"GOOD CONTENT"#architecture#castle Go inside Windsor Castle for an expert-led tour of George IV's Gothic makeover, the Waterloo Chamber, and the reborn St George's Hall.
On the banks of the River Thames, Windsor has housed a royal stronghold since the Normans arrived in 1066. Today it remains central to the monarchy and has been a royal palace longer than any other building in Europe. Guided by curator Kate Hurd, we explore how generations reshaped this fortress, with Edward III’s grand ambitions and, centuries later, George IV’s sweeping transformation.
George IV turned Windsor into a modern royal residence while honoring its medieval story. He opened a dramatic entrance hall in reimagined Gothic, designed to astonish guests arriving via the Long Walk. Queen Victoria later bricked off this vast space and altered the stair, but it has now been reopened so visitors can appreciate George IV’s original intent.
Climbing the grand staircase to the State Apartments, we pass displays of arms and armour from the Royal Collection, echoing the guard chain that once protected these rooms. In the Waterloo Chamber, Sir Thomas Lawrence’s powerful portraits of Wellington and allied leaders celebrate the defeat of Napoleon. Commissioned from 1814, before Waterloo, the series acknowledges George III’s role while showcasing George IV’s curatorial eye. The chamber, once open air in Edward III’s apartments, was roofed and finished in Queen Victoria’s reign, enriched with Grinling Gibbons woodcarving reused from Charles II’s chapel.
St George’s Hall, the world-famous setting for feasts and state occasions, carries Edward III’s legacy above an undercroft recently opened to the public. After the 1992 fire, the hall was rebuilt with a soaring green-oak hammerbeam roof. Shields of the Knights of the Garter line the walls, and a striking champion’s armour recalls the last coronation appearance at George IV’s banquet, when the mounted champion rode into Westminster Hall to cast down his gauntlet.
In an octagonal room we encounter the imposing figure of Henry VIII, before entering the Crimson Drawing Room: peak George IV in French neoclassical taste, with gilt doors and commissioned furniture, much of it brought from Carlton House. Badly damaged in 1992, it was reconstructed from original watercolours, a space where the reclusive, infirm monarch surrounded himself with beauty and craftsmanship.
AI Generated·May contain errors
Ever since William the Conqueror came here almost a thousand years ago
Windsor on the banks of the River Thames has been home to a castle.
Windsor Castle isn't just one of the Queen's favourite palaces, it is absolutely central
to the monarchy. It has been a royal palace for longer than any other building in Europe.
The story begins around a thousand years ago, the Normans arrived here, they conquered England in 1066
and they chose this spot next to a strategic river crossing over the Thames and dominating
London to the west as a place for a stronghold. They built this artificial mound, they put a
tower on top of it and since then kings and queens have enlarged and invested on a gigantic scale.
Edward III turned this into one of the great royal residences, spending more money on this
than any other secular project of the time and as a result today it is magnificent.
To get an exclusive tour I'm meeting curator Kate Hurd.
Hello Kate, how are you? Thanks for having me in your castle.
I always think of Windsor as a sort of medieval fortress but actually it's like a palatial
stately home isn't it? Well it's a medieval castle but the castle you see today is largely
the work of George IV who was king from 1820. And he turned it into a sort of a modern house?
He did, he inherited a castle which had been changed from the medieval castle in the 17th
century, his parents had made some changes and for him it didn't work as a modern royal residence so
he set about this huge programme of rebuilding and reconstructing and redesigning. This is
beautiful here isn't it? This is just wonderful, this is his original entrance hall so he opened
it up so his visitors would come through that door and would be able to walk into this magnificent
space. But this feels a little bit to me like a 19th century gothic but we think of being later
in the century do we? It is absolutely, it was always the entrance to the castle but it was a
smaller entrance. George III had had a staircase coming up but George IV opens it up but he's so
aware of the medieval history of the castle he does it in that gothic style. So for people who
don't know what I'm talking about this is kind of fake really? It's reimagined gothic, fake in a sense
but reimagined. They were very consciously looking back to particularly the reign of Edward III who
was another great builder at the castle, creates this amazing vaulting system. It's stunning isn't
it? And yet and so I guess visitors come here and think oh medieval in fact it's only 150, 200 years
old? Absolutely, George IV have been wanting to get his hands on Windsor for so long and he really
goes to town with this medieval history when he does. You say that is that because Windsor is in
some ways the sort of spiritual core of the of the English and British monarchy? It's the medieval
fortress, he's very interested in medieval history. It's possibly the most imposing residence
remember Buckingham Palace which is now really grand. When he inherited it was quite a small
townhouse his mother had lived in so this is the grandest and most imposing of the royal residences.
And I guess it's the one associated with Edward III that they all love. Absolutely.
Charles II was very fond of it here as well. He'd also lived here as a boy, I mean remember
it's his family home as Prince of Wales so he has a great fondness for the place. So this is their,
are they allowed to say, but is this their sort of premier residence? I think for George IV it is the
one that he is becomes most interested in. It's the one that he really, we know that he spends hours
poring over the redesigns, he becomes really occupied by it so I think for him it is the
castle that he, or the residence that he spends the most time on. And what about the
Victoria, his niece, what did she make of it? Well Queen Victoria inherited it and she also made
great changes to the castle so the space that we're in, you can hear it echoing, you can hear
the the size of it, she bricks it off. She changes the staircase again, she bricks it off, she doesn't
want this grand entrance and it's only now that it's been opened up again and we can appreciate
that great vision of George IV who wanted his guests to come up that wonderful approach,
the long walk through those doors. Definitely, why did Victoria brick it off? I think she just,
again, it's a different time, the castle has different needs, you know, each generation
needs something different from it. Amazing. Right, where are we off to next? I think let's go to the
State Apartments. Let's do it. This is the grandest staircase I've ever seen in my life. Isn't it
wonderful? It's the entrance to the State Apartments with George IV looking over it.
Looking at all the visitors to his new rooms. Absolutely, yes. And a huge amount of weapons,
arms and armour. Yes, all from the Royal Collection, that historic collection that goes right the way
back but George IV is a big collector of arms and armour as well. He's obsessed with the military,
wasn't he? Absolutely, everything he can do, he's not allowed to fight but he forms this
incredible collection. And even more muskets and swords here. Absolutely, in the medieval
castle this space would have formed a guard chamber, it would have protected the State
Apartments so that this displays reflect that function. And I'm trying to think, Wintercastle,
I think it was threatened during the Civil War at King John when Prince Louis came over.
Was it besieged at the time? No other besiegers as it were, Henry VIII I know during the Pilgrimage
of Grace was here and there was a worry that it would be besieged but it wasn't, it wasn't.
So now which room is this? Just this way. Isn't it stunning? Wow. This is the Waterloo Chamber
which holds this incredible series of portraits largely by Sir Thomas Lawrence
of the men who were responsible for the defeat of Napoleon in the early 19th century. We've got
Wellington up there. Absolutely. The commander at Waterloo, Blucher, his key ally at Waterloo.
It's an incredible series of portraits. Emperor of Austria. Yes. So George IV was very kind to
let his dad go above the mantlepiece. George III is the monarch who is ruling the country so
at that point our George is Prince Regent so he acknowledges his father's role but he puts himself
in very clear second place. I love this because this is basically all the crowned heads and the
leading aristocratic military all who for whom Napoleon represented an existential threat so
this is a giant celebration. Yes and this commission starts before the Battle of Waterloo.
It dates from 1814 when they thought that Napoleon had been defeated and George sends
Thomas Lawrence out to make these incredible paintings and the half lengths of the statesman
as well he's acknowledging the role of statesmanship in that creating that piece
Was this room always a sort of banqueting hall? No, in the medieval castle you're standing in
the open air so you're in one of Edward III's courtyards in the middle of a run of
apartments and George IV had commissioned these incredible paintings. He wants a Waterloo gallery
and this space is earmarked for it but it's not really finished until after his death
so it's roofed over and then these wonderful lights are added and it's not really finished
until the reign of Queen Victoria. How funny I always think of a very modern idea which you
take your big atrium your big courtyards and turn them into an atrium but actually we're doing it
in the 19th century. Absolutely it's a it's a wonderful use of the space and the space also
looks back to the earlier castle to the 17th century castle you see these wonderful pieces
of wood carving and they're taken from Charles II's chapel there by Grinling Gibbons reused in
this space and they work wonderfully here. Wow this is St George's Hall which is world famous
fantastic and has always had the function of a great hall for meetings for feastings
for great occasions. And this was a medieval hall? Originally this space was Edward III's
we still have Edward III's under Croft beneath which is just recently opened up for the first
time it becomes under Charles II a very baroque space it looks very different with wall paintings
and under George IV it's turned again into a medieval looking space a gothic space and he
lengthens the hall by essentially knocking the chapel and the hall together but it's not entirely
successful his ceiling his gothic ceiling is quite low and everything is plaster essentially a plaster
fake for a medieval building. The 1992 fire affected this space very badly so what you see
again is the reconstruction in 1992 of this great sort of gothic space this amazing hammerbeam
ceiling roof designed by Giles Downes it's in green oak it's a it's a masterpiece of
craftsmanship which the hall has always been all that way back. It's amazing it's so something so
British about this that it's a it's a reconstruction of a reimagining of a and yet so it's both
very historic and very long but also ever-changing. Ever-changing but always grounded in history and
the it reflects the importance of the castle as the seat of the Order of the Garter which is the
oldest order of chivalry founded again by Edward III in 1348 and so the shields you can see
decorating the space are the shields of the Knights of the Garter all the way back. Really?
Yes. That's a remarkable continuity isn't it? It's stunning. A lot of arms and armour on the walls
again I'm noticing a theme here. Yes. And what's that? That's a very fine one up there. That's wonderful
that is the champion's armour which was last used at the coronation of George IV. What's that?
That is traditionally going all the way back to the middle ages a champion defends the king's
honour after he's been crowned and issues a challenge to anyone who may want to challenge
the new kings and throws down his gauntlet and that is the armour that's worn by the champion
it's a hereditary office. Really? Yes. Whoever that was and his father and his grandfather would
ride through the coronation? It's the Dimmock family absolutely and George IV is the last
person to have had the champion appear at his coronation. And so he rides a horse through
the party and throws down the gauntlet? He does indeed through the coronation banquet for George
IV in Westminster Hall and the horse rides in as part of the part of the ceremony. What happens
if you know grandson Dimmock was a bit of a softy? He still gets to do it. And they have still have
functions in there? Still used as a space that is for for feasting for state occasions it's still
used in the way that Edward III would have been familiar with. And there's as we leave there's
looking down on what he's built. It's a nice little room isn't it? Isn't it fantastic that
octagon looking back again to the medieval precedent places like Uni Cathedral would be
the octagon there. And who's this? Is this Henry VIII? This is Henry VIII yes. I don't believe it that's so cool.
You get that sense of the figure don't you? Really imposing presence just amazing. They must have had
to let that out slightly. Yes well I think it was probably made for him in his mature years.
And then we've got all the silver and some of that wonderful silver and gilt from the Royal
Collection really stunning pieces. I suppose this just accumulated over hundreds of years.
Absolutely just added to by each generation. That's amazing that's unique the continuity of the
of the British state and its royal tradition means that you must just have centuries and
centuries of all these treasures. Absolutely yes all each monarch is also aware of the history
so you get George IV looking back to the Middle Ages and looking back to the Baroque period
and building on that when he's building his own collection so you get those that awareness of
the layers too. Where next? This way. So this is the really wonderful crimson drawing room. Wow
this is the this is peak George IV. It's just so opulent and gorgeous. It is it was one of his
private apartments it's one of his one of his his major reception rooms so he would have private
guests here but it's it's one of his. So we're getting close to his tastes and his. I think we're
right in the middle of his taste here it's very different from the rest of the castle it's it's
in this French neoclassical taste that he loved all his life it's it's a it's a stunning space.
And it's this French you know these objects that he purchased are now so famous at Buckingham
Palace and everywhere else because he just hoovered this stuff up didn't he? Absolutely I mean all this
wonderful furniture was commissioned by him to furnish obviously he's he's got a small residence
as prince and then he gains Buckingham Palace he gains Windsor Castle he needs all this furniture
to to to to to fill it up so he commissions these wonderful suites of furniture just stunning. I just
love the gilding detail on these doors. Yes some of the gilding on the doors was bought from Carlton
House again and so he brings quite a bit of material from Carlton House the fireplace is
actually dates from 1807 before this room was established and is is from Carlton House and
was brought here when Carlton House's London residence was demolished. And does this room
survive the Great Fire? No very sadly this room was very badly damaged but it was reconstructed
using the original documents from George IV's reign and when George IV is planning this room
a set of really magnificent watercolours are made for him to show what the room might look like
and that archive he uses in planning his spaces is then reused in the 1990s for planning this space
and it's beautiful he would have felt very at home in this room even though it is largely
reconstructed. So in the centre of this gigantic royal palace administrative headquarters medieval
you think this is kind of George IV's personal space? I think this is where we we meet him
most of all his his the place where he would have relaxed he would have he's got his portraits of
his sisters on the wall I think he you know he would have enjoyed this space. And he was a sad
man in many ways he was extraordinarily infirm with a variety of illnesses towards the end of
his life it's strange to think of him sitting here in those declining years when he was almost
a recluse wasn't he? He was a recluse he didn't like people looking at him he was he'd been
tortured by satirists he'd been he really did withdraw during during his reign that 10-year
reign but he surrounded himself with these incredible objects he'd collected and he
clearly takes such pleasure in craftsmanship and beauty and this beautiful sort of skill in creating
things in textures and colour so you can imagine he was very happy in these rooms. Isn't it funny
that he probably felt insecure because compared to say George II or the Duke of Cumberland you
know his martial relatives he'd never fought on the battlefield and yet actually what the
modern world looks for now is a collector in terms like you know so his reputation is probably
higher than ever. We can appreciate him now for these amazing things he left us this incredible
collection he formed.