Ancient India | Lec 22 | Chola | Cheras | Pandyas | Tamilnadu Book Series| StudyIQ IAS

A very warm welcome to all of you on our YouTube channel I'm Chandan Sharma your history instructor And this is our Tamil Nadu Bux series in progress I've already told you quite a few times about this series But for those who are seeing this session for the first time I'd like to briefly remind them of what this series is about Look many of you children are preparing for the UPSC exam Those preparing for the civil services have begun their preparations Or perhaps you've already made one or two attempts Or perhaps you've already made significant progress in your preparation And preparing for the 2026 prelims Wherever your position may be If you want to excel in history So everyone inside knows you're here at ancient Indian history is an important part If 16 questions are coming in So there are a total of 4 awards So back here Ancient India's We're speeding up now and this week a significant portion of your content on the Sangam Age chapter is going to be completed Books are being read but many things beyond the book should also be understood because you people are unaware of what these books truly represent These books are specifically designed for students preparing for their 11th and 12th state board exams so when we use UPAC as a reference for our preparation we follow these materials closely It requires some further extrapolation of certain ideas and it works best when you read this book under a faculty member's guidance That's why we're covering strong lecture content and deep dives on all of Sara's material and I've already shared everything with you in PDF form To access this PDF simply join this Telegram channel the Cis Live Group under UP AC and scan the QR code inside to reach the channel once here you can browse through a small portion of the content Any doubts you have about rolling up I've also covered them in the video messages I'll clear it up the vaccine and we'll head over here just like before You've received the lecture notes and link and in addition we've shared everything else available so far The lecture has been pinned here's the link All lectures will be available to you directly on this Telegram channel and you'll receive the complete 18-lecture PDF right away As you can see the Tike Moraine Administration has a pretty good PDF—I made it for you with practice included Take the Ques that you can use to thoroughly prepare your basics and I'll forgive you I apologize if during the first few minutes it seems like Sir is just rambling on without clarity—my apologies for that Please understand we’re thinking about everyone not just your preparation We’re the faculty Whoever watched Lecture 21 also needed to see this and it was essential to revise it as well because Today I'll practice some MCQs and give you some tests so that Lecture 21 makes more sense to me You'll find out which child is the regular one—exactly right very welcome you're now Abhishek Lakshmi Kashish Shrivani Ishaa That everyone's welcome so let's begin—first and foremost the important term the important term is Nadar Tika what exactly is this important term I'm not sure what you're trying to say but the important term here is "ancient history " because as I was about to explain when it comes to ancient history I've already told you everything worth knowing about the subject Stay focused on five key elements: concept terms myth exception and distinctiveness We focus on those aspects In ancient history if you examine the questions closely most are based on concepts rather than facts So there's a term called Movender—can anyone in the comments explain what it means MovenDer is the most essential term Many children don't even know what these are And this is a very basic fact It is mentioned in the book from Tamil Nadu It has been clearly stated in Tamil Nadu Those three dentists you know— Sangam Age Chola Chera and Pandya One moment Satyavati has become the vaccine You've become a true soul something more The little chief was also there along with the vaccines But the three major dentists who were involved were Sangam Az's about whom There is also a great deal of mention of Sangam literature Chola Chera and Pandya What are these collectively called Muvendar says vaccines What is it collectively called Muvendar Vaccines are referred to as "Muvender " So about these movers and shakers About these three Tamil ruling families From Sangam literature So it seems you already know about Ashok Even in the edicts of Ashoka the inscriptions found in Kandahar Even within it its description is given to us Meets as in Ashoka's inscriptions and you will list it even in the foundation If you go into detail you'll find that Ashok is Neither of the two major addicts were vaccinated I'm telling you this directly Just noting it down here for you Two majors were addicted to rock these Who were the Rauk addicts Rauk addicts 13 and Rauk Addict 2nd Vaccine In the 2nd and 13th Rauk Addict these Muvender Term has been referred to Vaccines these questions may arise or perhaps not previous year questions from 1997 If asked we would have found out the address there e ones who were crowned these were the three crowned kings tiké these were the three crowned gs namely Chera Chola and Pandya around the 3rd century BC Around the 1st century BCE they controlled major agrarian territories trade routes and towns in Tamil Nadu Akkam Tamil Akkam Here as you people write In Tamilakam they had control over agrarian territories and trade routes towns in the inscriptions of Ashoka they are described as third-century It dates back to the 3rd century BC which is the same as the 3rd century BC They exactly existed the confluence In literature Sangam literature because A lot of our content has already been missed Thus when we explore Sangam literature or Sangam poems we encounter references to the Forest Century a time marked by this final profound problem—this great challenge that we might say is best addressed by the fox That the Tartar Sengchuri B C had been consistently supporting this mover don't you see This is not about thinking my dear child—YouTube has its own algorithm one that detects when someone is using offensive language The translation must be accurate natural and fluent with no omissions or distortions So why is he causing trouble at Narn So let's make this clear: if it ever comes up in front of you for instance if I give you a sample— If the examiner were not a strict one he could give an excuse Excuse in He could say that the movers being the ones involved would first of all not even admit that I am I'm talking about Chola Chera Pandya and he'll say "Muvendhar Tikke Muvendhar said he believed it " Two hundred years roughly from the third century BCE to the third century CE We associate this literary tradition with the Tamil tradition from the third century BCE to the third century CE In the comment section please carefully explain what combination this would make based on your option: option A states that both the action and reason are correct and the action is also the correct explanation option B claims that the action and reasoning is incorrect Chaniye lay quietly in a secluded corner of the garden undisturbed who were in the dark even the one who had been left behind had realized that I was the one who had been waiting all along And they were creating distant scattered literature from the third century BCE to the third century CE It was you who had been so close to me just like how you shake me now and you were always such a good one Son we'll be doing real-time anchoring okay So dear Abhishek please share your comments in the section below Please take a screenshot send it to me and share the screenshot of your comment section on this WhatsApp number: double 710678413 Only then can I assist you further Okay = 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Alright then I'd like to proceed with anchoring from my end okay and this applies to the rest as well Also a message to stay consistent with your sessions and keep moving forward okay Everyone's day will come Good luck Abhishek Because Sangam literature undoubtedly spans from the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE but within Sangam literature there is no mention of Muwinder We have information starting from the 1st century CE onward and similarly we have information from the 1st century BCE onward This is a very important corollary that we’ve grasped by reading the lines between the lines in this brief slide My prediction is this and it will come true Within the upcoming UPSC Civil Services Exam More insights into South Indian history will soon be revealed Because the Southern States are ours She's a bit upset as she walks away Because they feel that under the new Education Policy Thus the government imposes such taxes That UPSC has asked tough questions Taken in this manner some steps have been taken So that Southern States remains assured of them Yeah everything's fine we'll be okay at South and our history are given due importance Another addict in Ashok's circle Described in relation to the chief Little is said about the movers And Muvendra knows why they say In the Tamil language what is number 3 called Number 3 is known as Moonthru It's called Moon through Munthru and number three is referred to as Munthru Number Pre derived directly from the word Munthru itself meaning movement e three crowned kings what does "Muvendar" mean the three crowned kings are the Cheras Cholas and Pandyas—I We have now clearly established what we will be studying and how we will approach it Thus the capital of the Cholas was their political and administrative center which would be Tanjore And Kaveri Pattanam which was this was their economic capital much like Daily Hams Mumbai is the political administrative and judicial capital of India's fight against diseases What is this an economic capital right So Kaveri Pattanam in ancient times Kaveri Pattanam's Puhar Kaveri Pattanam Capital Chera Capital Banj Kurur is located in the area that falls within today's Terminalaudu region I'll explain it to you I'll show you the map more clearly Vin will discuss Chera and Pandya which we've already seen The councils of Sangam literature except for the second council were all established by patronage They were in Madurai right Very big a real showstopper a real sky-high spectacle a real standout Tell me your full name buddy So far here Which of Ashoka's major rock edicts describe these inscriptions We’ve understood that Pat Then we’ve also examined the locations of these minor capitals on the map noting their positions and cross-referenced this with the relevant sections of the Sangam literature and Ashoka's edicts which contain a description And based on that what tricky question could arise We've got that covered too so let's move on to the comment section Everyone today should write in the video's comment section not in the Life Chat whether this series is helpful or not—exactly how much you understand this the same amount of encouragement we’ll get to keep moving forward and to keep improving The series is designed to be helpful and your feedback will guide us in making it even better for you Supporting the matter is fine so now you know that terms are important in ancient history especially key terms The term Vileir means The term Velir means minor kings and chiefs of the early Tamil period And the second term that comes up is Velalar Vellalars are a broad community of landowners and agriculturalists Many people confuse this thing with each other That Vellir and Vellar are antonyms Antennae are not present on either of these considered but the ones who are Valeer He is referred to as the minor king and chief this agricultural community is known as Velalar Their land had once belonged to them many of these people had been wealthy Proceeding further Inoné reached the starting point And Pillai took his surname as well If you examine Deep South Indian History you'll discover tha Their role in the temple's management had become significant which is why they assumed these titles Even the true son is disciplined These small chiefs are called Velir They are also known by the name Atyaman The son of truth is called the supreme being In present-day Tamil Nadu there is a place called Dharmapuri It was formerly known as Thagdour The truth was also acknowledged in Thagdour The Satyaputra dynasty is not a major dynasty We'll need to study the history in detail But still because of Ashoka's inscriptions Another important aspect that could also be questioned from an exam perspective is this He is one of these mummies who were found in the caves Their state emblem which was What is India's national flag today Sarnath is the capital of the pillar and it is our national emblem At that moment Pandeyal was furious and raging Chin They were two fierce tigers the one from Cholasi What was Cholas' concern The tiger had climbed onto the flagpole And the Cheras whose bow was adorned with gold Teka Cherash's Chin Yeh is what the Dhanush Bond has become so now you just need to match it simply Questions may arise and it's worth remembering that the Pandiyas take a considerable amount of time Pandiyas Nuna Far Paral and Fishery And to remember Tiger where can Tigers be found In the Sundarbans Forest located near the Bay of Bengal which is very closely associated with the Chola dynasty Comment section and my comment section could use a bit of attention—everyone good Bikers my motivation What's shared with you all is here so if these tricks are helpful to you that's great or if they're not that's fine too There's an interesting trick—I'd love to learn from you when you ask questions it gives me a chance to read elite bits Or if I happen to know Aladi I also feel good when addressed that way so please in the video's comment section don't just like the video—feel free to ask any questions later on in the comments section This case arrived in Nineteen Ashokan Nayer the man who stopped the tra Then a thunderclap struck shaking the very foundation of the sacred site Cholaj Padhayaj Satya Putraj Kerala Putraj Tambapa It is said that Kerala Putraj even the Chera kings have gone and the Chera kings themselves have gone even the sons of Putraj Is that right If it was asked back in 1997 who in the Rock Addicts would know about it Answer everyone Vipar Nawar had asked as had been asked in 1997 This was asked in 1997 This option was rejected What do we get from Major Rock Edicts 2 and 13 It turns out these are all related to the Kingdoms I've already explained the Telegram tag so let's move forward and clarify the rest now When the king of the Cholas and the Pandya were about to clash the Chola general Aruli Chola stood ready And their court capital Akhnoor was the administrative center I ruled over the Kaveri Basin in Tamil Nadu I've already shown you myself Keep in mind that the ports are questioned but in Sangam poetry they are described in great detail in Ashokan inscriptions they are referred to as independent sovereign rulers Ashoka is revered in the edicts as an independent sovereign ruler How did the Chola dynasty come into existence This is something you must pay close attention to Now we are talking Based on the Sangam literature and Ashokan edicts The foundation of the Imperial Cholas is a whole different story We are referring here to the Chola age at Sangam Age Thus there is no single identifiable founder in Sangam sources but based on the records we do have if we trace the lineage back The earliest ruler whose name we know is Ilum Qetesheni though it's unclear whether he was the founder The first king firmly established in the records upon reviewing all of them is Illam Chetcheni As is often the case with children confusion frequently arises in their minds regarding who the first Englishman to set foot on Indian soil actually was I'm giving this example so you can understand and appreciate it Because as we know from history what we know is based on records And often new records turn up while at other times the records remain unclear Alright so the first Englishman to set foot on Indian soil right the first Englishman to come to India Now poor Google you know Google is actually a great thing bu Even when considered in the context of history this too becomes troubling if we think of the first Englishman When it comes to arriving in India setting foot on Indian soil via sea route who was the first to do so ad arrived by sea route Captain William Hawkins yes Captain William Hawkins was the firs The Englishman to set foot on Indian soil by sea route was an employee and associate of East India Company if we're talking about the land route Google's been left utterly bewildered here Alright I'll give you two names and both of them both of them ask questions exactly the way they do Answering they’re saying yes that was it good he’ll just say it like that okay Alright I've stepped into a bit of modern India but okay I need to explain a concept so for that it's necessary John Mildenhall you'll find him directly in Google if you just type John Mildenhall Arrived in India in 1599 Ralph Fitch who had come in 1583 so you can figure it out yourself Perhaps an Englishman had come before but slipped away quietly unnoticed since he wasn't important So our historical records identify it by name right That's why we refer to it as such Alright when a subtle difference arises in both things we need to understand that point right The Chola dynasty which we are discussing here traces its origins to its legendary founder And his son Karikala Chola yes actually propelled the dynasty to great power The actual contribution was made and given that's fine but from an exam perspective no single founder is recorded The earliest known line of the Chola dynasty begins with Illam Chetchenni and Karikalan is the first great Chola king so your books also mention this Not much has been mentioned here about Chola but there is an entire lineage of the Imperial Cholas They discuss it more comprehensively but here not much—okay we'll confuse you with Elara tell me Don't confuse her with Elara who isn't actually a descendant of the Chol Danistis lineage They ruled in Sri Lanka and established an empire there yes they established an empire there So Elara we're talking about India so Elara's name won't come up and Vijayalaya Chola will appear in the 9th century that's correct Vijayalaya Chakravarti will come in the 9th century so there's no confusion there After that Nandhun Killi and Nalan Killi these two brothers fought each other leading to a civil war within the Chola Empire as evidenced by Sangam literature then came Killi Kozh and the rest of the crew One way to remember this is through a mnemonic—a killer story about Nina right How do you keep it in mind A killer story about Nina okay here’s the killer tale Bengali understand yourself for a moment—killer kautha then I became Illam Chittacheni became Karī Kelen Ninā’s Nēn became Nendun Killi no Nalan Killi yes then his killer story became this Killi Valvan indeed and Kouta became Kouchengnan got it Kouchengnan—make sure you remember that yes sir So these are your An important chronological list of kings—right let's now review a few key details about them as questions in the exam might arise from this so stay alert and focused Purananuru is a collection of 400 ancient Tamil poems from the Sangam period the name literally means "400 poems on Puram " What is Purana Nuru and in the Sangam literature I told you there are two major themes—what are these themes Let everyone who knows share in the comment section There are two major themes in Akkam and Puram—Akkam deals with love and personal emotions while Puram concerns heroism and public life In Sangam literature we're told it's called Aṭutokai and it would be great if you remember the spelling too Yes and in many instances the terms "jī" and "ke" are used interchangeably particularly when considering pronunciation and clarity which is why auto-kaī does this—it ensures clarity and everyone in the comments section is aware of this You were informed that from our point of view we know about three aspects of the enthalpy It should be one of the most important at anathology these are Anguru Nuru vaccines Anguru Nuru The way to remember this is through the five senses that are part of our body There is no base above the organs nor do we have five sense organs and these sense organs have no foundation When we have a solid foundation we can properly utilize the rest of our body parts The one who is there the one who is there the one who is not in the place of the king the one If you're told about it you'll find that Pattoo Chera King isn't going anywhere nor will he go anywhere else for he's already above all else Remember the old man's pot is not to be touched you can place a mark on it but only if you know how I've marked it—see it starts with 'pi ' and wherever we have 'at' in the source it's replaced with 'pi'—this is the code There is no need to worry and there is no reason to fear the past or the future And the sound of the approaching train is growing louder isn't it right jurors I remember We'll need to put on some footwear The next important thing I told you about which I associate with sound and vision is what I mentioned earlier—Pari Pada correct Pari Pada which theme is this associated with Who taught you to read Nurul Nuru from Puruna Nurul I've already explained about Vishnu and Murugan and I told you earlier that walking along the path the one who walks on foot we Literature is that same old topic and we're not particularly strong in Indian history It's not like North Indian history which is very extensive but it's not entirely trustworthy either The resources we've struggled to access don't include the Indin History Strorkher Approach it in a way that ensures you don't overlook the most important topics Therefore questions on literature are asked from the Sangam period and the Muvenkondar Age Let's move forward and take a look at some of the Azhren Region Murugan who is known as Lord Kartikeya is revered as such They are considered part of the Shevaiyat sector let's discuss this region briefly Akkam and Puram poems those that speak of love and longing For a moment the silence was broken After Illyam Chitté Chéni we turn to the next important king Kari Kela Chola whose reign is the most significant among those associated with him Initially we could place this between 120 and 190 combiners so it should be fine in their range The most important thing you absolutely must know is that they didn't just fight the Battle of Vienna—they won it And this battle of Venice was a very formidable challenge for craftsmen—what lies within it Chera and Pandya And with them were 11 Velir chiefs meaning 11 top-ranking chiefs who also brought their armies of Cheran and Pandya forces so just imagine how vast a force The number of soldiers was immense but Karikalan Chola used his strategy of diplomacy wealth and intimidation What do they call this in Vatt Kirtal This too has become an important concept Don't forget this important term—it will definitely appear on the exam I'm telling you clearly and directly Everyone finally understood — this thing is exactly what's called a "vatt kirutal " the very same vatt kirutal Practice you're starving you're death after war after defeat in war you're humiliation's price you've killed yourself like that After that Kari Kelen gained significant momentum in the election and also completed numerous irrigation projects What does a dam fear What the dam fears in life is the Juba Dam Who built the Kalnai Dam and on which river was it constructed Kefaur Kalnai Kefaur Kaveri Kefaur Karikal River So remember this Let's talk about Ikannami and Tret Kaveri Patnam which was brought to life during their time With you my love forever and always The husband's name is Kinnapallei Sangun Az Ma Rajit Di Chhang He had already taken his leave from Karikaland No Kitanaka and Kaveri Patnam's Kaverakar They've praised Verhosa how the market is how the bus service is—very good picture presented and the life in The Empire under Chola rule had a well-organized system of coins and emblems and you've already seen the emblem as for the coins the tiger was the symbol The translation must be accurate and natural You'll find this tiger symbol on many coins worn down because the coin is quite old But if you look closely you can still make out the tiger's face—clear sharp and unmistakable Today in 2023 a question was asked about understanding the importance of the term "wattakirutal " which was not included in your book but was instead properly translated and explained on page 87 You've probably read about many of these people but there's no mention of Battakirutal Diddyu in that context If we're studying Battakiru however it becomes important right Who was the other figure on the second site You've probably read about many of these people but the term "Vattakiruthal Diddyu Find" doesn't appear anywhere else If we'reading this it's because it's important right Who was on the other site reading along with you If you'reading make sure you're doing so in the right way—this isn't for school board exams we're preparing for the UPSC exam Keep in mind however that the literal association is important: remember that questions about the Cholas often come up particularly regarding their description and location Yokha Puhar is praised for the beauty of its streets so-called average merchant even he had his own anaclets his own B B Was there a trace of Marneek's roots in him That's why he knew so much about this wealthy individual The Op Techole Times says the next dynasty is already here and it's the Chera dynasty The boy was crying loudly his voice echoing through the night The old man is a great scholar of the Bhashti language What Thus their kingdom covered the Central and Northern regions of Kerala and Tamil Nadu known as the Kongu region The central and northern parts of Kerala and the Kanyakumari region of Tamil Nadu Always remember that Cheras are primarily associated with Kerala But this jewelry would be incorrect as their rule was limited only to Kerala There were many parts of Tamil Nadu that came under their rule What was their capital Wanji Name of the capital city of Wanji: Wanj In the map Vanji is associated with Maximus Historians alongside Karur And which was their important port Muchiri Questions have already been raised about Mujris or Mochiris Thus Mujris is an important port and Vanji is an important capital Modern-day Mujris Port which is this place Kodungulur is said to be located here Kodungallur Port is located in Kerala The modern name of Mujris is Tondi Port was also under Inni's control Now there's one big interesting thing about Cheraj I need to tell you Especially regarding their capital Wanji Vanjee my friend this is really getting confusing now I know exactly how it feels when doubts creep in while you're all studying For all practical purposes just remember that Wanaji was Chera's capital Now historians have begun trying to uncover this Where is Wanjee located in modern times Many historians agree that Karur is where Karur is located This part of the Tamil Nadu government which is Karur is And many historians say it is located in Tyruvanchikallam Kerala In Tyruvanchikallam Kerala within the Thiruvananthapuram district In Kerala there is a district known as Thiruvananthapuram They say that Tiruvanchi Kalam was once the capital of Wanji which is correct this is the most widely accepted position and the most recognized fact is that the city was located in Karur Historians have reached this conclusion after careful consideration A Jakley is what kind of thing so the family of Cheraj split into two branches right So in that case The Puraia branch which was part of their family and ruled from Karur had a subset known as the Choti family which ruled from the Thiruvananthapuram district this is why confusion sometimes arises but due to these reasons the Chera And the Irum Poraí clan whose small region lies near the Thrissur district of Kerala specifically around Tiruvachcha Kalam has long maintained its cultural identity That's why I provided it—otherwise confusion arises when children try to find Vanji and aren't sure where he is mentioned in the Modern Times So which one is this Which one is this Karur Thus Utthan Cheralathan became the founder Wanji became the capital Muchchiri became the important port and Toundi That's all you need to know about Cheraž if you'd like to read more about his branches that's fine Their literary reference points us to the passage in Patiri Tuppam where I’ll show you analogy describing the Chera kings After that there are some inscriptions found in Puglur and Karur where the Chera kings spanning three generations are mentioned followed by the same set of three generations They had significantly improved the safety of the right and Musri port which was theirs by installing numerous barriers and enhancing the infrastructure They had defeated numerous chiefs right and left including Musri Port which belongs to them ensuring its safety through a bypassing downpour of pyres Ensuring her safety through bypassing the down-piracy safeguards The same phenomenon was observed here as well with numerous instances of their conjugates such as copper conjugates Chera Tanist in this you can see a bow and arrow the royal symbol which is They feel pain but that doesn't mean cherries aren't rated highly in the market That would be incorrect because we've seen that the Tamele Adu series is already inside your book This is a particular king what is the king's name Chelu Rompurai and he has engraved his name in the coins So this writing happened but it was more like a hurried scribble almost as if writing wasn't even involved The insignia of Sirif was their emblem these were things some pre-vasa era coins Korakai Pumpuhar and Mughal the Mughals were not capital cities we've seen Munchuri and Pumpuhar repeatedly but the capital cities were not Ports definitely ports—these are ports not centers for vaccines or iron and steel production no not at all not factories or temples not even I'm not sure what you're trying to say If you're trying to link this then Vaccines well that's enough for today buddy and if you want to join our P2Y batch just head over to the Study website and you can sign up online right now—today if you're aiming for 2026 points you'll get your access through that portal I want you to take the initiative in the challenges ahead Take the lead and the platinum batch will suit you perfectly because it grants you the advantage of being ahead in the game It's extremely difficult because the language spoken in the south is very different from the languages in northern India Ponniyin Selvan's son will arrive during the imperial Chola era just as Ponniyin Selvan is Here we're talking about the Sangam Age specifically the Early Sangam the Imperial Sangam and these Sangams are very different and the truth is that the language is extremely difficult—I'm 100 percent with you on that so just remember it on the first reading The histories that exist are not able to properly convey the true history of this time period Thus lack of coherence So you don't understand what to read and what not to read Create a framework to organize the information within it How to ask previous questions by demonstrating through discussion with you We'll wrap up this topic shortly I understand it's a bit difficult big Punjab Pi In CS I've come here from Punjab—just imagine Punjab right there And indeed a question from South Indian history appeared in the 2021 prelims so another state's You can also join in so we'll take this at a relaxed pace I'll go through this topic slowly so please You'll notice that technically we're discussing two pages from your book but these two pages Adding extra information as we're discussing it is making the process take a bit longer but this time investment is necessary It's definitely an investment so see you tomorrow Wishing you all the best—love you all stay with us through this series Stay tuned especially for the lectures during this festive season—100% worth watching