
The solar Zeeman effect

[1] P. Zeeman, "Over de invloed eener magnetisatie op den aard van het door een stof uitgezonden licht - II," Versl. Kon. Ak. Wet. 5, 242 (1896)
[2] W. Herschel, "XIII. Observations tending to investigate the nature of the sun, in order to find the causes or symptoms of its variable emission of light and heat; with remarks on the use that may possibly be drawn from solar observations," Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 91:265 (1801)
[3] W. Herschel, "III. On the nature and construction of the sun and fixed stars," Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 85:46 (1795)
[4] J. N. Lockyer, "III. Spectroscopic observations of the sun," Proc. R. Soc. 15: 256 (1867)
[5] C. A. Young, "The Sun," D. Appleton (1881)
[6] A. Cortie, "Bands observed in the spectra of sun-spots at Stonyhurst Observatory," MNRAS 47, 19 (1886)
[7] Ch. Fievez, Bull. de I’Academie de Belgique 9, 381 (1885)
[8] P. Zeeman, "On the influence of magnetism on the nature of the light emitted by a substance," Phil. Mag. 43, 226 (1897)
[9] P. Zeeman, "On the influence of magnetism on the nature of the light emitted by a substance," Ap. J. 5, 332 (1897)
[10] W. M. Mitchell, "Results of Solar Observations at Princeton, 1905-1906," Ap. J. 24, 78 (1906)
[11] W. M. Mitchell, "Researches in the Sun-Spot Spectrum, Region F to α," Ap. J. 22, 4 (1905)
[12] G. E. Hale, "Solar Vortices," PASP 20, 203 (1908)
[13] G. E. Hale, "Solar Vortices and the Zeeman Effect," PASP 20, 220 (1908)
[14] P. Zeeman, "Solar magnetic fields and spectrum analysis," Nature 78, 369 (1908)
[15] G. E. Hale, "On the Probable Existence of a Magnetic Field in Sun-Spots," Ap. J. 28, 315 (1908)
[16] G. E. Hale, "The Magnetic Polarity of Sun-Spots ," Ap. J. 49, 153 (1919)
[17] H. W. Babcock, "Remarks on Stellar Magnetism," PASP 59, 112 (1947)
[18] J. C. Kemp et al. "Discovery of Circularly Polarized Light from a White Dwarf ," Ap. J. 161, L77 (1970)
[19] J. Trümper et al. "Evidence for strong cyclotron line emission in the hard X-ray spectrum of Hercules X-1," Ap. J. 219, L105 (1978)
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Video Summary
AI GeneratedThis video details the history of the Zeeman effect and its application in discovering magnetic fields beyond Earth. It traces the journey from early sunspot mysteries and unrecognized spectral anomalies to Pieter Zeeman's laboratory discovery and George Ellery Hale's definitive proof that sunspots are regions of intense magnetic activity, fundamentally advancing stellar physics.
