Warsaw Ghettograd - The 1943 Uprising

[Music] Stroop his timless himler like a snake down the telephone line from Berlin you must at all costs bring down those two flags SS briard fura yuran stro straightened himself his gloved hand tightening around the receiver in anger he snapped back stiffly before replacing the telephone in its cradle walking a few 100 yards from his command post to the so-called front line Stroop narrowed his blue eyes and stared up at a tall building in wara movi Square black smoke was drifting across the sky from the many burning buildings but in the breakes between each gust stro could make out the two flags that had Germany's second most powerful man in AR age two young Jewish boys who had fearlessly braved the German gunfire had erected the flags the day before one was the red and white Polish national flag the other the banner of the Jewish resistance organization known as zzw the Jewish military Union it consisted of a blue star of David on a white background today's Israeli flag Stroop personally appointed by himler to crush the Warsaw Ghetto revolt pul with Fury he knew the power of flags it reminded hundreds of thousands of the Polish cause it excited them and unified the population of the general government but especially Jews and poles he wrote afterwards a flag was worth a 100 machine guns in a situation like this stro would topple those flags just like he would crush the Jews who had had the temerity to make a stand against the Third Reich the ragtag army of Jewish terrorists as he called them who had already managed to throw the Germans out of the ghetto would be utterly destroyed this was stroop's almost pathological determination that he was also fighting women and children made no impression on him whatsoever with such cold-hearted Warriors himler prosecuted his destruction of the Jews the warsa ghetto was the largest of the many ghos created for the Jews by the Germans a tiny part of the Polish Capital that measured only 1.3 square miles had been fenced and walled off and housed between 300 and 400,000 people in squalled overcrowded conditions disease and malnutrition had already killed thousands before the Nazis decided to reduce the population dramatically by shipping tens of thousands of inmates East under Akon Reinhard the SS plan to kill all of the Jews of Poland SS on poit iura odilo gnik Nazi police leader in the Lublin District of the general government as the Germans called occupied Poland had been ordered to progressively clear the ghetto assisted by the head of the Zeo and SD security police in Warsaw shandan fura ludvig Han glot nik's surname gave away his non-german Origins born in triest in what was then the austr Hungarian Empire in 190 four to parents of Slavic origin globocnik served in the Austrian and Yugoslav armies before becoming a member of the band Austrian Nazi party to say that kabachnik was a fanatical Nazi would have been an understatement and he had serve time in prison for his political beliefs and activities which endeared him to himler a key player in the German takeover of Austria in 1938 globocnik was rewarded by promotion to gaigher a a position he utilized to both persecute Jews and enrich himself caught by SS investigators with his hand in the till in 1939 globocnik was convicted of foreign currency speculation dismissed from his position and reduced to a Corporal in the vafan SS sent to the front in Poland himler ensured that his old friend was rapidly reinstated as a top Nazi leader less than a year later when he appointed globocnik SS brigad fura and assigned him to Lublin Province as higher SS and police leader himler placed him in charge of the liquidation of the Warsaw Ghetto and a series of other major Jewish population centers and globocnik excelled at these tasks the aristocratic SS obura Ferdinand Fon saman Franken who had been in command of the Warsaw area since 1941 commanded G Akon VHA on the ground as the Germans termed the ghetto clearances in Warsaw gnik maintained overall charge from a safe distance the turning point for the ghetto inhabitants occurred on the 18th of April 1942 when the SS began a process of executing inmates he deemed undesirables before commencing with its clearance of the ghetto on the 22nd of July the head of the uden or Nazi appointed Jewish Council Adam chakov was called to a meeting headed by the German resettlement commissioner SS Schuman fura Herman hler where he was informed that Mass deportations to camps in the East would commend shortly chakov feeling that he was helpless to protect his people from what looked to be an increasingly homicidal Nazi program committed suicide rather than cooperate and was replaced by Mark Len balb it made no difference to H's timetable over 8 weeks from the summer of 1942 cattle trains left the ghetto Railway collection Point twice daily carrying between 5 and 7,000 people on each occasion East to camps primarily the extermination Center known as trinka the SS recorded that a total of 310,000 322 Jews were evacuated from the ghetto when this action ended on the 3rd of October 1942 although the population of the ghetto was greatly reduced the Germans planned a second round of deportations for later in the year and it was at this point that some of the more militant Jews decided to act the Jewish combat organization known as zob was formed in October 1942 with the intention of resisting further deportations led by an idealistic 24-year-old named morai anovitz its members were under no Illusions as to their fate should they rise up against the SS police state but they felt that they had nothing to lose as the news filtering back from the Eastern camps suggested that the Germans were murdering the evacuees the zob received some weapons ammunition and supplies from the well organized polish home Army a non-jewish national resistance movement that was heavily supported by Britain but the weapons were nowhere near plentiful enough for the zob to be considered a serious threat to the Germans the zob only had 220 committed fighters in warsa who were armed with a miscellany of handguns grenades rifles and homemade Molotov cocktails Anil aitz divided the ghetto into sectors sending his small number of Fighters to Garrison each one so short were they of arms that each sector only had three rifles and within the entire warsa ghetto the zob possessed just two landmines and one submachine gun with limited ammunition more weapons would be smuggled into the ghetto once the Revolt started some were captured from the Germans and a few were even manufactured in secret arsenals but the zob would remain vastly outnumbered and outgunned by the Germans throughout the Revolt a second ghetto resistance organization the right-wing zzw received large quantities of arms ammunition and supplies from the Polish home armies Affiliated National Security Corps the rkb and on several occasions the home Army would launch attacks on German forces that were assaulting the ghetto trying to take some of the pressure off the zob and zzw forces inside the walls that were resisting bravely one pkb unit led by Henrik basy ivanski even fought inside the ghetto many of the resistors would be young women who the Germans noted grimly fought as fiercely as their menfolk himler who had visited warsa in January 1943 ordered that the numerous armaments factories that had been established inside the ghetto along with their Jewish laborers and machines should be transferred to Lublin the process began on the morning of the 18th of janary when the temperature was minus 20° C gray army trucks loaded with 200 SS and 800 Ukrainian and Latvian SS auxiliaries roared into the center of the ghetto the Roundup was time to catch the 35,000 Jewish slave laborers on their way to work in the factories the SS fired indiscriminately into the crowds before beginning to Corral large numbers of people Preparatory to marching them to the rail head the sudden Nazi action caught the Jewish resistance organizations completely off guard trying to recover they broke out their meager supply of weapons or armed themselves with pipes sticks and Bottles the Germans soon had long Columns of Jews being herded towards the train depot when Anil ofit's Fighters suddenly opened fire whilst the stunned SS reacted to completely unexpected Jewish resistance another group of SS stormed a building where zob commander itak zukan and 40 of his Fighters were holed up zukan had placed two armed Lookouts in the large building's foyer and they carefully took no notice as the SS swaggered through the main door and started to the staircase suddenly one of the Lookouts pulled out a revolver and shot two of the Germans in the back the rest of the SS men shocked and suddenly wrong-footed by this act of resistance retreated from the building in some disarray with the rest of zukam man's fighters in Pursuit one more SS man was wounded in the intense gunfight that followed at Garo headquarters there was considerable consternation the action was a complete failure the Germans only managing to snatch 5,000 Jews instead of the 50,000 they had planned Fon saman Franken was humiliated the Germans were aware that Poland's resistance organization the home Army numbered over 380,000 well-armed personnel and throughout the occupation they feared what would happen if it Rose against Nazi rule the fear was that this sudden resistance by Jewish terrorists as the SS labeled them could spread to the non-jewish Polish population the home Army was indeed watching events in warsa with interest and was impressed by the bloody nose that a handful of poorly armed Jewish Fighters had managed to inflict on Hitler's Master race but the home Army would refuse all inent treaties to join in with the ghetto Rising preferring to wait until events favored them that is until the Red Army arrived close to the Polish Capital an event that in January 1943 was judged to be a long time off the Jewish leadership demanded weapons and ammunition to supplement what they had bought or manufactured and in February the home Army gave the zob 50 pistols and some hang grenades the zob organized itself for the defense of the warsa ghetto the problem for the fighters was that the ghetto was not contiguous rather since the mass deportations of 1942 large areas were empty of people and businesses the ghetto was now divided into three separate parts separated by depopulated zones the zob split into three regiments one for each sector with the regiments subdivided into squadrons of varying sizes nine squadrons under the command of anovitz Garrison the large Center ghetto eight under Zaman the area of the toin and Schultz armaments factories and five under Mark Adelman in the smaller brush makers District on the western edge of the center ghetto in total the zob now fielded about 500 Fighters such was the dire shortage of weapons that at this stage only one in 10 of the Fighters actually had a firearm messages were sent again to the Polish home Army asking for more weapons whilst teams went around the ghetto collecting old bottles and burned out light bulbs to be converted into Molotov cocktails drain pipes were cut up and converted into rudimentary grenades and a trickle of guns were bought off the Polish black market and smuggled into the ghetto the zob and zzw also conducted some house cleaning they had executed those members of the quizzing Jewish ghetto police that remained and also any gestapo or abair intelligence agents that had infiltrated the ghetto a number that sadly included a member of the uden Rat the Jewish resistance leaders knew that the Germans would return and avenge their loss of face as well as try to round up the workers they demanded so it was essential that the fighters construct bunkers from which to mount a prolonged defense of the ghetto Anil aitz criticized the bunker mentality of many of his co-leaders and instead pressed that the Jews use the upper stories and roofs of tall residential buildings to dominate the Germans his argument prevailed and zob units took post high up over the streets as well as helping to construct bunkers and tunnels down below Fon saman Franken was under considerable pressure from his superiors to get on with clearing the ghetto perhaps overconfident of his troops ability to complete the task and with little combat experience of his own fonan Franken decided to break into the ghetto on the 19th of April and complete the task that he had been set on the morning of the 19th the zob and other Jewish resistance groups were on high alert after word had reached them of German troops massing near the ghetto entrances this time the Jews would not be taken by surprise from their post the edge of the brush makers District Jewish Lookouts reported an a inspiring and terrifying sight hundreds of ss troops were forming up into companies the Ring of their Jack Boots on the streets was loud and portentious while behind them came a fleet of army trucks a couple of Tanks some armored half tracks light artillery pieces and motorcyclists the Germans clearly meant business even further back the Lookouts reported SS ambulances and fuel kitchens setting up communication trucks with tall radio mkks were also observed for the handful of Jewish Fighters it was a terrible moment these poorly armed civilians with only the most rudimentary training were about to face highly disciplined and motivated SS troops who outnumbered them many times over and had an awesome array of support weapons available as the Lookouts watched and listened to the crunch of marching Boots the growl of of diesel and petrol engines and the squeal of tank tracks on City roads the SS started singing the Nazi Party Anthem the HED vessel song carried into the ghetto the sound of death approaching the SS assault commenced at precisely 6 a.m. though perhaps the word assault is a little misleading maybe Von saman Franken thought that a show of force would cow the Jews into submission for the 1,000 men an SS column came on in parade ground formation marching six AB breast what the SS didn't realize was that they were marching straight into a trap the Walling in of the ghetto actually created problems for the Germans when it came to storming the place for it meant any attacking force would have to be funneled through one of the gates into the ghetto the Jewish resistance leaders realized that they could turn this to their advantage they stationed most of their Fighters and weapons to cover these Gates they had also buried in the roads homemade improvised explosive devices IEDs that could be set off electrically once the SS had been permitted to advance through the gate and down the Main Street lined on each side by tall buildings the IEDs were detonated with devastating results several SS men were literally blown to pieces and the explosions and flying shrapnel wounded many from the tall buildings the Jews Unleashed heavy fire the Germans were stuck inside a man-made Canyon and any movement forwards or backwards attracted fire about 500 yard away near the North End of cordial Street an identical battle was soon raging the SS also attempted to breach the ghetto wall on muranov Street while yet more SS tried to get into zamanov Street the main route to the railway Terminus where the Jews would be loaded onto trains and shipped East four Jewish units defended sanof Street determined to prevent any more of their people from being sent out of the Ghetto by train cordial Street was swept by Jewish fire and grenades were hurled down at the SS in desperation Fon saman Franken only made things worse by ordering Ford reinforcements which simply increased the number of targets for the Jewish Fighters German casualties mounted fighters on salhoff Street even managed to knock out a German tank with firebombs and explosive charges Fon saman Franken watched his Force being pox by the Jews from the safety of a nearby Hotel balcony this sort of thing wasn't supposed to happen to the SS moving inside he walked up to the tall lean officer whom himler had sent to find out what was going on we can't get into the ghetto said Fon and Franken EG shaking his head with disbelief as he he spoke SS brigado fura yurun stro curled his lip in disgust at his colleagues defe attitude what are your casualties Stroop inquired 12 dead at the last report the Jews have also wrecked a Panza and burned out two half tracks replied Fon saman Franken in a low voice a few minutes earlier stro had been on the phone with Fon saman Franken Superior in kov SSR fur frish vham Kruger Kruger was furious with the aristocratic Fon saman franken's dister performance and talked of having him arrested for imping the honor of the SS I'm assuming command snaap Stroop coldly to Fon saman Franken mobilize all forces at once stro was cut from very different cloth to Fon saman Franken and had the personal confidence of not just Kruger but himler himself born into a strict even fanatical Catholic Family in 1895 Stroop had served as a combat Soldier during the first world war he received the Iron Cross second class for bravery in 1915 and after the war took a job in a land registry he joined the Nazi party in 1932 and was soon commissioned in the SS working in mster and hurg during the German occupation of the San land in 1938 Stroop by now an SS shandan furer or Colonel continued to impress his superiors in Poland in 1939 to 40 stro commanded the notorious zel shuts in posan where the unit committed numerous atrocities between July and September 1941 stro commanded an infantry regiment of the third SS division Totten cop on the Eastern Front being awarded the class to his Iron Cross second class and the Infantry assault badge promoted to SS brigard fura on the 16th of September 1942 stro commanded the Zeo and SD of the higher SS and was police leader in Russia South later becoming SS and police leader in Lov in February 1943 it was from this post that himler selected the 48-year-old Stroup who remained a virent and extremely vocal anti-semite until his death to suppress the warsa ghetto Revolt although Jewish Fighters had successfully beaten off fan franken's ill coordinated assaults they remained extremely short of arms and ammunition further appeals were made to the Polish home Army but they only offered to help evacuate Jewish fighters from the ghetto and to have them join up with home Army units in the forests around warsa this was something that the fighters had no intention of doing at this stage of the battle stro reorganized the units that he had inherited from vonsan Franken and put together a fresh assault during the afternoon of the 19th of April to liquidate the ghetto strou had at its disposal 36 officers and 2,54 men from several parts of the third reich's armed services the main assault Force consisted of vafan ss troops from two training units these men had received about a month's training though their ncos and officers were all season combat veterans SS panser Grenadier training Battalion 3 VHA numbered 444 men and supplied Replacements to the third SS panag Grenadier division Totten cop the 386 man SS Cavalry training Battalion VHA part of the e8th SS Cavalry division Florian Gia was well armed and ideologically conditioned for the task at hand the ordinance pit or order police provided two small units for the operation first Battalion SS police regiment 20 2 of 97 men and Third Battalion SS police regiment 23 of 137 men the regular German Army was also involved in the battle providing a light Flack battery and two combat engineer units perhaps the most feared of the units that stro deployed were the 337 men of the Trav Niki first Battalion an auxiliary SS unit composed mostly of latvians many former Soviet prisoners of War noted for their barbarity towards the Jews Traves staffed concentration camps and regular SS officers and ncos and had a well-deserved reputation for violence and murder stro was particularly pleased with his Trav nikis noting that they couldn't speak Polish so they could not communicate with the Jews stroop's men assaulted the gate area at the intersection of zamenhof and Goose streets this time instead of blindly marching into the ghetto Stroop ordered a careful Advance with units covering each other as they move forward by rushers the idea was to deal with one strong point at a time then move on to the next street fighting as they went before the troops went in Stroop ordered a short artillery barrage causing a serious distraction that allowed his forward units to move into position unmolested the Germans then erected a temporary barricade out of hundreds of mattresses taken from a warehouse on the corner of goose and cordial streets by now the Jewish Fighters had opened up a heavy fire and grenades and Molotov cocktails soon set the barricade on fire the SS retreating with one man wounded in their Fury the SS entered the ghetto hospital and began shooting the patients in their beds it was Duren that first day the two Jewish boys climbed up to a tall building in movi square and hoisted the Polish national flag and the Star of David Banner of the zzw the flags managed to fly for 4 days despite repeated German efforts to capture the building upon which they flew the flags clearly visible to the rest of the Polish population in Warsaw it was a call to Arms to all poles regardless of their religion the last thing himler wanted was the non-jewish Poes joining in the revolt against the harsh German occupation of their country strou had discovered much to his shock and disuss that the Germans who were supposed to have managed and overseen the armaments factories inside the ghetto had actually allowed the Jewish workers a great deal of autonomy in running the concerns this meant that in the months leading up to the uprising Jews had access to chemicals for manufacturing explosives and even Army clothing and Equipment large amounts have been stolen and cashed ready for use when the Rebellion broke out the managers knew so little of their own Enterprises that the Jews were able to produce arms of every kind wrote an amazed Stroop to himler especially hang grenades Molotov cocktails Etc inside these shops the factories and Enterprises became strong points during the uprising the Jews setting up resistance bases and continuing to manufacture weapons and explosives during the course of of the struggle stro changed his tactics deploying units separately through previously defined fighting zones in this manner the Germans combed out each sector of the ghetto killing or rounding up Jewish Fighters as they went the fighters were forced from their positions on the rooftops to the basements bunkers and sewers the fighters largely composed of young Jews aged between 18 and 25 kept popping up to fight some decided to fight their way out of the ghetto the SS recorded one incident where a group climbed from a sewer Basin in proster onto a truck and escaped with a vehicle the group which numbered 30 to 35 people was well armed one fighter threw two hang grenades while the rest armed with carbines pistols and one light machine gun climbed onto the truck and drove off the Germans never recovered the truck or apprehended the fighters the SS closed off the sewer system to try and prevent Jews from escaping into the rest of warsa and then attempted to flood the system but the Jews managed to blow up the turnoff valves defeating stroop's attempt to drown them beneath the city during the 20th and 21st of April following bitter fighting the SS gained control of most of the residual ghetto the basement and Sewer bunkers that the Jews had constructed were large and well equipped with enough space for entire families to shelter some had washing and bathing facilities toilets arms and munition storage bins and food stocks for several months SS and Army troops storm one bunker after another using maximum force and causing Maximum Destruction and casualties resistance in the factory complexes was also fanatical one particularly difficult strong point was located inside the Army quartermaster's office SS troops tackled it on the 18th of April by bringing forward verar combat engineers armed with flamethrowers artillery was also used against the building but the Jewish Fighters inside wouldn't give up the whole edifice eventually being burned to the ground on the 19th of April with the fighters still inside after 5 days of fighting the ghetto was badly damaged many buildings were on fire or already gutted shells the rattle of small arms echoing down the ruined streets the occasional thump of a grenade or IED booming across the city the Germans discovered that flamethrowers were particularly effective at dealing with Jewish positions Stroop was under considerable pressure from above to contain the revolt and Crush all resistance as quickly as possible the whole episode was becoming an embarrassment for the SS and particularly for himler they all knew that only a few hundred poorly armed Jews were running rings around the much vaunted SS even the regular army was starting to make disparaging comments about the fighting abilities and Leadership of the SS more than one was comparing what was occurring inside the Warsaw Ghetto to the Monumental battle for Stalingrad coining the name ghog grad although the Germans managed to overrun cordial Street they were met by heavy resistance of munski square on the ghetto Northern Edge the building with the flags flew became a fort to Stroop trying to take it cost Stroop one officer killed and 52 men wounded stro changed tactics and decided to concentrate his efforts on capturing the smallest part of the ghetto the brush makers District when the SS tried to storm through the main gate the Jews detonated a huge IED that they had buried there killing and wounding many SS the Germans pulled back in some disarray on the 22nd of April following days of bitter fighting Stroop offered the Jewish Fighters surrender terms these were disdainfully rejected when the Jews opened fire on the two SS officers who came forward under a white flag to offer them they remained under no Illusions about what would happen to them if they fell into German hands regardless of stroops attempts to trick them into giving up Stroop with himler breathing down his neck and aware of how how his predecessor Fon saman Franken had fallen from Grace urged on his troops to complete the destruction of the ghetto with renewed brutality the fate of fansan Franken would stand as a stark warning of the consequences of failure before himler just two days after stroop's surrender offer to the ghetto Defenders fans saman Franken was Court marshal for ineptitude and accused of Defending Jews an interesting charge considering that he had been responsible for shipping over a quarter of a million East from Warsaw for resettlement found guilty Fon saman Franken was transferred to a Frontline anti-partisan unit and later killed in an ambush in Croatia in September 1944 on the 22nd of April after reorganizing his men Stroop launched another attack on the brush makers District but the defending Jewish units concentrated all of their Firepower on the SS Force group was rapidly becoming disillusioned with combat operations it was clear that the Jews were using the kinds of tactics that the Soviets had utilized so successfully at Stalingrad against the overwhelming Manpower and Firepower of the German sixth Army the Soviets called it hugging the enemy conducting very close quarter street fighting where the Germans could not use their support weapons or aerial superiority without fear of hitting their own men and simultaneously draining away the Germans numerical strength and morale stro quickly determined that to continue to launch conventional attacks on the various sectors of the ghetto would only result in ghetto grad and his probable removal from command himler was also growing increasingly nervous about the revolt on the 23rd of April he ordered Stroop to clear the ghetto with the greatest severity and ruthless tenacity this was good news for stro as it freed him from any concerns about causing damage to the city and its infrastructure he quickly formulated a fresh plan and telephone Krueger in kov I have therefore decided said stro to embark on the total Destruction of the Jewish quarter by burning down every residential block including the housing blocks belonging to the Armament Enterprises Krueger approved stroop's new method for ending the Revolt was to burn down all of the houses and buildings inside the ghetto using flamethrowers and to Dynamite basement Sellers and sewers in an effort to eradicate what both sides term bunkers massive fires swept through the ruined ghetto streets with many Jews perishing in the Flames or being shut down by German troops as they fled the conflagrations the sewer system proved difficult to capture SS police or Army troops entering sewers were often met by heavy fire the Germans resorted to hurling smoke grenades es down open manholes in an attempt to force the Jews out in a more coordinated effort 193 sewer entrances were opened at the same time and smoke bombs thrown in many of the ghetto Fighters suspected gas and fled to the center of the ghetto while explosives or gunfire killed numerous others after a few days the ghetto had been reduced to a pile of smoldering ruins it looked as though it had been carpet bombed by a Craft on the 27th of April Stroop ordered a large well-coordinated mopping up operation a force of 320 German and latian SS two tanks and some half tracks managed to clear out most of the remaining pockets of resistance around munski square but the Germans continued to be ambushed from behind Often by Jews dressed in captured SS uniforms which made the Germans very nervous and hesitant one tank was knocked out in an ambush and the Jews managed to hold out until Nightfall before either being killed or retreating whilst the fighting continued the German destruction policy had netted results thousands of Jews fled the fires and were rounded up by the SS for immediate transportation to the east by the 2nd of May Stroop was able to report to Krueger that he had apprehended a total of 4,237 Jews on the same day the Germans assaulted Mark adelman's position Army Engineers managed to blow away into the large bunker taking charge Adelman organized its defense the fighting lasted for 72 hours with seven German casualties reported half of the Jewish Fighters were killed and the rest managed to escape on the 6th of May the Germans withdrew from the vicinity and Adelman and the survivors moved to another bunker on Pleasant Street a vast underground complex that had been carefully constructed over the space of a year here morai anovitz and 300 zob and zzw Fighters were HED up the bunker was soon completely surrounded by the SS many of the fighters including anovitz killed themselves with poison on the 8th of May to avoid capture while Adelman and a handful of survivors somehow made it out and escaped apprehension and death the warsa ghetto Uprising officially ended on the 16th of May 1943 the occasion was marked when stro personally pushed the plunger to trigger explosives that the SS had rigged in War's great synagogue with the synagogue's symbolic destruction stro could report to himler the Jewish resistance in Warsaw had been brought to an end the SS and verak had destroyed a total of 6 31 bunkers throughout the ghetto with typical chonic efficiency the SS collected and cataloged all the weapons that they had captured or recovered after the battle it was not an impressive Hall considering the doggedness of the resistance that the Germans had encountered of course many weapons were not recovered being buried under collapsed buildings destroyed by fire or taken out of the Ghetto by the surviving Fighters the SS listed just seven polish one Russian and one German rifle captured along with 59 pistols of various makes several hundred hang grenades Molotov cocktails and homemade explosives the SS also recovered 1,240 German uniforms that the resistors often used to travel around the ghetto during the fight or to launch ambushes against the SS the destruction rought to the Center of Warsaw was staggering just eight buildings were left in intact after the uprising sporadic resistance continued and it was not until the 5th of June 1943 that the last shots were exchanged between the remnants of the ghetto Fighters and the German forces for those Jews who were captured or remained in the ghetto at the conclusion of the uprising their fate was transportation to camps in the East over 13,000 ghetto inmates had perished dur the uprising and 50,000 were herded onto cattle trains and shipped out of 7,000 Jews who had been transported to trinka on the 19th of April shortly before the uprising started many would be involved in fermenting a fresh Revolt that occurred in the camp on the 2nd of August 1943 according to SS records the Germans lost 17 men killed from the warsa ghetto Uprising and 101 wounded though these figures may be on the conservative side group records that a total of 265,000 ghetto Jews were transported from warsa to trinka between the 22nd of July and the 12th of September 1943 closing the ghetto himla was pleased with stroop's leadership during the operation to liquidate the ghetto and he was awarded the Iron Cross first class for the major perpetrators Justice for the uprising came in many forms the Polish underground instituted a British sponsored operation Burl in October 1943 deliberately targeting France Burl a senior Nazi official in the general government who was cut down by assassins from the Polish home Army in warsa as mentioned feran Fon saman Franken was killed in an ambush in Croatia by Yugoslav partisans in 1944 odilo gnik committed suicide in May 1945 to avoid war crimes charges yuran stro the man who had orchestrated the crushing of the uprising with the utmost brutality was arrested by the US Army in 1945 and subsequently handed over to the poles stro was hanged in Warsaw in March 1952 totally unrepentant to the end another warsa ghetto administrator SS hom fura France Conrad whom the ghetto inmates had nicknamed the king of the ghetto as he had considerably enriched himself by stealing valuables of the Jews was also hanged by the poles in Warsaw in 1952 but by and large the SS and travnik who did the actual killing either didn't survive the war or managed to reintegrate into post-war society and never face prosecution the Brave and determined stand of the Warsaw Jews showed the world that the Jews were not prepared to submit to destruction without a fight and the fight had both alarmed and deeply unsettled the Germans but the Germans also learned many valuable lessons from the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising lessons that they would soon put to good use when it came to liquidating the other major Jewish ghettos for the resistance in Warsaw was not the last time the Jews Rose in defense of their ghettos but it Remains the largest and most famous of the ghetto revolts many thanks for watching please subscribe and share there and also visit my video channel Mark Felton Productions you can also help to support both of my channels at PayPal and patreon details in the description box below [Music]