Lecture 03: 'सदगति' कहानी का भाव पक्ष

Major Hindi Stories and Indian Society of MP3 Today, under the readers' section, I will give my lecture on the story of this great storyteller, Munshi Premchand, that if there will be two lectures on this story, in today's lecture I will tell about the story of this story. I will discuss its plot and its environment in the next lecture. I will discuss its linguistic beauty, communication skills and its impact. You all know that Munshi Premchand has written about three hundred stories and 29 There are many such stories ranging from Kafan to Sadgati Salt Inspector to an old aunty which have been the subject of much discussion that today I am going to talk about the special habit of Premchand Dekhen in which the Dalit unhappy cobbler is given the basis. This story has been created by making them and Premchand has portrayed the infectious and tragic situation of the caste system through this story in such a way that it is very pitiful, emotional and full of emotions. It was a feudal environment in which period this story was written and in which decade it was written. A story has been written in which untouchability between Gandhi and Ambedkar came on the basis of religion and caste, where Gandhiji wanted to end untouchability by changing the hearts of the upper class and upper class people and spoke in favor of Ambedkar's struggle. Premchand was deeply influenced by Gandhi's values ​​and Gandhi's sensitivity. A Piya story is a story of a slightly different interval in that in this story Premchand has not given any conclusion. I end the treatment on the sad side that Premchand did something. It is not said that when we speak a sentence at the end, then this is its simple word, from where it has been taken, it is also sarcastic that a person who is poor, who is a committee, who does not have the basic resources of life, how can he There is exploitation in the caste system, how his life is being crushed under the pressure of the feudal system and when he dies, there is no one to throw his dead body, just like Pandit ji did that in his stars. He is tied with a rope and dragged to the border of a village and his dead body is left for dogs and cats to eat. This is the basic theme of this story. Through this story, we get to know about the social structure in the decade of peace. His inertia reminds us of violent Saurav. Therefore, the new generation, which is the generation connected to technology or the students who are not connected to technology, but the new generation, should know that today in 2022, the society in which we are breathing freely, What we are saying is that the society did not reach here in a day, behind it many poor people, many laborers, many farmers have made sacrifices, some knowingly and some unknowingly. In this background, I now want to focus my talk on the word story in front of you and as I told you that Premchand ji is a storyteller and changes the direction of literature by writing novels. The depth with which he portrays social reality in his stories is unmatched. An idealistic trend is also visible in the stories of Arm Hole, but the freedom movement. And due to the deep pressure of the contradictions of social life, he soon makes social reality the subject of his stories. He has also mentioned about changing the aesthetics according to the purpose of literature in an essay where he says that the test of the sea is now It is not even refined, behavior has to be searched in crudeness. It is said that the time has come to understand and explain beauty in the scope of time and this is the reason why laborers, farmers and laborers come at the center of their stories. Write such stories in which The toxic social environment and the lives of the workers and the poor living within it are depicted, and that too within the framework of a deep social commitment to the constant belief that the value of freedom cannot be achieved by excluding the poor. Social change cannot happen by changing the power of the ruler, for that the mentality has to be changed and that is why Gandhi comes in his stories like an ideal son. He was very deeply understanding the concerns of Dr. Ambedkar at that time and understood this. He understood that the caste system, priestly rituals, religious narrow-mindedness and untouchability have blocked the development of Indian society against which a big social and literary movement is needed and within this scope, he wrote about 300 stories in which the price of milk, Thakur's well is one and a quarter Along with Kafan, the story 'Ser Wheat Ho Sakhi Poos Ki Raat' has also been very important, this story was written by Sadgati in 1930 and around the same time, powerful stories like 'Gras Wali Poos Ki Raat Do Bullon Ki Katha' have also been written in which rural life is depicted. It has been depicted that Premchand portrays the reality of life with utmost creativity in these stories and here I want to say that he not only portrays the reality but also tries to give a social basis to the reality that now The story which I am going to discuss is actually the story of the relationship between Dukhi and a Dalit cobbler, his name is Dukhi and that farmer as well as Ghasiram, a devout Brahmin. Now see that on one side He is an unhappy cobbler, on the other hand there is Pandit Ghasiram and he is also struggling with his life conditions and Pandit Ghasiram is enjoying his life only through worship and rituals, that he is only worshiping Thakur ji. They do this and say that they have views on the site, they can eat, they do not feel ashamed but they take advantage of their knowledge in a way from where they get money, wealth, property and fame. On the other hand, the farmer who is unhappy is a Dalit. Amit comes from a Dalit family and belongs to the working class class, he has nothing except labour, he has some good qualities and on the other hand Pandit ji has everything extra, yet people like Dukhi are unhappy in that feudal environment. They are completely dedicated to Ghasiram because in the priestly Brahministic system, it was taught that the priest's sole responsibility is to be dedicated to the universe; there is no social basis behind it, but it is God's offering. That he thought so because he had the factor of knowledge and Pandit Ghasiram had the bright side of knowledge because he had the scope to know even the world of knowledge but at that time there was no basis to know even the basic principles of farmer Dalit. Whatever it was said that they used to take, this story takes the name of its knowledge here and the lower class is the victim of that profit in which dedication is dedication, there is no return in it, there is no voice, this is what is told in the story given by Premchand. That the poor do not have a voice due to which they are exploited to the fullest and through this story, Premchandra, without giving any conclusion, has told his readers to the new generation that only after becoming familiar with the life situations, a voice will arise within you. The shape will rise and that is why in its influence this story changes the man, changes us, changes you and it says that I should never behave with people like Dukhi as Pandit Ghasiram did or as Our ancestors of the upper class had done this, hence this is a great story of social harmony which without any conclusion puts pressure on the reader that you are the victim of those mistakes on the streets of which Pandit Ghasiram becomes the victim, so let us see its situation in such a situation. What is it that on one side Brahma is bright, there is sandalwood, there is a process of not bringing Thakur's idol, there is day and night worship and on the other side, there is day and night farming, so this is the heart of the insensitivity of Pandit Ghasiram and his pundits. It is such a shocking story that so many people are dying in the feudal system due to the deafening sound of evil deeds and that is why Premchand has been called a great storyteller because he has created a character from such a society. The one who did not have a voice, who did not have any reality, but in that story also he does not protest, but by not protesting, he creates a kind of anger. Look, this is the situation of Premchand, this happens many times, many times, many times. You will find many such stories in that the author does not give any conclusion from his side. The conclusion is that Hill's stories only depict the situations and by depicting the situations, it connects you with the feeling of doing this and the form. You keep yourself free from those mistakes. This story puts pressure on the reader in its table of contents. Keep yourself free from those mistakes which your ancestors had committed knowingly or unknowingly. And you see, the plot of this story distracts from the pot which is the contemporary Presents a realistic portrayal of the society. Indian social reality is so complex. If it is to be known then this story is very valuable which tells on what basis one man exploits another in the society and how he exploits his traditional knowledge. This story, while x-raying the social structure, disturbs the reader so much that a spontaneous hatred develops in his mind and towards the feudal priestly Brahminical system. The storyteller has created such a vivid picture of the character named Dukhi. See Premchand, the pace of his thinking is quite visible. As I told you before, the Prince does not give any conclusion in this story. At the end, he says this much. On the other hand, the dead body of the unhappy person is seen in the field by jackals and war dogs and poetic screeching. This was his reward for his lifelong devotion, service and loyalty. So this story starts with a small incident where a sad cobbler goes to Pandit Ghasiram's house to show him the auspicious time of his daughter's engagement and uses a bundle of grass as a sign of sight. Takes a formation which makes Pandit ji happy but sad Vijay reaches Pandit ji's house, then he places this bundle of grass in front of the cow, takes advantage of its helplessness, sweeps the door, plasters the living room with cow dung and covers it with wood. After giving orders to tear down the structure and carry four loads of straw from the barn, he himself goes to eat food. In this whole process, he has no control over Dukhi's hunger and thirst. Rather, when Dukhi goes to the house for the pipe, then the panditine fires so much. In anger, that betrayal falls on his head. He was unhappy while carrying a bundle of wood and gives up his life there. The entire village is shocked by this inhuman incident and when no one comes to pick up the dead body from the cobblers' colony, then Pandit ji Next day, Dhan tied a rope to Dukhi's leg and dragged him outside the village. After returning, Panditji sprinkled Ganga water in the house, took bath, meditated and recited Durga and buried Dukhi's body in the field. The dogs are scratching and eating, why does Premchand say so much at the end of this story, this was the reward for lifelong loyalty, devotion and service that you can see, what was the reward for lifelong loyalty, devotion and service or what does Premchand want to say that Premchand wants to say that on one hand there is a sad person who goes to Pandit ji's house to make an idea about the size of the girl. That ideological bus has nothing left and then he says to his wife that if these people come then this is something special. Let's take the formation and Pandit ji reached the house so that where can I keep him as the owner and we have to understand the side of the girl's marriage, Vishwavani, do you know that Pandits used to be called to the districts and people would also reach Pandit ji's house for weeks. Are many Panditji available? Society has changed, culture has changed, the feudal environment at that time, comment that such work was done by calling people at home and serving them in their courtyard, but what does Panditji do that he tolerates the work in return? That the courtyard should be covered with cow dung, this bundle of wood should be cut and in the process of cutting that bundle, the life of the unhappy person is lost, which Pandit ji does all this work easily while eating food inside the house, so I will definitely give him the last rest. There is no concern about how a hungry and thirsty man is working outside and the tragedy is that when he goes to ask for fire for the pipe, the Pandit gets furious and throws the fire in such a way that it burns. His head is saved from burning, he may get angry, that is, in the future, he also feels that he will be touched, his Pandit will be destroyed and see, this feeling of untouchability, which was expressed in this story by Premchand, has been expressed with shame that today This story also satirizes untouchability. In this story, Premchand told that so much sperm, so much sperm, with such deep poignancy, friends, this story has been written that as I told you earlier that after listening to it, one feels angry, one feels very angry and towards the sad. There is natural sympathy and today Pandit Ghasiram and Panditain are very angry. Premchand, I have tried to bring out this anger through realistic pictures, that is why this story is still an immortal story of Premchand, like his shroud, it is the story of his [ __ ]. It is as if the night has been created, so you see what conclusion comes from this, the reason is that the varna system consisted of divided people. This is a story that underlines the deep human crisis of the feudal society in which the priestly class, which is full of knowledge, the poor. Secondly, it is the story of the insensitivity of the village Pandits and Panditains in which the woman is more inhuman than the man. The theme of the letter is that the woman here is more inhuman than the former, whom the fire throwers In the context, you can see that secondly, this story presents a lesson of Dharmadatta exploitation and tells that due to the complex cognitive construction of the structure of religion, many unhappy people are cursed to bid farewell to life quietly and for the last time in this temple. Regarding the plot of this story, this story 1 October is also a story of revealing the social reality and an attempt to change it, because at the end, the anger it creates in the mind of the reader against the completely dominant Brahmin priestly system is important. In this way you will see that this is a kind of story that creates anger in the mind of the reader as we have said again and again. Now let us move on to the next. After this content in the story, let us talk something about its environmental situation. As I said earlier, this story is a story of a feudal environment in which the rise of the priestly class is dominated by a sense of religious superiority. Therefore, it is written in the decade of Nitish, so now this story is a picture of that time in which Social inertia and a changing society are depicted in this story. The insistence on purity is a big challenge before humanity because the emphasis here is on following narrow-mindedness in the name of tradition and water, due to which it is not very easy to break the shackles. Now in this story Now I can easily understand the greatness of Ghasiram's character which is narrated by Dukhi, that Dukhi is also responsible in a way for this bad condition and hence Premchand has not started Dukhi in this story. Through this medium, Pandit Ghasiram has been glorified more, how he takes bath, how he worships, how he offers food to Thakur ji, how his daily activities are done and the picture which Premchand has got depicted through a very sad person. It tells that the society was such in which there was only one sided thinking. The small man, the poor man, made great demands on the big man and asked the god whether the god was a demon or a god. It was as if there was no concern about it. The story of the god, the big man Whoever says anything will be tested. This story is an x-ray of that entire social fabric and this is the reason why whenever Pandit Ghasiram exploits the poor, he feels that now it is his right to Now Premchand should tell that when the poor man is constantly feeling that it is his right to be exploited by the elders, then how will the society change and the principal behind this said that he lacks education and basic facilities because he is a upper caste Brahmin. The class, priest class, feudal class have the sources of knowledge, hence he wants that the people who are the people of upper class instead of the lower class, if they are the source of knowledge, if they are not easily accessible, then when Premchandra, through this medium, this should also be recorded in it. Have tried to do as it happened in this story, look at the environment of this story, then you will know how huge is suppressed and what has been portrayed in this story and the whole of it is the violence of the social structure, its cruelty. This story completely comments on character flaws and that is why the atmosphere of this story is tense, torturous and violent throughout the story and if you look a little at these initial decades, you will feel how violent the atmosphere is. This is what Premchand wrote. I am presenting it to you here and there. The unhappy cobbler was sweeping the door of Dhar when his wife Junia was plastering the house with cow dung. Both of them had got free time from their work. So the cobbler said, go and told Pandit Baba. Otherwise, it should not happen that we go somewhere, Dukhi says yes, I am going, but I am thinking about what, the wrinkles will get mixed up in the cot from somewhere, Dukhi is asking for it, Dukhi, sometimes you say such things that it burns the wrinkles. Thakur, the people who come will give me a cot, even the fire does not come out of the house, they will give me a cot, if I go to the police station and ask for a pot of water, then who will give me a cot, if I don't get it, there is not enough sawdust, wood on top of us, so that whoever wants can take it whenever he wants. Ask, take your bowl, wash it and keep it, these are the days of summer, they will dry up by the time they arrive, now see how the sad people in this entire conversation and the environment remain happy in this language. He says, take ours, we are like us. There are a few people that our straw, burnt wood can be taken away by anyone whenever they want, leave the cot from their place, you will not get anything from their place, Thakur who will come will give the cot, the question is and you, I want to say in that, let's see how this will happen further. After walking, the Panditain is eating, the Pandits are sleeping, the whole food is being prepared, leave the water, leave the grains, leave the food, it looks like tobacco, Shivam has to be lit, he tells him that master, little by little, he will meet us ahead of us, then we would have gone to the gym. He drives you and Panditain gets furious, he is in his own language, I will discuss it with you about the language and if there is a request, he is a good person and from its visual you will see if it is a factory like this, see it is standing there like this and there is fire inside. Her hair comes straight, this is the tragedy of that society, like I did not disturb the dates, it creates anger in the new generation people like us, who were born in independent India and who do not want this. The way the story is composed of the unhappy or the right life was, then you see what comes of this story and the way this story develops from within its interiority, it passes through many levels of the society and finally today the taste and Insomnia leads to depression and anger. Depression leads to death of the unhappy and anger to hatred. Pandit 's inhumanity towards the Ashram. But this scene in the middle is very, very heart-wrenching in the story where as I said earlier, it is the incident of fire and it is interesting. The thing is that after getting burnt by the burning sensation of that fire, this me or you wants to walk in front of me. Now you think, you must know this, only then you will know what Premchand has written. His head is bowed from one side. It is burning and on the other hand and on the other hand there is no modern anger, there is anger in the mind of the unhappy, there will be anger in my mind, you will get angry in my mind, but why is their sorrow my anger because the feudal system has troubled them so much that the anger has gone and Premchand In this story, by creating the same anger in him, Kumbh's anger is real, what he says, just listen to it and you will know how much of a journey he was in, that ginger came to his mind, this is the result of desecrating the house of a holy Brahmin, Lord. It has given fruits so quickly, this is why the world is afraid of the Pandits and everyone's money is killed, but Brahmin money is good, no Maruti, if Maruti destroys the whole house, then the mad house starts falling, then this is the sociality in which one is already A system has been created that I am the priest of the social upper caste, no matter what he does, no harm can come to him and the character that fills from within this environment, on one hand, is the character of Mukhi's support. If there is any Pandit Ram's story, there is also a portrayal of Pandit Ghasiram's Katappa and there is also a character named Mirchi Ki Ghor through which Premchand has tried to change the day to day but cannot take it too far, although its If you do indicate the above then in this way you will see that this story also becomes a special training story as to how the mindset needs to be changed and how the mindset needs to be changed and I said this story like a dedicated committee. The one who comes in has full faith in Pandit ji, that is Pandit and Panditain you come in the role of exploiter and are hungry for money, they loot the laborers and the poor, they do not worry. Now on the other hand, we will see that people like Pandit Ghasiram will be affected by Rafi's dominance. The reason I give is that the character of the people as they are keeps on weakening. Premchand. Now in this, there is also a picture of getting the hatred of the wooden structure and also in that picture, Premchand has shown again and again that the thick structure was He gets tired of cutting more wood and then he says, Master, this formation will not break, it is very strong, Master Muni, it will break, he is so sad right now, what is the reason why he is unhappy with you, it has not broken, if you stop then you will understand, perhaps you will think the same way, you will see how much. It is a terrible situation, perhaps for the daughter's marriage. After literature, you know how big a weakness a father and forgiveness are. Daughters wish well for their sons. Premchand told this that Pandit Ghasiram knew that even if he dies, he will work for me. And in the end, when he hears that from the mouth of the Pandit that he will rave about what literature is, then he sees the daughter's well-wishes that her mental structure creates her mental world and the sad one takes the hunger and thirst and kills her cold, the bundle bursts. Pension is given at the time of formation of the state, at the same time the life of the unhappy person is taken away. Now look at this, the linguistic and cultural aspects of it are very important. Premchand wants to show that the bundle burst but the poor person died, that is, the unhappy person should do something and fill it up. But the bursting of the bundle indicates that the coming generation will tear apart the complex system of feudalism and it is the responsibility of the new generation to break the organization easily. This screen is a symbolic achievement of this story in which deep symbolic euphemism is present. In this form, if you see that this is a story of various dimensions of Saheb Fifth Jan Jai Sanskar and exploitation in the Indian society, then you can conclude that this story begins with The story starts with excitement about the festival but ends with the depression of death to highlight the painful conditions of the priesthood. The story throughout its content deeply dissects the systems of exploitation, domination etc. The story contains horrifying images of rituals which are very The only tragedy in this story is that knowledge is being used as a weapon of exploitation instead of developing liberating consciousness. This story also indicates this and you see, ultimately I want to say that this story is a reflection of a deep social crisis. The story is deeply social and Shankar's meaningful A keyword not only questions the power of the upper caste in a divided society, but by placing the character of a poor person in front of it, it gives a hint of the change to come in this story. The essence of the story is this hut which is deeply engaged in its content, its environment and its characters. So just now I was telling you about its material aspect, about its power, perhaps what is the importance of the story and about its torturous situations. There is a sound of change within its tragic environment, despite the fact that Premchand has not made any separate comment. Now in the next lecture of the next chapter, I will discuss its form aspect and will tell that the language of this story. Its dialogue scheme and its effects First its effects How powerful is this story Thank you very much that it has happened [Music] [Music] MP3