because most of their tall buildings were constructed with earthquakes in mind. Too often, in other parts of the world, that's not true. In December of 1988, a relatively mild tremor struck the Armenian city of Leninakan and its acres of cheap, shoddily constructed housing. 80% of the city was destroyed and more than 25,000 people killed. Specially trained dogs were brought in to help locate survivors and victims. Standard practice in such urban catastrophes. Fortunately, Leninakan was a small city. Tangshan in northern China was July 28, 1976, an earthquake tore through Tangshan. It was the first quake in modern history to score a direct hit on a major city. Nearly as anyone can tell, it left close to a quarter of a million people dead, so it was impossible to find out from the survivors exactly how many had perished. Besides falling buildings, earthquakes create other special problems in urban environments. Broken gas lines spark fires and broken water mains can make firefighting nearly impossible. 1989 quake, the San Francisco Fire Department battled 34 major blazes simultaneously. With underground water supplies cut off, fireboats had to be used to pump water from San Francisco Bay. Unfortunately, earthquakes in large cities with their accompanying horrors are not rare events. When you look at a map of the world and plot the truly great cities of the world and compare it with a map of the great, really destructive earthquakes of the last thousand years, there's an almost one-to-one correspondence. I think we may find ourselves witnessing a large number of destructive earthquakes three or four decades that is going to really horrify the world. The next great urban earthquake may happen in Tokyo. This vast metropolis with its population of more than 27 million lies near the busy intersection of three tectonic plates. Small tremors are an everyday occurrence here, and big ones strike all too frequently. 1923年, 東京幾乎被大型地震毀滅 大部分的毀滅 和大約140,000人的死亡 並非由地震本身造成 而是由日後發生的火災 9月1日 1923年地震的紀念日 每年都被紀念為災難日 救援部隊和緊急救援團隊 舉行公開示範 讓普通市民 可以感受到 地震的嚴重性 並嘗試自己的手法 在發生火災時 日本人為了準備地震 感到驕傲 他們有很好的理由 現代的東京 擁有世界上最先進的 地震防禦建築 它的天窗是智慧建築 它包含了動態穩定器 和內部雷射 但東京大部分的 八百萬棟建築 都是舊式的木板建築 它們被壓在 窄窄的扭曲的街道上 可以證明 這些建築是火警的噩夢 為了讓事情變得更糟 城市被燃燒的石油廠 燃燒的石油廠 燃燒的存儲倉庫 許多建築都建在 東京湖邊的不穩定的土壤上 簡單來說 即使是地震意識的東京 也是一場大災難 等待著發生的 不安定的現實是 世界上沒有一個地方 是完全安全的 從地震而來的 甚至不包括 很罕見的震撼地區 和不存在的準備 東美和歐洲 幾乎都不是 大範圍的地震活動 幾乎都不是 大範圍的地震活動 幾乎都不是 大範圍的地震活動 大範圍的地震 我有一天收到一封信 我一天收到一封信 我發現回覆地址 來自Homestead Homestead在南邁 是大範圍最糟糕的地區 他們拒絕留在災難面前 拒絕留在災難面前 但是1993年 發生了一半世紀的變化 密西西比變成了 巨大的敵人 而這戰爭只能維持一段時間 密西西比的水 在密西西比的水 在1993年 密西西比的水 15分鐘嗎? 我們的合夥人 我們的國家保護員 還有很多公民幫助 我們的本地人 我們的合夥人 我們的國家保護員 我們的國家保護人 我曾經遇到墨西哥 四個家庭的努力 團結起來 爲了拯救他們的家庭 他們似乎贏得了 至少現在 但在努力挽回河流 家庭面臨了 心痛的決定 只有那些住在那裏 能夠堅持的 能夠保護的 五個家庭都會在這裏 後來一個家庭 沒有了 後來一個家庭 沒有了 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 我對這個家庭 感到很憤怒 在半世紀的過程中 軍隊已經建造了 2200公里的 鐵壁和土壤鐵路 用於保護城市和農場 並正確化河流的自然路線 農民們自己 加上國家和地區政府 已經建造了數千公里以上 但是這個計劃 創造了新的問題 10萬年來 美國中東的大洪水 是河流的自然洪水 只在近幾世紀 河流上的文明 開始融合 河流的牆壁 越來越延伸 河流的流程越來越緊 河流的速度和壓力 就在河流後面 河流不再可以 就會被力量和影響力 減強成爲巨大的力量 這就是1993年的夏天 在卡斯卡斯基亞島 9公里南部的聖加利 那裏沒有任何努力 保持河流 或拯救城市 那是個驚人的景點 密西西比河 現在卡斯卡斯基亞的所有人 人和動物 被迫要逃離 唯一的高地 那是河流 沒有他們的河流 對 整個島嶼 都有水 可能現在 沒有水的地方 很高的峽谷在中間 水會繼續上來 一直在下雨 很多石頭都破裂了 北和南 很抱歉 我們失去了一切 但是 我愛你 親愛的 我們下次再見 再見 我只是想離開 我的孩子和丈夫 我丈夫是在這裏 出生和養育的 在整個北和南 河流對河流的增長人口 提供了 一個謊稱的安全感 到了1993年夏天 河流繼續進行河流攻擊 兩三分之一的河流 都被破壞了或破壞了 在整個世界和歷史中 人們總是在河流上 搬來搬去 利用他們的草原 和河流的資源 在許多地方 它們必須被 虛擬的河流保護 河流有可能失敗 有時會出現 慘淡的結果 在中國的1930年代 河流破壞了河流 沿着陽西和黃河 陽西河流 殺死了3.5億人 是這世紀最大的 自然災難之一 在聖貞妃島周圍 即使河流高於河流 沿着河流 河流仍然能夠 找到方法沿着河流 經過八個浸水的星期 麻煩的地方 都在地球和牆上增長 甚至一小瀉水 可以造成巨大的威脅 在幾分鐘的時間內 這種情況 從威脅到屠殺 不願意放棄 這麼久的戰鬥之後 貝爾蒙 拿了最後一件衣服 出發去休息 他努力地工作 結果很快就明確了 在中東沿海 1993年的河流 受到巨大的影響 損失了10.5億美元 56萬家居被河流淹沒 36萬平方公里的水下 有50多人 被河流淹沒 在聖劍偉的城市 它已經被救了 至少有部分 但是有百多座建築 被淹沒或損壞 聖劍偉不能付出代價 這些河流 教授了很多重要的知識 也讓一些人深受其苦 過去 大多數河流受害者 已經迴歸 並重建 但是這次 會變得不一樣 在某些地方 河流會允許 繼續保留這片土地 千萬平方公里的輝瑞 將會爲未來的河流 保留空間 許多家庭 甚至整個城市 決定放棄努力 移居高地 以便在河流淹沒的下一次 會安全 在加利福爾 科學家們 正在試圖預測地震 這個位置 是帕克菲爾的 睡眠小鎮 每隔22年 一個強大的地震 從這裏衝撞過來 當下一個地震 被擊中 地震技術家 艾倫·林德 希望能夠準備好 帕克菲爾將會是 地球上第一次 能夠真正地 捕捉地震 在它所有的榮耀中 能夠真正地捕捉地震 能夠真正地 坐在那裏等待 用所有的工具 準備好 等着去 美國地理研究研究所 花費了數百萬美元 來維修帕克菲爾 沿着河流 高級精細的工具 像這顆鐳射 能夠詳細地 探測 聯繫到