THIÊN VĂN HỌC - NGÀNH KHOA HỌC LÂU ĐỜI NHẤT CỦA NHÂN LOẠI | Khám Phá Vũ Trụ Mới Nhất

Astronomy is the oldest scientific field of mankind. People have been looking for and trying to explain what they see in the sky, perhaps since the first people like humans existed. There is a famous scene in the 2001 film A Space Odyssey, where a hominid named Moonwatcher examines the sky, observes and considers what he sees. It is possible that such creatures really existed, trying to create some meaning about the universe when they saw it. Humans since the beginning of time have looked up at the sky with a myriad of questions. What are those twinkling stars? Where are they from? And what do they mean to me? Every civilization finds answers in legends and beliefs. Legends become tradition. No one knows when astronomy began. Millions of years ago, humans looked up at the sky and were amazed at what was above. So, in a way, they were also astronomers. They noticed abnormal events such as solar and lunar eclipses. And right from the dawn of history, when the writing was just born, humans knew how to record their ancient astronomical discoveries. In the beginning, all ethnic groups believed that the earth was flat and stood still, and all the clouds revolved around the earth. The idea of ​​a spherical earth, with a diameter of 13,000 km, revolved around the sun at a speed of more than 100,000 km per hour, completely far away. Ancient people had very strange ideas. The great Indian sages believed that the earth was supported by 12 giant pillars. When the night fell, the sun would go straight down, and the pillars would be able to avoid the sun. Even more unbelievable is the theory of the Hinduism. According to that, the earth lies on the back of four elephants. Four elephants ride on a turtle. And this turtle lies on the back of a snake swimming aimlessly in an endless ocean. Of course, we shouldn't laugh at them. They put forward the first theories to explain the universe. And they have had many admirable observations, which are still valuable to this day. Among the astronomy students, we must mention the first Chinese. 3,000 years before the Communist Party of China, they calculated that a year had 365 days to make a calendar. Of course, they didn't care about the sun with the earth, which revolved around which. In both cases, the result was still 365. Royal astronomers will have to calculate the calendar and predict when natural phenomena occur. The moon does not radiate light by itself and is just a very small celestial body. The sun is much larger. But by chance, its distance to the earth is just enough for us to see that the moon and the sun are the same size. That's why a real solar phenomenon can occur, when the sun, the moon, and the earth are both on a straight line and on a plane. But in fact, the Chinese are not that confused. And they don't believe that the moon has anything to do with it in this case. The Chinese believe that the sun is swallowed up by some fierce dragon. So to drive this dragon away, people have to make noise as loud as possible. Lamps, pots, pans, pans, anything that makes a sound is maximized. Fortunately, the dragon never gave up. However, the Chinese have calculated that every 18 years and 11 days, a solar eclipse occurs once. This time is called Saros. Why do we have to calculate? To make them ready when the dragon returns. Actually, the eclipse must occur every month. But because the orbital plane of the moon is a bit tilted, it takes a long time for the moon to get in the right position in line with the earth and the sun. The Chinese not only write the calendar, they also write the stars that they consider to be the starting point. The bright stars with their pointed tails stretching across the sky often make the king's troops terrified. Because calamities, natural disasters, or even an eclipse can happen right after that. Next is the ancient Egyptians. The Egyptians only record what they see, not try to make sense of them. Perhaps because to them, the celestial bodies are divine objects. So for a very, very long time, the king was always confused with the stars, a fascinating thing about the stars. Even today, that fascination is not only unwavering, but even stronger. The Egyptians proved to be excellent observers when they measured the position of the stars, that is, as our eyes see, of the stars, and they straightened their big pyramid with the North Pole star in the sky. But because the Earth is tilted, so after a certain period of time, the North Pole star will change with the Earth. In the golden age of astronomy, that star is the Tubal star, much dimmer than our North Pole star today. The Egyptian is a Greek, with excellent astronomers. The first in this list is Thales, born in 624 BC. He not only observed the sky, but also tried to explain what he saw. Perhaps he was the first to recognize the Earth as a sphere. The first person to speak out against the theory of a flat Earth was Aristotle, 300 years after Thales. Aristotle pointed out that the height of the stars compared to the path of the sky changes when the position of the observer changes. Standing in Greece, the North Pole star is at the top, and going down to Egypt, it is at the bottom. That's because Greece is on the north pole, and Egypt is close to the equator. In addition, the Canopus star is very bright in the sky of Egypt, but standing in Greece, you can't see it. The inevitable result of all this is that the Earth must be a sphere. Although the Greeks knew that the Earth was a sphere, they completely believed that the Earth was also the center of the universe. That belief seriously hindered the progress of astronomy throughout history. The first person to believe that the Earth revolved around the sun was Aristarchus. Unfortunately, his idea was completely rejected by the two lost astronomers of that time, Hipparchus and Ptolemy. Hipparchus was the one who found the exact name of a star. He also discovered vibration, that is, the movement of the North Pole in the sky. Ptolemy was really the outstanding figure of the Greek astronomers. An important work of his, called Almatyaz, records all the famous scientific works before him, which were all lost when the Ancient Library of Alexandria was destroyed in the war. Ptolemy was an excellent astronomer and mathematician. He studied the movement of celestial bodies in the solar system and concluded that the Earth was the center of the universe. The Moon is the closest celestial body, followed by Mercury, Nebula, and the Sun. Farther away are Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Outside the solar system are the stars. That arrangement is called the Ptolemy system. Of course, that description is completely wrong and caused a lot of trouble for later astronomers when they wanted to understand the universe. Because Ptolemy is a lost name, it seems that no one dares to doubt him, but fully believes in his research based on the theories he has affirmed. Then Greece collapsed before the fall of the Roman Empire. And the Romans were very little interested in mathematics. So astronomy from here fell into a slumber for centuries. Until one day, it rose strongly in the Arabian desert. The 6th century BC, Pythagoras and Talas were the first to come up with the idea that the Earth was spherical. Talas also calculated the exact solar period to be 365 days, which is relatively accurate to the Japanese calendar. According to Talas' view, everything in nature is born from water and will return to water. Another philosopher, Anaximander, came up with the first model of the universe, in which the Earth was like a short cube with three circles around it. Above it were planets, the sun, and the moon. In the 4th century BC, Aristotle came up with the model of the universe, in which the Earth was the center. This is the first geological model of mankind. Aristotle also said that everything is made up of four elements, which are earth, air, water, and fire. This physicist also built a system of physical laws that today is called the Aristotle system. This physical system is inaccurate, and later it was proven wrong and rejected by Galileo. Around 280 BC, two philosophers, Aristarchus and Samos, came up with the idea that the Earth rotated around the sun. In 130 BC, Hipparchus discovered the oscillating phenomenon of the points X and Y. He also came up with the first star of mankind, with a list of about 1,000 bright stars. In 140 AD, Claudius Ptolemy, a great Greek mathematician, came up with the work Mathematicae Synthesis, later translated as Almatyce, in which there is the figure of the first 48 stars in astronomy, the description of the rotation of the sun, the moon, and the planets in the sky. Ptolemy's model was later called the Ptolemyian Triangle. This model said the Earth was in the center of the universe. The sun, the moon, the planets, and the stars rotated on the surfaces of the Earth. This model later revealed many unreasonable points, but it was maintained under the very firm protection of religion, as it strengthened man's belief in the creation of the universe. Medieval astronomy Medieval astronomy was calculated from the 8th century to the 12th century AD. This is the era of human consciousness and ideas about the universe, mostly without much progress, due to having to hide under the shadow of the Ptolemyian Triangle model, protected by the religion. From the early 9th century to the 11th century, it was a fairly strong period of astronomy Astronomers of these civilizations were given relatively complete constellations, quite accurate descriptions of the rotation of the moon and planets. In 813, an astronomer named Al-Mammal founded the Bada Astronomy School. In 903, Al-Sufi founded his own constellation, more complete than Ptolemy's, where he described the positions of the stars and planets. Contemporary astronomy Contemporary astronomy marks the most important steps in human consciousness about the earth and the sun. In 1543, a Polish astronomer, Nikolaus Kopernikus, published a work on the rotation of the sky. In it, he described the entire structure of the sun, completely different from Ptolemy's previous model. In Kopernikus's model, the sun is at the center of the universe. The planets rotate around the sun on circular orbits, in the order from inside to outside, Mercury, Nebula, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. In addition, the Earth also rotates around its axis, giving birth to day and night. The moon is a satellite that rotates around the Earth. In 1543, it was Kopernikus's last year. His model was later called the Kopernikus Sun Model. In 1572, Tycho Brahe discovered and observed the emergence of a new superstar in the Cassiopeia constellation. In 1576, Brahe founded Uraniborg Astronomy. In 1600, Giordano Bruno died because he stood up to protect the Kopernikus Sun Model. The Sun Model, after being born, was still fiercely opposed by the Church, as it opposed Ptolemy's model for more than 1,000 years. What's more, it was against God's will. Bruno was the first to bravely defend the Sun Model. He also said that every star is one side, and there could be planets around the stars. And so, life is not just on Earth. These thoughts of Bruno made the Catholic Church angry, and Bruno was taken to the nunnery in 1600. In 1603, Johann Kepler founded his own constellation, more complete than the existing constellations. In 1604, he observed and discovered a new superstar in the Ophiuchus constellation. In 1608, Leprussi, a Dutch astrophysicist, discovered a way to pair two spectacles together to increase magnification. The first celestial mirror was born. In 1609, Leprussi's construction application, Galileo Galilei, became the first person to use a celestial mirror to observe the sun. Galilei's observations with a 30-fold magnification mirror helped him discover the four largest satellites of the constellation. Today, they are called Galileo satellites, Galilean satellites, celestial holes on the Moon, and the existence of the Milky Way with many stars. Also in 1609, Kepler discovered his first two constellations about the orbit and speed of the planets around the Sun. In 1619, Kepler discovered the last constellation, or Kepler's third constellation, about the orbit of the planets, in which he linked the large orbit to the orbital axis of the planets. In 1632, Galilei published a book, A Dialogue Between Two World Systems, in which he used dialogues between the two Ptolemy and Copernicus models to prove the accuracy of the Japanese model. This work by Galilei later angered the church, and he suffered quite a lot of punishment for this. In addition to astronomy, Galilei also had many discoveries and points of view on physics. In particular, he was considered to have created experimental physics. In 1656, Huygens discovered the properties of its largest star and its largest satellite, Titan. In 1668, Newton created the first reflective celestial mirror. Unlike galactic celestial mirrors like Galileo's, the reflective celestial mirror used a sphere as a mirror, giving a much higher resolution than galactic mirrors. Modern astronomy Modern astronomy is marked by the birth of classical mechanics, also known as Newtonian mechanics. By Newton, born in 1642 and died in 1727, he came up with three basic laws of quantum mechanics and three fascinating quantum laws. Classical mechanics, based on Newton's laws, had the most important impact and contribution to most of the physical and celestial achievements throughout the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, and even today, in the 21st century, Newton's laws still have irreplaceable contributions in many modern physical structures. In 1887, Newton gave birth to his work The Mathematical Principles of Natural Science, in which he presented his research on the motion of objects and their interactions. Newton's discoveries are represented in three motion laws, named after him, and the fascinating cosmic laws, or fascinating quantum laws. These theories have marked the birth of classical mechanics and have served as the basis for discoveries over the next two centuries on physics and astronomy. In 1705, Hawley accurately predicted the origin of a star and predicted its return in 1758. That star was later known as the Hawley Star. In 1725, Flamsteed gave his star a name. In that number, he numbered the stars according to the magnitude of the radius rA, or Wright Ascension, the distance from the point of origin to the shape of the star on the axis of the sun. In 1728, Hawley discovered the stars' motion on the sky. James Bradley proposed the theory of fixed stars' rotation. In 1744, the six-tailed star Cheshire was discovered. In 1750, Thomas Wright studied and proposed the idea of the origin of the solar system. In 1755, Immanuel Kant proposed the theory of the formation of planets and other celestial bodies in space. In 1781, Charles Messier observed and established the 103rd column, which numbered from M1 to M103, also known as the Messier column. Today, many stars in that column are known as the Messier or Messier columns. However, the Messier column is still in use today. Also in 1781, Herschel discovered the celestial star. In 1784, Gertrude Ritchie discovered the origin of the star Delta Cephei. In 1789, Herschel used a 1.2-meter diameter and a 12.2-meter diameter telescope to observe the stars in many other galaxies. In 1796, Laplace proposed the theory of galaxies. Accordingly, the solar system was formed from a cluster of pre-planetary galaxies. Then, the materials separated to form planets with rotating orbits around the sun. From 1839 to 1840, the first celestial images were taken by Trapper. It was a lunar surface image. In 1842, Doppler discovered the phenomenon of the wave trajectory of the rotating orbits. Specifically, if the rotating orbit moves away from the observer, its trajectory will be extended and reversed. This phenomenon is called the Doppler effect. In 1846, Gaal discovered the eighth planet of the solar system, the Milky Way, by applying calculations on the celestial orbit of Le Verrier. In 1851, for the first time, there was an experiment to prove the self-rotation of the Earth. Foucault used a bar with a very long rope to hang on the roof of the Pantheon Palace in Paris. The horizontal plane of the bar rotated according to the exact self-rotation period of the Earth. This proved the self-rotation of the Earth. In the early 20th century, the world of physics moved to a new page, changing a large part of the human consciousness thanks to two theories of physics that to this day are still the two tiptoes of modern physics. The quantum theory by Planck in 1900 and the relativistic theory by Einstein. The relativistic theory in 1905 and the relativistic theory in 1915. These two theories played the most important role in all the discoveries of mankind in space, space and time in the 20th century and even the first years of the 21st century. In 1900, Sutherland and Mouton proposed a theory of collision about the formation of the solar system. Accordingly, the planets are formed by the collision of one star with another star. In the same year, Max Planck proposed the theory of energy self-dissipation. In 1905, Albert Einstein proposed the relativistic theory with two main contents that all the physical laws are the same for the observer in the quantum mechanics has any quantum. And the quantum of light is the largest quantum in the universe. From 1911 to 1914, Hasbrouck and Russell together discovered the relation between the light waves of their stars and their stars. This relation is shown on the Hasbrouck-Russell chart, the HR chart. In 1915, Adams discovered the first white dwarf star, Einstein completed and published his relativistic theory of attraction. In 1916, this theory was born. In 1919, Eddington successfully proved Einstein's relativistic theory by observing a full-fledged physical phenomenon on the island of Principe, thereby determining the exact nature of the effect of light traveling through the sky In 1929, Hasbrouck discovered the phenomenon that all the galaxies are very far away and there is a strong radiation on the red side. Applying the Doppler effect to this phenomenon, Hasbrouck concluded that all the galaxies are moving away from each other in all directions and thus the universe is expanding. The distance of the galaxies is shown by the Hasbrouck theorem. In 1932, astronomer Tombo discovered the ninth planet of the solar system, the Milky Way. From 1937 to 1940, Gamow proposed the theory of the evolution of stars. In 1948, Gamow proposed the Big Bang theory about the formation of the universe. This theory said that the universe formed from a big bang about 15 billion years ago, creating matter, space, and time. In 1957, the first man-made satellite was launched into space. This satellite, named Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union on October 4. In 1961, for the first time, man landed in space. The first man to fly into space was Gagarin, who flew on April 12 on the Vostok 1 spacecraft. In 1965, Penzias and Wilson discovered the existence of a 2.7K-temperature satellite. This discovery is an important evidence that proves the Big Bang theory. This type of satellite, also known as an asteroid, had been predicted by the Big Bang. Accordingly, this is the type of satellite that has survived and has been cooling since the Big Bang. In 1967, the first Pulsar was discovered. It was a small celestial body, but it had a very high rotation speed, which meant that its mass was very large. Today, we know that Pulsars are heavy stars after they die and are converted into neutron stars with a very large density, called neutron stars. In 1969, man landed on the moon for the first time. The first two people to land on the surface of the moon were Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin. They flew to the moon on the Apollo 11 spacecraft. From 1977 to 1986, Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft were launched and repeatedly photographed the outer planets of the solar system. They were also the first two spacecraft to leave the boundaries of the solar system. In 1981, Alan Guth came up with a theory to describe and explain the expansion of the universe. In 1998, the Supernova Cosmology Project, led by Saurabh Palmutter, observed supernovae and found that the universe was expanding with increasing speed, and thus the universe would expand forever. What do you think of the above information? Leave your comments below. Don't forget to subscribe to Radio Vũ Trụ to watch the latest videos.