2023v. 베트남전쟁(제2차 인도차이나 전쟁)

We call it the Vietnam War. It refers to the Second Indochina War. The Vietnam War began on August 2, 1964, when the U.S. destroyer Maddox 5, which was under reconnaissance at Tonkinman, was attacked by the North Vietnam Warejeong and clashed. The U.S. lost a major loss to the North Vietnam Warejeong through a counterattack, but it reported that it was attacked again during the mission, but added that it was uncertain whether it would be attacked. However, President Johnson, who was looking for a reason to join the military, ordered a retaliatory attack, ignoring the follow-up report, and the Vietnam War began as he was given the power to attack unexpectedly. The picture you see now is a scene where three people who led the Vietnam War are having a meeting. From the left, it is President Johnson of the Rusk Administration and Secretary of Defense McNamara. McNamara is known to have had a decisive influence on Johnson's participation. From March 1965 to November 1968, a three-year-long aerial bombing operation was called the Rolling Thunder Operation. In the meantime, the U.S. air force has launched about 300,000 air strikes and detonated 2.58 million tons of bombs in North Vietnam. You can see how much the U.S. Air Force and Navy used compared to the use of 2 million tons in World War II and 650,000 tons in the Korean War. The picture you see now is a U.S. Mi-52 bomber bombing North Vietnam. It was the largest bomber at the time, and it departed from Guam, Okinawa, and the U.S. military base to Vietnam for bombing and returned to the base. However, at the time, it was impossible to hit precisely with technology, so the hit point was out of reach, and the damage to civilians was unimaginable. According to the U.S. government's official announcement, only 30,000 civilians died in North Vietnam during the Rolling Thunder operation, so in fact, much more civilians died. However, North Vietnam did not give up its will to fight, sending about 300,000 troops south during the Rolling Thunder period despite the U.S. bombing. Men had to enlist when they were 18 years old, but there were many young people enlisting at an earlier age, and there were many women enlisting for resources. In the end, in November 1968, the Rolling Thunder operation ended in failure. However, four years later, the U.S. military bombed Laos and Cambodia, and by the end of the war, more than 8 million tons of bombs were spread to India and China. I'll tell you more about that later. If the aerial bombing operation was the Rolling Thunder, the search and destroy operation was carried out on the ground. The search and destroy operation is an operation that uses helicopters to enter the ground forces, quickly find and remove enemies, destroy enemy bases, and withdraw. According to the book I read, in 1966, the U.S. military used 1 trillion rounds fired by Vietnam, 10 million rounds fired, and 4.8 million rounds fired. The picture you're looking at is a U.S. soldier in a hut that is presumed to be the base of the Rolling Thunder, and this picture is a U.S. soldier leading the Rolling Thunder suspects. This picture shows soldiers from the South Korean Liberation Army patrolling the wetlands. The goal of Defense Secretary McNamara and Commander Westmoreland was to kill more people than the continuing supply of North Korean troops to break down the People's Liberation Front and prevent the invasion of North Vietnam. But he couldn't achieve his goal, and the reason is that there was a Ho Chi Minh route. The Ho Chi Minh route starts at the military demolition line, goes through Laos and Cambodia, and leads to the military transport route near Saigon. During the Vietnam War, the military of North Vietnam, including technicians and snipers, built 13,000 km of roads, 1,400 km of pipelines, gas pipes, and thousands of bridges. If you look at the picture, you can see that the U.S. troops were deployed, but the roads were quickly restored, and trucks were passing by. At the end of the attack, you can see soldiers and women, including snipers, patrolling the roads. January 1st in Vietnam is the biggest national holiday, just like our Lunar New Year. In Vietnamese, it is called Tet Nguyen Dan, which is shortened to Tet. Even though it was in the middle of the war, it was customary to take a break for two weeks. However, the leadership of the Workers' Party of North Vietnam decided to launch a total strike based on Tet in order to maximize the surprise effect in 1967. As of January 31, 1968, a series of attacks began in more than 100 cities in South Vietnam, which is called the Tet attack. It even hit the U.S. Embassy in 13 cities and Saigon, but as a result, the Tet attack failed due to U.S. defense. There were 40,000 soldiers in North Vietnam, and there were about 9,000 soldiers in the U.S. and South Vietnam. In the past, battles took place mainly in rural areas or forests, but there were many city-to-city battles during the Tet attack, so reporters staying in the city were able to cover the actual battles. And the footage was broadcast to the American people, and the Americans were shocked to see the enemy invade the embassy. The media criticized the government's Vietnam policy, and anti-war protesters poured out into the streets, and the atmosphere of the war finally changed. The U.S., which was pushed by public opinion, had no choice but to negotiate, and in May 1968, a preliminary meeting was held in Paris for a peace agreement. In the U.S. presidential election, the Republican Nixon was elected, and he was elected with a pledge to build peace in Vietnam, so the Americans expected the U.S. to withdraw soon. However, it was four years after Nixon took office that the U.S. troops actually withdrew. In the meantime, Nixon re-opened the North Pole, and as I said above, he expanded the war to Cambodia and Laos. The Vietnam War was expanded to the Second Indochina War. The reason Nixon broke his promise and decided to expand the war was to induce North Vietnam's interest in a bombing site, and in the meantime, it was to make time for South Vietnam to establish itself without U.S. troops. That's how the U.S. troops were able to prevent South Vietnam from becoming a communist country when they withdrew. In February 1969, U.S. bombers began bombing the Vietnamese people's military base in the east of Cambodia. There have been about 3,600 attacks in the past 14 months. In the process, 20,000 U.S. troops and 500,000 Vietnamese troops were killed, and an additional 1.4 million civilians were sacrificed. Then, in July, the Nixon Doctrine was announced at night. The U.S. will not intervene in the war of the allies in the future, so solve it yourself when there is a civil war. As a result, while North Vietnam turned its attention to Cambodia, the South Vietnamese army grew into a million-strong army armed with the latest weapons supported by the U.S. After that, the invasion of Laos began to test South Vietnam's military power, and the goal was to destroy the Ho Chi Minh route. The operation failed, and it was confirmed that it was difficult for the South Vietnamese army to defeat North Vietnam alone without the U.S. military. In February 1970, the U.S. and South Vietnam began a secret negotiation. The U.S. representative was Henry Kissinger, Nixon's secretary of security, and Vietnam's representative was Reductor, a member of the Workers' Party. Henry Kissinger argued that he should hold hands with China to respond to the threat of the Soviet Union without being engulfed by the existing domino theory. Likewise, I thought China was needed to keep North Vietnam in check. If the U.S. withdraws from Vietnam, China will ask for reconciliation, and if it is accepted, China will reduce its support for North Vietnam, and then the U.S. will not be easily communist even if it withdraws from South Vietnam. Therefore, in 1972, Nixon met Mao Zedong of China, and he convinced China that improving relations with the U.S. would be beneficial to China. However, this was a signal that China's interest in reunification with North Vietnam was declining to the leaders of the Workers' Party of Vietnam. The leaders of the Workers' Party of North Vietnam were shocked, and after that, the gap between China and North Vietnam grew further and further. The U.S., which thought it had achieved its goal, is now sitting at the negotiating table. However, due to serious differences of opinion, negotiations could not be carried out smoothly. Then, in March 1972, North Vietnam's attack was resumed. This is called the Spring Cold War in 1972. The U.S., which announced Nixon's doctrine, was already gradually withdrawing, so only about 65,000 troops remained at the time. The U.S. did not send additional ground forces, but it blocked North Vietnam's attacks through air and naval forces and resumed attack on the northern city, and the Spring Cold War failed. In the meantime, peace negotiations between Reddick and Kissinger, who wanted to end the war, continued, but the South Vietnamese government strongly opposed it and could not reach an agreement. Therefore, Nixon and Kissinger implemented a large-scale Christmas attack that may be the last in December 1972. The B-52 bomber and the U.S. military plane attacked Hanoi and Haiphong, blowing up about 20,000 tons of bombs in 11 days. The world's public, who saw the terrible scene, strongly criticized the U.S. and criticized the U.S. until the U.N. As a result, the U.S. became the side that was disadvantaged by the Christmas bombing, and Nixon stopped the attack and resumed negotiations. In January 8, 1973, Reddick and Kissinger agreed to a peace treaty, but the South Vietnamese people's army was allowed, while the U.S. and its allies were supposed to withdraw, so North Vietnam had an advantage. If the U.S. withdraws, the South Vietnamese government will have a hard time, so only the South Vietnamese government will have a hard time. Thus, in March 1973, the last U.S. military left Vietnam. This photo was taken in April 30, as a result of the so-called Ho Chi Minh Operation, which was launched in the spring of 1975. The day after that, President Truong Ban Minh's declaration of surrender and the order to fight were broadcast on radio speakers, and the war that had been going on for 20 years was finally over. At the beginning of the Great Depression in 1975, there were about 300,000 people's forces and the Liberation Army in South Vietnam, and the South Vietnamese army was about 1.1 million. In addition, all equipment, including tanks, armored vehicles, artillery, planes, helicopters, etc., was dominated by South Vietnam. However, the South Vietnamese army was weaker than North Vietnam, so it could not win. In the meantime, Nixon resigned and Ford became president due to the Watergate incident, and he asked for additional aid to the committee, but was refused and could not intervene in South Vietnam. This was because North Vietnam was not sure that the U.S. military would not intervene even after two years of U.S. withdrawal. The picture you see is a picture of the Vietnamese people marching in Saigon. Some of the citizens are welcoming, and some are calmly looking at the people. In April 1976, a unanimous National Assembly was held, and in July, the name of the country was decided as the Vietnamese Socialist Republic. The capital became Hanoi, and Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh. Now, the biggest task of unifying Vietnam was how to socialize the South, and the 3rd Indochina War took place in the process. The 3rd Indochina War will continue next time. Thank you.