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One of the challenges these geologists now face is fossilized trees There are many examples in Australia the United States or elsewhere where fossilized trees can be seen standing upright through multiple coal seams This is an example from the Bitter Ham Coal Mine in Alabama United States This fossilized tree which is over 12 meters tall can be seen piercing through some layers of soil This model helps us visualize this situation The strange thing is that we are told each of these layers takes millions of years to form If that is indeed the case it would take millions of years for the tree to be buried But it's not possible because the tree would have rotted away long before being completely buried What is the explanation A scientist is studying this issue And the segment you are about to watch will give you an insight into the five meanings in his astonishing and fascinating discovery To fully understand this explanation it is important to distinguish between the geological layer and the soil layer These are the alluvial deposits these are the areas with orange yellow and light blue coloring In each alluvial deposit we can see several layers of strata What you don't see are the geological layers You can't see them because when each layer of sedimentary rock forms it is deposited in layers that you cannot see If you can see them they will look like this After watching this movie you will understand why it is so important to know the difference between soil spreading and geological layers It not only provides the key to the issue of fossil plants but also explains why theory of evolution is collapsing so dramatically I'm not too concerned about these rocks They aren't really any special kind of stone either They are composed almost entirely of tiny sediment particles They are called sedimentary rocks and cover three quarters of the land on Earth And what else they are formed at the bottom of the sea When a sea level drops sediments are exposed to the air they dry out and become rock Look at this rock face it is divided into sections sometimes called soil bands or sedimentary layers The distant sediment layer is yellow the silt layer is blue and the limestone is orange Each sedimentary layer or formation is divided into smaller layers or strata These horizontal lines are the strata To understand the astonishing story told by this film a more careful observation of the layers in the sedimentary strata is required They follow a pattern larger particles aggregate at the bottom layer while smaller particles concentrate on top This pattern is repeated throughout the sedimentary layer Sometimes fractures or cracks can be seen between the upper layer of a sedimentary layer and the lower layer of the overlying sedimentary layer Those breaks are called interlayer breathing cracks or layer separation It has been quite some time since there has been suspicion that those stones hold a secret that if discovered would change our perspective on a more important subject than any other Where did our human race originate One of the first experts in sedimentary basins was a German named Johannes Wander While in Italy at the end of the 19th century he surveyed the sediments in the Bay of Naples He discovered that drilling straight down through the sediment in the Gulf That the layers of land or sediment that are stacked on top of each other have the same age as the layers of sediment that are adjacent to each other horizontally On the fourth day the sedimentary layers or soil formations can be seen lying close to each other as he moves from the shore out to sea Like the fourth layer of sedimentary rocks or the strata that are stacked upward in a downward direction He realized that the belief that the sediment layer below was older than the one on top was a mistake It is clear that all the sediment layers the top layer the layer below and the bottom layer are all in the process of formation They are formed horizontally so the part located in the upper sedimentary layer is the same age as the part belonging to the lower sedimentary layer Mr Varner quickly discovered the cause that led to the horizontal formation of sedimentary layers or soil horizons Sediment particles are carried out to sea by rivers tides and wind sorting themselves by size Large particles colored yellow are near the coastline Smaller particles colored blue are carried a bit further out Finally the tiny orange particles were carried even farther out by the waves and currents We can see the new sediment layers deposited side by side horizontally Sediment particles in the self-organized layers are sorted into distinct sediment layers according to their size This could be the pebble or stone category this could be the shell category and this is the soil analysis category So the fields are formed horizontally This coastal section of the sedimentary belt has a larger more pronounced ridge than the section within the same belt but located further from the coastline Thus this section belongs to the lower land unit that has the same age as the corresponding section belonging to the upper land unit Before Johannes Walder in the 1870s two Russians Golovkinky and Inouchaye had noticed that the ocean basins had been filled with sediment Such sedimentary layers can be seen on the surface lying next to each other as well as vertically one beneath the other The characteristics of sediments also known as sedimentary structures are that they are parallel to the slope of the basin The sediment layers observed by Walder in the Bay of Naples are not like that they are almost horizontal Except for minor changes due to tides the cause is the sequence of sediment layers in Naples and other places caused by the sea always being at the same level The sediment deposits in the ocean basin as observed by two scientists seem to be the result of major changes in sea level Rising water levels are called marine transgression or the sea encroaching onto the land Falling water levels are called marine regression or the sea retreating from the land When the sea level rises it may be the result of the prevailing winds Sediment layers accumulate in parallel with the slope of the ocean basin Large particles appear yellow and settle directly next to the sloping edge When the sea level drops the smallest orange-colored sediment particles settle again along the sloping side Look at the place where the ocean basin once was now filled with sediment The sedimentary state or sedimentary pattern indicates that the sea in the past rose and receded repeatedly and rapidly As sedimentologists often say the advance and retreat of the sea seem to occur in cycles Different types of sediments remain the result of self-sorted material particles arranged in a Russian manner not one type of sediment stacked on top of another It appears that the origin of the sediments is the result of rapid cycles of rising and falling sea levels In technical terms this is the phenomenon of marine transgression and regression The state of the sediment is not the result of the principle of slow planting the stacking of plantings and their continuity but the application of Vander's law Sea level rise and fall cycles cannot occur simultaneously across the entire world Perhaps it happened in the ancient dragon's cave So where the sea level rose it would have deposited huge sediments in that place At the same time sediment also settled in other places where the sea level dropped Experts' reactions to other stones were only Johannes Vander's discovery explaining the types of stones along the coast Deep sea sediments are always formed by a layer of sediment that is shaped on top of another layer and the upper layer is always younger than the lower one This cliff face was probably formed under deep sea conditions The sedimentary layers located below are believed to be much older than the sedimentary layers above The reason is that geologists believe rock layers and geological layers are the same thing In the 1970s and 1980s many drillings were conducted to the bottom of the Pacific Ocean by the research vessel Loma Challenger It has provided many sediment samples showing that Varder's discovery also applies to deep-sea sediments as well as coastal sediments That means almost all sedimentary rock formations around the world occur in the same way What does this mean So take what is considered the largest widest deepest and longest canyon in the world the Grand Canyon in the United States The eastern side of this canyon shows layers of rock one on top of another from the bottom of the canyon up to the top Each layer of earth shows a geological time period So far what we know about Johannes Varder's discovery and the Loma Challenger's deep-sea drilling It indicates that sections of different sedimentary layers can be of the same age Nevertheless some people still find this hard to accept However two recent events will dispel all doubts In 1980 Mount St Helens in the United States erupted It hunts over a vast area of forest and creates large waves in a large local lake In just a few hours more than 180 meters of sediment were formed and dried into rock with distinct layers The result of the eruption was a massive mudflow that swept through the adjacent rock layers and forming a deeper canyon over 30 meters and wider than 60 meters It has always been believed that the rock layers and canyons take millions of years to form But both of these geological formations the drying into stone and the formation of the canyon were completed in a few hours The remaining event took place in the workshop The French sedimentologist Guy Bétault discovered two extremely important facts First the sand flows continuously whether in a vacuum in air or in water The boss carefully arranged the large and small particles to look like geological layers but they were not actual geological layers The second humiliating truth emerged during the experiment program he is hosting with Colorado State University He examined the sediment particles in the flowing water through the transparent bottom of the large reservoir or the artificial tree He observed that when the flow speed decreased only the larger sediment particles settled down When the flow accelerates the microstrata layers begin to form The classification of particles in geological layers is not only the result of sedimentary layers being deposited on top of each other as people have always thought The classification occurs due to changes in the flow speed At that time the material particles will settle down Another surprising finding is that the fractures or water gaps between the rock layers are the result of dried-up sediments These water gaps were once thought to be due to a lack of sedimentary materials They once thought that the surface of the last and most recent sedimentary layer had solidified And many years later new sedimentary materials will begin to settle on that surface and a new layer of strata will form on top of the old one Today this hypothesis has been abandoned due to two new discoveries First the deep drilling of the ship Global Challenger shows that the sediment surface at the bottom of the sea is never frozen In fact sediment hardening only begins at 300 meters below the seafloor The only known exception is shale sediment although it only begins to solidify at 100 meters below the seafloor The second discovery was in the laboratory They found that when the sea level dropped and the wet sediments were exposed to the air Cracks will appear between the rock layers as part of the drying process So cracks or breaks have nothing to do with time These experiments were conducted over several months by a team of experts under the strict conditions of the laboratory It was re-filmed and is available for everyone to watch They confirmed the most important truth ever discovered in the history of sedimentology Strata do not provide evidence of temporal markers Ghi Petal has shown the stratified layers you see in these sedimentary rock formations are created by changes in water currents They do not simply settle down but instead grow one over the other over a long period of time They form horizontally like a herd of cattle These experiments were then conducted on a larger scale and was presented at the 14th International Sedimentology Conference in the following documentary Sedimentary rocks are fascinating because they provide evidence of Earth's past history Researching them will lift the veil on their formation and the history of living organisms The main characteristics of sedimentary rocks include distinct strata with rather unique materials Prolonged intermittent attention over a very long period is one possible explanation for the stratification Inside sedimentary rock shows microscopic layering or the fine laminations of relatively coarse and fine particles Because sedimentary rock forms from the settling of particles in water It is useful to study basic sedimentation models in a hydraulic laboratory A mixture of black and white particles is used in the laboratory Imagine the motion of this sphere rolling on a horizontal plane Spherical lens is r the mass is m the original hair is omega the progressive hair velocity is v and v equals omega multiplied by r The moment of inertia I is equal to two fifths m multiplied by r squared The kinetic energy E of motion is calculated by the following formula E equals 7 tenths of m multiplied by v squared This formula shows that for a given object the kinetic energy of the sphere increases proportionally with mass Note that larger coarser particles have greater kinetic energy than smaller finer particles This example illustrates that larger coarser particles have greater kinetic energy than smaller ones Therefore the mobility of large coarse particles on rough surfaces or uneven areas increases due to their higher kinetic energy Look at a homogeneous mixture of coarse black particles and fine white particles mixed in between When we introduce this mixture into motion The small particles with less kinetic energy become mixed among the larger particles and settle to the bottom of the moving layer Coarser particles with higher energy will roll on top of this layer of fine particles The separation of material particles occurs due to the movement of the mixture to both sides Black grains roll over the smooth white grains when they are under the same characteristic gravity Particles of matter submerged in water under the influence of hydraulic stress also exhibit the characteristic of separating similar particles Here is the basic question for micro-level clustering or fine-grained classification Does nature produce repeated separation under continuously added slow conditions First the conditions submerged in water are examined Chaotic flow movements around matter particles lead scientists to believe that the fine layering is caused by the remaining turbulence When similar experiments were conducted in air The conical sand pile fully demonstrates the characteristics of fine layering through repeated self-separation Furthermore the thickness of the layers increases at the rate at which the mixed flow provides sediment Keep in mind that the layering forms in the direction of motion This is angle greater than 30 degrees Absolute vacuum is equivalent to a pressure of 29.92 inches of mercury The theory of vacuum was tested in an environment nearly approaching absolute vacuum with a pressure of 22 inches of mercury Stratification forms without any liquid present around it Thus the fine layering depends on the mechanical interactions between particles of different sizes shapes and densities Underwater conditions fine layers form during the gradual deposition at the bottom under flat bottom conditions This is a smooth layering under accelerated motion Large-scale stratification experiments were conducted at the Hydraulic Research Laboratory at the Colorado State University Engineering Research Center To test a 1.2-meter wide artificial water channel longer than 18 meters can store more than 28 cubic meters of water and 8 tons of sand mixture This plant supplements the mixing of coarse and fine material particles under uniform water flow conditions Note the drawing of the Delta region on the map At the beginning T1 consisted of three parts: the upper front and lower sections At the same time T1 over time the coarse particles rolled on the bottom slid down the slope of the delta area and accumulated cold Thus the delta will develop by expanding outward Finer particles roll along the bottom settle and form a layer mainly of fine particles Small particles are carried away and settle at the bottom of the delta After a certain period we obtain a second bottom layer at time T2 Sediment that accumulates cold at the bottom from time T1 to T2 is defined as a sediment layer A sedimentary layer is the accumulation of sediments between the initial time T1 and the subsequent time T2 This is the typical gradual accumulation of the delta in a widening direction Closer observation of the tilted surfaces at a slow speed reveals the stratified deposition of finer particles The thickness of the deposit on the surface decreases in a widening direction as it approaches the slope of the river delta's front Over a long period the accumulation of sediments shows a clear stratification with fine particles on top The coarse particles are on top followed by the fine particles at the bottom The key point is to understand that the formation of sediments depends on sedimentary layers not geological strata Isochron lines connect points with the same age corresponding to the boundary between consecutive sedimentary layers not the stratigraphic layer The thickness of the sedimentary layer is determined by changes in sediment transport that occur in uneven flow currents Now let's look at the two material particles in the alluvium Particle A is in the upper stratum particle B is in the lower stratum Particle A settles at time T1 before the time of particle B Sediment B is located in a lower stratum so it settles below sediment A in the upper stratum Increasing the depth of the flow while maintaining the additional sediment layer results in more complex sedimentary features Large amounts of sediment are deposited with features such as sand bars deltas and ripples at different stages of development A dry artificial delta viewed from the side of the hydraulic channel shows distinct layers Under the overlapping layers of sediment with a uniform distribution of particles of the same size The delta is cut across its width to examine the main characteristics of the sediment mixture formed by the stable flow and continuous sediment supply A cross-section clearly shows the layered strata stacked according to the principle of overlapping layers with fine white particles and coarse black particles where the fine layering is very distinct Looking at the cross-section of the overlapping strata it is easy to conclude that the geological layers correspond to successive sedimentary layers which are the result of periods of reduced sedimentation But in that case each geological layer is younger than the layer beneath it and older than the layer above it and all locations within the same geological layer are of the same age The layering experiments invalidated and rejected these hypotheses because the geological layers are not continuous sedimentary layers Furthermore the clear separation observed is based on continuous addition with uneven layers Why is this important It's simply because the stratigraphic layers have been used for over a hundred years to calculate the sedimentary rock series and their internal formations Now for the first time there is an experiment that proves how the rock layers were formed And it is quite clear that the stratigraphic layers cannot be used to calculate the correlation for the entire large rock formation In fact this fossil at the lower stratigraphic layer may be younger than the fossil at the upper stratigraphic layer Here you see some marine creatures living in different ecosystems When the current filled with sediment arrives all of them are buried Finally if no air gets in they will turn into Naturally the specimens trapped in the upper geological layer share the same era as those trapped in the lower geological layer Because they are buried in the same sedimentary layer Then another layer of sediment arrived trapping more marine creatures in it But more importantly the ones on the surface of the previous sediment layer were buried before those located at the bottom of the final sediment layer So the child on the surface is older than the child at the bottom Let the manager of this research program explain Evolution is based on the belief that the succession of species on the geological time scale proves that evolution has occurred However what we see as we showed in the laboratory the newly formed sedimentary layers are mistakenly identified as geological strata The geological time chart and the sequence of water in the formation were calculated based on the incorrect assumption that the main rock layers are continuous sedimentary layers A single sedimentary layer can separate them into different segments of the geological layers Thus the position of the fossil in the rock layer simply indicates the aquatic species' ecological zone Stratigraphy is the interpretation of observable facts and professional data that have been excluded from the geological time scale and therefore even for theory of evolution