Diode characteristics || forward bias 11th physics practical #11thphysics @a2zpractical991

Hello friends and welcome to my channel. So, friends, I am Sachin Sukla, and you are watching A to Z Practical. So, friends, today's experiment is the last practical of Physics 11. It is a practical number, 12. So basically, it exhibits diode characteristics. What are diode characteristics? It is divided into two parts. One is forward bias and the other is reverse bias. So we are going to solve for the forward bias here. And reverse bias is as it is. So you'll know how to do it. Basically, I'll solve one and show you. I will also plot its graph. So friends, please subscribe to the channel and support me. So I can make many more videos for you. You can also watch all the chemistry videos on it. I have uploaded it. Go to the playlist and check it out. So, friends, this is our diode characteristics. What does PN injection do? Basically, it checks the diode characteristics. So we will first see how to wire it. Here you are looking at the ammeter. Here you are looking at the voltmeter. And I will also tell you how to write. You must be seeing this practical here. These are the diode characteristics. I will check it with the aid of PN injection. Here you are looking at the observation table. Forward bias, reverse bias. You have to do this. I will show you this. Voltage is written here. So how much voltage comes in here? It will be written here. How much current is entering the ammeter? It will be written here. So let's connect it quickly. How to connect? Friends, we're going to need a lot of banana plugs. These are black banana cables. And we have some red banana cables. You are watching. So I will tell you how this black one will look. Then put the other one into the first one. Okay. You can do it like this. Then you have to take this red one. You have to take this red one. You have to connect the red one to this red one. You have to take the black one. You have to take a black wire. You have to put it in here. Okay. You are seeing. You have to establish both connections here. Now what do you have to do? This. This is what you will put in here. You see this banana wire. There is a hole here. You can put it in here easily. So you have to attach it here. And you have to attach this one here. Okay. After that. You have to take this one. You have to attach it here. And the other part of it. This one. This was the terminal. This terminal. You have to attach it here. Okay. Your connection is completely ready. You are observing the voltage control here. You have to rotate it slowly. Whatever voltage comes, you have to measure it. For now, I have this plug. I put it. And I turn it on to see if it's working or not. So I put it here. And I turn it on here. What do you have to do? Friends. It will be closed for you. What do you have to do? You have to turn it on immediately. Okay. The red light is on here. Now what do you have to do? You have to rotate it slowly. This side. And you have to observe the current in milliamperes and the voltmeter reading. How much is coming? Basically, I will tell you that it is constant up to 0.6. It remains constant up to 0.5. If it goes, then this reading remains constant in millimeters. What remains? It remains constant. But as you will see above, 0.5 and 0.6, it will go. Similarly, we will observe a slight fluctuation in it. And what do we need to do in millimeters? We have to write. So now I increase it slowly. So you're seeing it increase as I do. So it's increasing here. Okay. Did you notice there was a slight fluctuation? But did it fluctuate? No. Let's increase it further. It is not increasing here again. It is not increasing. Okay. I've increased it up to here. But again, there is no movement in it. So let's increase it even more. So you can see that I'm increasing it. Where did it go? Before 6. Now we have to observe a slight fluctuation in it. When it was just a little before six. So here it is, just ahead of about 0. You know, I'll tell you one more thing. After 0 in millimeters, the single line you are seeing, the two lines you are seeing. So the list count of this is 0.1 of that line. How much is it? 0.1 And the list count of this is 0.01. How much is it? The numbers after 0 are 0.01. And how many are there in the millimeter count? The numbers you are seeing after 0, the line that is drawn. How much is it? It is 0.1. Okay. What do you have to do now? You can see that I've raised it to 0.5 here. I've taken it up to 0.5. What is the count of this list? One line has fluctuated. So how much will it be? I will tell you by writing here. First, you see the list count. First, you see the voltmeter's count list. It is 0.01. And the millimeter count on the list is 0.1. Now when I took the first reading on the voltmeter, you saw that when I started from 0, You saw that there was no fluctuation in the millimeter. But as soon as I set it to 0.01 here, there was no fluctuation. After that, I took 0.02, and there was no fluctuation. I took 0.03, and there was no fluctuation again. I took 0.04, and there was no fluctuation again. But as soon as I set it to 0.5, I got a fluctuation of 0.1 here. One reading proceeded. Now let's do it for 0.6. For whom will we do it? For 0.06. And let's see what happens. So right now there is 0.06 here. So I will do it now. So if I keep it at 0.6, then my reading is coming in here. How much is it going to cost? 1, 2, 3, 4. 0.4 is coming. How much is it going to cost? 0.4 So I will write 0.4 here. Okay. Now let's see how much is coming for 0.07. So I will increase it a bit. I'll take it up to 7 and see how much it comes to. So it went to 7, and how much came here? One line was 0.1. So if you count up to 10, then to reach 2, you will need 10 lines. So it will be 1. How many 0.1s are there in 4? Again, there are 10 lines. So how much will it be? How much will it be? It will be 2 and it will be 2.1. So how much is coming here at 7? How much is it coming to here at 7? 2.1 So how much is coming at 0.7? 2.1 Okay. What am I supposed to do now? I do it at 8. I make a small 8 fluctuation. So you're looking at 8. So this is 1. This is 2. This is 3. This is 4. And this will be 4.5. How much will it be? How much will it be at 0.08? 4.5 Now the last one is ours. I'll take one more here. For 2.082, how much is our reading coming in here? You are seeing that it will be 1. 2, 3, 4, 5. How much is it going to cost to come here? 5 Okay. So what will we do now? This is 5. Okay. For 0.082, how much will it be? This is 5. Now we will plot its graph. Against the positive voltage, which is our ammeter. What will we do against it? We will plot the forward graph. You also have reverse bias like this. Let me show you by calculating the graph first. So, friends, what do you have to do now? I need to draw a line against the x-axis and y-axis. Okay. And I tell you that if you want a lot of practical things like this, then subscribe to my channel. So that I can get motivated. But you're not doing it. So let's see this. So let me tell you the scale on the y-axis first. What will be my y-axis? The y-axis is equal to 1 cm. I am taking 1 cm to be equal to 0.5 mm. And on the x-axis, I will use a scale where 1 cm equals 0.01 volt. I'm drawing here now. 2.5, 3.0, 3.5. Now it will come up here to 4.5. And my reading level went up to 5. So I take it up to 5 here. And I will plot the x-axis as it is. 0.03, 0.04, 0.05. And it will be 0.06. 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09. I'll take it up to here. Okay. Now my first reading was here. You will see my first reading here. We are at 0. So you'll see that my voltage is 0 at 0. But how long did it last? You are seeing that it has risen to 0.04. So I'll quickly draw. 0 at 0.01, 0 at 0.02, 0 at 0.03, 0 at 0.04. Now let's see how much is 0.1 at 0.05. You are seeing 0.5 there. I'll raise it a bit. What is 0.06? It is 0.4. So I'll take 0.4. What is 0.07? It is 2.1. What is 0.07? It is 2.1. Okay. Now how much is 0.08? It is 4:05. So this is my 4 and this is 4.5. And how much is 0.082? It is 5. Okay. This is 5. Now what you have to do is create a graph with a good slope. See how I'm doing it. You have to make it like this. Okay. See this line. You must address this point. And you have to keep creating graphs like this. What am I supposed to do now? I will determine its slope. I will address two points here. And I will draw a triangle like this. And I will create a slope from it. Okay. So you have to take two points. And you have to create a triangle like this. So, friends. You can see that my slope has turned out like this. So I've taken one or two points like this. And I have drawn a line here. Okay. And I have formed a triangle from it. You are seeing this slope here. You are seeing a slope here. Okay. You will get a slope like this. So you take any two points and draw a line. And make a triangle there. So that I can get RD. BC divided by AB. BC means that I will take any two points. And I will get the slope (RD) by doing Y2 minus Y1 divided by X2 minus X1. Okay. I'll get the RD. So what is RD equal to? BC divided by AB. Okay. So how much will BC be? Y2 minus Y1 equals X2 minus X1. Now how much is Y2? 0.5 minus 4.5 divided by X squared will be how much? -0.02 If you subtract, you will get this amount. Minus minus will cancel out. Now if you divide this 4.0 by 0.02. If you divide 4 by 0.02, you will get 200 ohms. Okay. Now what do you have to do, friends? Now what you have to do is that you have got the answer. So what will be the knee voltage for this forward bias? My reading was 0 until here. But suddenly, what happened here at 0.05? It started here. That means you are observing the fluctuation. How many millimeters is it? So this will be our knee voltage. Where did the fluctuation begin? At 0.05. Okay. So what should I write here? 0.05 How much R&D do we have? You are seeing from the calculation. You are seeing 200 ohms. But we have not yet discovered RD. It was reverse bias. So you have to do this. Okay. So do one thing. If you like this video, then subscribe to this channel. So that I can get motivated. Thank you.