What Separates Us from Chimpanzees? | Jane Goodall

Good morning everyone and I feel first of all it's been fantastic being here over these past few days and secondly I feel it's a great honour to kind of wind up this extraordinary gathering of people, these amazing talks that we've had. I feel that I've fitted in in many ways to some of the things that I've heard. I started off just, I came directly here from the deep, deep tropical rainforest in Ecuador, where I was out, you could only get there by a plane, with indigenous people with paint on their faces and parrot feathers on their headdresses, where these people are fighting to try and keep the oil companies and keep the roads out of their forests. They're fighting to develop their own way of living within the forest in a world that's clean, a world that isn't contaminated, a world that isn't polluted. And what was so amazing to me and what fits right in with what we're all talking about here at TED is that there right in the middle of this rainforest was some solar panels, the first in that part of Ecuador and that was mainly to bring water up by pump so that the women wouldn't have to go down. The water was cleaned but because they got a lot of batteries they were able to store a lot of electricity so every house, and there were I think eight houses in this little community, could have light for I think it was about half an hour each evening. And there is the chief in all his regal finery with a laptop computer. And this man, he has been outside but he's gone back and he was saying, you know, we have suddenly jumped into a whole new era. And we didn't even know about the white man 50 years ago. Now here we are with laptop computers and there are some things we want to learn from the modern world. We want to know about health care. We want to know about what other people do. We're interested in it and we want to learn other languages. We want to know English and French and perhaps Chinese and we're good at languages. So there he is with his little laptop computer but fighting against the might of the pressures because of the debt, the foreign debt of Ecuador, fighting the pressure of World Bank, IMF and of course the people who want to exploit the forests and take out the oil. So coming directly from there to here. But of course my real field of expertise lies in an even different kind of civilization. I can't really call it a civilization. A different way of life from a different being. We've talked earlier, this wonderful talk by Wade Davis about the different cultures of the humans around the world. But the world is not composed only of human beings. There are also other animal beings. And I propose to bring into this TED conference, as I always do around the world, the voice of the animal kingdom. Too often we just see a few slides or a bit of film. But these beings have voices that mean something. And so I want to give you a greeting as from a chimpanzee in the forests of Tanzania. I've been studying chimpanzees in Tanzania since 1960. During that time there have been modern technologies that have really transformed the way that field biologists do their work. For example, for the first time a few years ago, by simply collecting little fecal samples, we were able to have them analyzed, to have DNA profiling done. So for the first time we actually know which male chimps are the fathers of each individual infant. Because the chimps have a very promiscuous mating society. So this opens up a whole new avenue of research. And we use GSI, geographic whatever it is, GSI anyway, to determine the range of the chimps. And we're using, you can see that I'm not really into this kind of stuff, but we're using satellite imagery to look at the deforestation in the area. And of course there's developments in infrared, so you can watch animals at night. And equipment for recording by video and tape recording is getting lighter and better. So in many, many ways we can do things today that we couldn't do when I began in 1960. Especially when chimpanzees and other animals with large brains are studied in captivity, modern technology is helping us to search for the upper levels of cognition in some of these non-human animals. So that we know today they're capable of performances that would have been thought absolutely impossible by science when I began. I think the chimpanzee in captivity who is the most skilled in intellectual performance is one called Ai in Japan. Her name means love. And she has a wonderfully sensitive partner working with her. She loves her computer. She'll leave her big group and her running water and her trees and everything and she'll come in to sit at this computer. It's like a video game for a kid. She's hooked. She's 28 by the way. And she does things with her computer screen and a touch pad that she can do faster than most humans. She does very complex tasks and I haven't got time to go into them. But the amazing thing about this female is she doesn't like making mistakes. If she has a bad run and her score isn't good, she'll come and reach up and tap on the glass because she can't see the experimenter, which is asking to have another go. And her concentration, she's already concentrated hard for 20 minutes or so and now she wants to do it all over again just for the satisfaction of having done it better. And the food is not important. She does get a tiny reward like one raisin for a correct response. But she will do it for nothing if you tell her beforehand. So here we are, a chimpanzee using a computer. Chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans also learn human sign language. But the point is that when I was first in Gombe in 1960, I remember so well, so vividly as though it was yesterday. The first time when I was going through the vegetation, the chimpanzees were still running away from me for the most part, although some were a little bit acclimatized. And I saw this dark shape hunched over a termite mound. I peered with my binoculars. It was fortunately one adult male whom I'd named David Greybeard. And by the way, science at that time was telling me that I shouldn't name the chimps. They should all have numbers. That was more scientific. Anyway, David Greybeard. And I saw that he was picking little pieces of grass and using them to fish termites from their underground nest. And not only that, he would sometimes pick a leafy twig and strip the leaves, modifying an object to make it suitable for a specific purpose, the beginning of tool making. The reason this was so exciting and such a breakthrough is at that time, it was thought that humans and only humans used and made tools. When I was at school, we were defined as man, the tool maker. So that when Louis Leakey, my mentor, heard this news, he said, ah, we must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as humans. We now know that at Gombe alone, there are nine different ways in which chimpanzees use different objects for different purposes. Moreover, we know that in different parts of Africa, wherever chimps have been studied, there are completely different tool using behaviors. And because it seems that these patterns are passed from one generation to the next through observation, imitation, and practice, that is a definition of human culture. What we find is that over these 40 odd years that I and others have been studying chimpanzees and the other great apes, and as I say, other mammals with complex brains and social systems, we have found that after all, there isn't a sharp line dividing humans from the rest of the animal kingdom. It's a very wuzzy line. It's getting wuzzier all the time as we find animals doing things that we, in our arrogance, used to think was just human. The chimps, there's no time to discuss their fascinating lives, but they have this long childhood, five years of suckling and sleeping with the mother, and then another three, four, or five years of emotional dependence on her even when the next child is born. The importance of learning in that time when behavior is flexible, and there's an awful lot to learn in chimpanzee society. The long-term affectionate supportive bonds that develop throughout this long childhood with the mother, with the brothers and sisters, and which can last through a lifetime which may be up to 60 years. They can actually live longer than 60 in captivity, so we've only done 40 years in the wild so far, and we find chimps are capable of true compassion and altruism. We find in their non-verbal communication, this is very rich, they have a lot of sounds which they use in different circumstances, but they also use touch, posture, gesture, and what do they do? They kiss, they embrace, they hold hands, they pat one another on the back, they swagger, they shake their fist, the kind of things that we do, and they do them in the same kind of context. They have very sophisticated cooperation, sometimes they hunt, not that often, but when they hunt they show sophisticated cooperation, and they share the prey. We find that they show emotions similar to, maybe sometimes the same, as those that we describe in ourselves as happiness, sadness, fear, despair. They know mental as well as physical suffering, and I don't have time to go into the information that would prove some of these things to you, save to say that there are very bright students in the best universities studying emotions in animals, studying personalities in animals. We know that chimpanzees and some other creatures can recognize themselves in mirrors, self as opposed to other. They have a sense of humor, and these are the kind of things which traditionally have been thought of as human prerogatives, but this teaches us a new respect, and it's a new respect not only for the chimpanzees, I suggest, but some of the other amazing animals with whom we share this planet. Once we're prepared to admit that after all we're not the only beings with personalities, minds, and above all feelings, and then we start to think about ways we use and abuse so many other sentient, sapient creatures on this planet, it really gives cause for deep shame, at least for me. So the sad thing is that these chimpanzees, who perhaps taught us more than any other creature a little humility, are in the wild disappearing very fast. They're disappearing for the reasons that all of you in this room know only too well, the deforestation, the growth of human populations needing more land. They're disappearing because some timber companies go in with clear cutting. They're disappearing in the heart of their range in Africa because the big multinational logging companies have come in and made roads, as they want to do in Ecuador and other parts where the forests remain untouched, to take out oil or timber. And this has led in Congo Basin and other parts of the world to what's known as the bushmeat trade. This means that although for hundreds, perhaps thousands of years, people have lived in those forests or whatever habitat it is in harmony with their world, just killing the animals they need for themselves and their families, now suddenly, because of the roads, the hunters can go in from the towns. They shoot everything, every single thing that moves that's bigger than a small rat. They sun-dry it or smoke it. Now they've got transport. They take it on the logging trucks or the mining trucks into the towns where they sell it. And people will pay more for bushmeat, as it's called, than for domestic meat. It's culturally preferred and it's not sustainable. And the huge logging camps in the forest are now demanding meat. So the pygmy hunters in the Congo Basin, who've lived there with their wonderful way of living for so many hundreds of years, are now corrupted. They're given weapons. They shoot for the logging camps. They get money. Their culture is being destroyed, along with the animals upon whom they depend. So when the logging camp moves, there's nothing left. We talked already about the loss of human cultural diversity and I've seen it happening with my own eyes. And the grim picture in Africa, I love Africa. And what do we see in Africa? We see deforestation. We see the desert spreading. We see massive hunger. We see disease. We see population growth in areas where there are more people living on a certain piece of land than the land can possibly support. And they're too poor to buy food from elsewhere. Were the people that we heard about yesterday on the Easter Island who cut down their last tree, were they stupid? Didn't they know what was happening? Of course, but if you've seen the crippling poverty in some of these parts of the world, it isn't a question of let's leave the tree for tomorrow. How am I going to feed my family today? Maybe I can get just a few dollars from this last tree which will keep us going a little bit longer and then we'll pray that something will happen to save us from the inevitable end. So this is a pretty grim picture. The one thing we have which makes us so different from chimpanzees or other living creatures is this sophisticated spoken language. A language with which we can tell children about things that aren't here. We can talk about the distant past, plan for the distant future, discuss ideas with each other so that the ideas can grow from the accumulated wisdom of a group. We can do it by talking to each other. We can do it through video. We can do it through the written word. And we are abusing this great power we have to be wise stewards and we're destroying the world. In the developed world, in a way it's worse because we have so much access to knowledge of the stupidity of what we're doing. Do you know we're raising, we're bringing little babies into a world where in many places the water is poisoning them and the air is harming them and the food that's grown from the contaminated land is poisoning them and that's not just in the far away developing world. That's everywhere. Do you know we all have about 50 chemicals in our bodies we didn't have about 50 years ago and so many of these diseases like asthma and certain kinds of cancers are on the increase around places where our filthy toxic waste is dumped. We're harming ourselves around the world as well as harming the animals as well as harming nature herself. Mother nature that brought us into being. Mother nature where I believe we need to spend time with as trees and flowers and birds for our good psychological development and yet there are hundreds and hundreds of children in the developed world who never see nature because they're growing up in concrete and all they know is virtual reality with no opportunity to go and lie in the sun or in the forest with the dappled sunspecks coming down from the canopy above. As I was traveling around the world you know I had to leave the forest. That's where I love to be. I had to leave these fascinating chimpanzees for my students and field staff to continue studying because finding they dwindled from about 2,100,000 years ago to about 150,000 now. I knew I had to leave the forest to do what I could to raise awareness around the world and the more I talked about the chimpanzee's plight the more I realized the fact that everything's interconnected and the problems of the developing world so often stem from the greed of the developed world and everything was joining together and making not sense. Hope lies in sense you said. It's making a nonsense. How can we do it? Somebody said that yesterday and as I was traveling around I kept meeting young people who'd lost hope. They were feeling despair. They were feeling well it doesn't matter what we do eat drink and be merry for tomorrow we die. Everything's hopeless. We're always being told so by the media and then I met some who were angry. An anger that can turn to violence and we're all familiar with that and I have three little grandchildren. When some of these students would say to me high school or university they'd say we're angry or we're filled with despair because we feel you compromised our future and there's nothing we can do about it and I looked in the eyes of my little grandchildren and think how much we've harmed this planet since I was their age. I feel this deep shame and that's why in 1991 in Tanzania I started a program that's called Roots and Shoots. There's little brochures all around outside and if any of you have anything to do with children and care about their future I beg that you pick up that brochure and Roots and Shoots is a program for hope. Roots make a firm foundation. Shoots seem tiny but to reach the sun they can break through brick walls. See the brick walls as all the problems that we've inflicted on this planet then you see it is a message of hope. Hundreds and thousands of young people around the world can break through and can make this a better better world and the most important message of Roots and Shoots is that every single individual makes a difference. Every individual has a role to play. Every one of us impacts the world around us every day and you scientists know that you can't actually even if you stay in bed all day you're breathing oxygen and giving out CO2 and probably going to the loo and things like that you're making a difference in the world. So the Roots and Shoots program involves youth in three kinds of projects and these are projects to make the world around them a better place. One project to show care and concern for your own human community. One for animals including domestic animals and I have to say I learned everything I know about animal behavior even before I got to Gombe and the chimps from my dog Rusty who was my childhood companion. And the third kind of project something for the local environment. So what the kids do depends first of all how old are they and we go now from preschool right through university. It's going to depend whether they're in a city or rural. It's going to depend if they're wealthy or impoverished. It's going to depend which parts say of America they're in. We're in every state now and the problems in Florida are different from the problems in New York. It's going to depend on which country they're in and we're already in 60 plus countries with about 5,000 active groups. Only there are groups all over the place that I keep hearing about that I've never even heard of because the kids are taking the program and spreading it themselves. Why? Because they're buying into it and they're the ones who get to decide what they're going to do. It isn't something that that their parents tell them or their teachers tell them. That's effective but if they decide themselves we want to clean this river and put the fish back that used to be there. We want to clear away the toxic soil from this area and have an organic garden. We want to go and spend time with the old people and hear their stories and record their oral histories. We want to go and work in a dog shelter. We want to learn about animals. We want to you know it goes on and on and this is very hopeful for me as I travel around the world 300 days a year. Everywhere there's a group of roots and shoots of different ages. Everywhere there are children with shining eyes say look at the difference we've made and now comes the technology into it because with this new way of communicating electronically these kids can communicate with each other around the world and if anyone's interested to help us we've got so many ideas but we need help. We need help to create the right kind of system that will help these young people to communicate their excitement but also and this is so important to to communicate their despair to say we've tried this and it doesn't work what should we do and then lo and behold there's another group answering these kids who may be in America maybe this is a group in Israel saying yeah you did it a little bit wrong this is how you should do it. The philosophy is very simple it's we do not believe in violence no violence no bombs no guns that's not the way to solve problems violence leads to violence at least in my view so how do we solve the tools for solving the problems are knowledge and understanding know the facts but see how they fit in the big picture. Hard work and persistence don't give up and love and compassion leading to how many more minutes two one two two I'm going to take two are you going to come and drag me off anyway so so basically Roots and Shoots is beginning to change young people's lives it's what I'm devoting most of my energy to and I believe that a group like this can have a very major impact not just because you can share technology with us but because so many of you have children and if you take this program out and give it to your children they have such a good opportunity to go out and do good because they've got parents like you and it's been so clear how much you all care about trying to make this world a better place it's very encouraging but the kids do ask me in this it won't take more than two minutes I promise the kids say uh Dr. Jane do you really have hope for the future you travel you see all this these horrible things happening firstly the human brain I don't need to say anything about that now that we know what the problems are around the world human brains like yours are rising to solve those problems and we've talked a lot about that secondly the resilience of nature we can destroy a river and we can bring it back to life we can see a whole area desolated and it can be brought back to bloom again with time or a little help and thirdly the last speaker talked about the indomitable humans or the speaker before last talked about the indomitable human spirit we are surrounded by the most amazing people who do things that seem to be absolutely impossible Nelson Mandela I take a little piece of limestone from robin island prison where he labored for 27 years and came out with so little bitterness he could lead his people from the horror of apartheid without a blood bath even after the 11th of September and I was in New York and I felt the fear nevertheless there was so much human courage so much love and so much compassion and then as I went around the country after that and felt the fear the fear that was leading to people feeling they couldn't worry about the environment anymore in case they seemed not to be patriotic and I was trying to encourage them somebody came up with a little quotation from Mahatma Gandhi if you look back through human history you see that every evil regime has been overcome by good and just after that a woman brought me this little bell and I want to end on this note she said if you're talking about hope and peace ring this this bell is made from metal from a diffused landmine from the killing fields of Pol Pot one of the most evil regimes in human history where people are now beginning to put their lives back together after the regime has crumbled so yes there is hope and where is the hope is it out there with the politicians it's in our hands it's in your hands and my hands and those of our children it's really up to us we're the ones who can make a difference if we lead lives where we consciously leave the lightest possible ecological footprints if we buy the things that are ethical for us to buy and don't buy the things that are not we can change the world overnight thank you