СМОТРЯЩИЕ С НЕБЕС Тайны плато Наска Эпизод 1

Our long flight has finally ended We are arriving in Lima spending the night and leaving tomorrow In Nasca The Meranaw area is usually recommended to visitors where there are modern hotels and it is near the airport We decided to add a bit of exotic flair We settled in the old part of town in a colonial The house built during the Spanish era There's also a small museum there But the owner of this skull probably knew something about the secrets we are about to uncover We are currently traveling along the Pan American Highway To our right is the Pacific Ocean and we have a long journey ahead Approximately 400 kilometers Cold Humboldt current runs along the Pacific coast and generally determines the climate The temperature on the coast is quite steady ranging from 30 to 20 degrees There are some seasonal differences in Lima but in the place where we are going there are fewer differences This is practically a pleasant comfortable summer Rainfall can occur from January to March but in very modest amounts It is considered one of the driest places on the planet Because of the cold ocean current the fog that rises over the ocean creeps through the lowlands and gentle slopes creates such an unusual scene for a resident of our central region Here is the first geoglyph though it is modern Very convenient it is visible from afar given such a climate It remains for a long time Such creativity can often be seen in modern Peru These are beach chicken coops In general chicken along with potatoes is one of the main food products in Peru We decided to stop at the dunes in Paracas but we got a little lost So the solemn moment arrives We are ascending the plateau as even the road signs mention We are on the observation deck at a height of about 15 meters Before us is a plateau officially known as Pampa San Jose But it is more famously known as the plateau or the Nasca Desert It is from here that tourists have their first encounters Those who have come to Machu Picchu for the first time Let's not break the tradition and take a look at These are geoglyphs This site has the highest density of geoglyphs per unit area It is about 20 kilometers to the city of Nazca The plateau has an area of slightly more than 300 square Kilometers But this is not the only place where you can see similar geoglyphs Lines similar to the Nasca lines can be seen near the city Whale sighting near Paracas Peninsula 200 kilometers nor From Naska and 50 kilometers south high in the mountains at an altitude of 2000 meters From this height it's hard to see anything but the huge strip cleared by the snowplows is clearly visible stones on the sides Here you can see the paw of a 200-meter-tall giant Lizards that were severely damaged during the construction of the Pan-American Highway If looking westward towards the Pacific Ocean you can clearly see part of a vast group Lines a huge group of geoglyphs It's really strange there are no maps or guides here It does not describe what tourists see from the tower The depiction of this geoglyph was made a long time ago This is a very interesting group of lines that includes what is called a trapezoid a truncated triangle which is connected to these lines as well as three unique drawings We saw one which was a lizard and the other two are very interesting They are called tree and hands We will definitely talk about them a bit later And if you look at the diagram it's clearly visible that the entire This combination this entire group of geoglyphs was draw As a single unit meaning the builders clearly understood where everything should be placed Moreover the zigzag that emerges from it and the tree Drawn in a single continuous line that tapers at the end Its length is more than 5 km That is the geodetic work and simply physical work of clearing stones from the surface was more than significant We are now moving to another observation point and I think we can talk about the history of the discovery of this remarkable place phenomenon It is commonly believed that the Nazca lines were first mentioned In a 16th-century Spanish chronicle by Pedro Siesma de León who traveled here at the beginning of the Spanish era The achievements of the 16th century He mentioned a road that goes through valleys and deserts About the Inca road and literally said the following that somewhere among the sands signs are visible to guess the route But it must be noted that he knew about the Inca roads he meant theirs more and the sands as we see are here No here is a rocky surface and a large amount of chaotic jumble of lines would rather confuse travelers They guided them There is also an opinion in my view more well-founded at these lines were first seen from airplanes with the start of regular flights Air connections between Lima and Arrecife and as it were There was no official opening date for the Geoglyphs of Nasca It is considered to be 1927 when they were first described by Peruvian archaeologist Toribio Mejías Espinoza In 1939 an American named Paul Kossak became interested in it after hearing about it They spoke about these lines at an archaeological meeting in Lima and began to study them directly He was the first to hire a plane and take high- quality photos which he then showed to the whole world In 1940 another significant event occurred Paul Kossok hired Maria Reich as a translator She was born in Germany studied mathematics there and then geography And since 1940 having settled in a mud hut o On the edge of the plateau she devoted all her time for the rest of her life to studying these remarkable ancient figures The tower that we used for our first survey was built with her money She also hired guards at her own expense who protected the plateau during the tourist boom Her research is still considered the most reliable She has received awards from the Peruvian government and thanks to Her lines are now listed as part of the cultural heritage by UNESCO Geoglyphs gained worldwide fame after the release in the 1970s of books and films by a renowned German author The supporter of the paleocontact theory Pyotr Ivanovich Kropotkin The geoglyphs became known as landing strips for alien spacecraft which caused a literal tourism boom a huge influx of tourists who unfortunately wore Severe damage to the desert ecology and the geoglyphs themselves We are at the second observation point This is a group of low hills near the Pan American Highway Tourists rarely come here but you can easily get there by your own transportation And this place is interesting not only because you can get closer to the geoglyphs and practically approach them But it also had great significance for ancient builders and they used it when drawing their figures If we again recall the map-diagram despite the apparent chaos the ancients still had certain patterns When building they used a limited number of elements that is trapezoids or large rectangles Large cleared areas strips and lines which were drawn as zigzags or simply stretched for a long distance Distance patterns and spirals that can be grouped separately in general have similar functions We already saw when looking at the line combination from the observation deck that this is not the only such combination Groups of lines often meet for example the very monkey used as a symbol of the tourism industry in Peru which is part of a large one combinations featuring a trapezoid zigzag and patter And even the spiral into which the monkey's tail is coiled and all of this is done with a single line In the desert there are many different combinations lines connect to trapezoids groups can connect to each other In such megagroups There is also the concept of centers which are points from which a large number of lines originate They are now More than 60 are known and here we are at one of the very large ones From here as can be seen a large number of them emanate quite long stretching for several kilometers lines This is what the desert surface looks like up close These are stones with a desert tan and they are a slightly poisonous reddish-brown color Underneath them is a layer of subsoil composed of a mixture of clay sand and calcite which is practically dust That is building the geoglyphs was quite simple They moved the stones aside or took them to the edges Large areas were exposed revealing a layer of subsoil that has a nearly white color in its fresh state Although it should be noted that depending on the surface there are different construction methods and we will definitely see this later The line begins on this hill which should be told about separately In the 1970s astronomer and professor Gerald Hawkins whe conducted research in Nazca noting that the geometric The accuracy of the geoglyphs construction was higher than the photometric capabilities existing at that time And this line serves as evidence of that statement If you draw a straight line on a satellite map from It starts and connects with its visible end it reads very well and its length is almost 10 km so the deviation from this is The lines will not be longer than one and a half meters That is you can consider it practically perfect Direct and perhaps this deviation gives exactly the satellite filming accuracy which may be at that time The time was not exactly above this line And this is considering that a quarter of this line passes Over a very rugged terrain Why are the Nazca Lines considered one of the unsolved mysteries What makes the riddles of history so unsolvable First of all it's their unique straightforwardness Correct geometric shapes exceptionally large sizes and also their enormous quantity If you decide to look at the geoglyphs say from a satellite map or even better take a plane tour this surreal painting that will amaze you you will surveying and here are these huge bands stretching in different directions disappearing into the horizon all of this is really It seems like some alien intervention as if someone He carved through the desert with an extraordinary weapon or some huge tool There is a good observation a comparison that the desert seems to be drawn with a giant ruler and resembles A clean blackboard at the end of the geometry class It's important to note a key point Many researchers and I agree with them come to o the idea that the geoglyphs were not built to be viewed from the ground but to be clearly visible from above They were perceived from the air We will keep returning to this issue but You have probably already noticed this aspect from the ground when were viewed from some vantage points the geoglyphs They do not look as impressive The plateau is flat in this area and where there are small rregularities slight complexity in the terrain geoglyphs in general can only be perceived when you are standing exactly At the border And then you see a straight line if you're just a little bit Step aside and the straight line turns into some piles of rocks into a heap of rock And simply disappears into the uneven terrain And if it is an enormous combination of lines then we won't even be able to Determine what is on the surface of the desert For this it is absolutely necessary to rise to a certain height It is now beyond doubt that the geoglyphs were created during the Nasca culture This is from around 400 BCE to 600 CE But it was a people who were quite advanced They were at a low level of social development They had no writing they had no centralized authority states there were some common ritualistic ceremonies centers but they lived as separate tribes in villages and hamlets led by shaman-chieftains The valleys could not support a large population but as Maria Reich wrote judging from the huge The amount of labor invested in the geoglyphs this design of huge figures must be one of the central aspects The goals of this culture At the same time neither on ceramics nor on textiles in general nor on which there was not a single mention remaining Not a single hint of anything related to geoglyphs Particularly worth mentioning are the drawings of which there are a small number Compared to tens of thousands of lines and trapezoids Plots for some of them can be found on objects The Nasca culture but on the other hand they are completely different in style from the drawings on ceramics and fabrics They have one could say a modern design Maria Reich once invested a great deal of effort to determine how the ancients managed to Draw such correct beautiful smooth curves that resemble the work in a modern graphic editor It's important not to forget that it wasn't just about making a sketch but about transferring and transforming this drawing In a huge image Sometimes giant The length of the largest group of drawings is 400 meters The topic with the illustrations is I think the most interesting It holds many surprises and we will definitely cover it We will stop in detail But that was not all In the 1990s from a plane between the Nasca Plateau and a small A drawing was discovered in the city of Palpoi which was completely unlike anything found before The difference is that other methods of construction were used here The pattern consists of a combination of squares With points and circles of different diameters This drawing still doesn't have a specific name so I call them geometric constructions They are considered a later forgery in academic circles Well it turned out there are more than a dozen of them in the plateau area But perhaps their number is much higher And I promise we have interesting surprises here It is perfectly natural to discuss appointments About the versions hypotheses explaining the geoglyphs There are countless versions and hypotheses but I think we should now highlight two diametrically opposite ones Opposing viewpoints within which in general all these theories are contained First it is the technological impacts of some alien civilizations as mentioned by von Denikin But I think there's some avoidance of responsibility for studying history I don't know we are shifting the blame All these extraordinary phenomena are due to some fantastic unexplained factor and then we can talk about it Anything you like about it On the other hand under the guise of an academic perspective in popular films and articles we are told They say the mystery has been solved for a long time there is no secret here Primitive tribes between the struggle for life in these In arid regions and the severing of each other's heads but on Nasca there was a very developed cult of trophy heads which they were engaged in applied geometry and created such amazing rituals which always resulted in suc Here are perfect geometric shapes flawless designs which can only be seen from great heights About the versions and hypotheses regarding the purpose I think it's better to discuss it Later when we get to know the material better we' ll look at them from the air and walk around them Walking with them on the earth We are very close to Nasca and the last thing I want to definitely say is the surface on which ancient figures were carved very different in various places but here in the Nazca area it has suc Here is the lower texture One person of course is unlikely to cause any Significant damage strong wind quickly erases all that any traces of one person but a group People and especially riding a motorcycle or any motor vehicle leaves traces that will sustain themselves Because of the same strong wind they will stay here forever Just like the traces we saw from the observation tower those that are clearly visible from the airplane on satellite maps The major damage was caused by the construction of the Pan American Highway which ran through an area that was particularly The geoglyphs are clearly defined This plateau is now a protected area entry is prohibited a very high fine but as we have already seen the lines can be found in the coastal area of more than 10 thousand square kilometers and the entire area is inaccessible They are effectively protected so the geoglyphs are gradually disappearing They are subject to construction and agricultural use But of course there are gaps in the Peruvian government's efforts For example the route of the world-famous Dakar Rally was laid directly over ancient geoglyph one of the mos Large True it was done in the Pulp area but then The geoglyph has suffered very serious damage But it's still quite difficult to blame people the geoglyphs are very hard to notice on the ground and for each case We need to conduct some scientific research and therefore the geoglyphs are gradually disappearing if Compare satellite maps from different years Well finally we're heading to Nasca It's a small provincial town that even according to Peru is located deep in the wilderness and few would have known about it if not for these remarkable things Massive geoglyphs Here life is quite affordable there is internet and comfortable Hotels in general everything a modest traveler needs We are now driving down the main street and I had previously assumed that there are bus stops on the sides But in reality there is no urban transportation at all and people move around in these small taxis These are just stylized benches This is the central square and in one of the hotels of this city we will stay and this will be our place The headquarters from which we will make our trips