Imperial Cholas | Tamil Nadu Board History | UPSC 2025-26 | Arti Chhawari | L2

How are you all? I hope my voice is clear to you. If so, please let me know in the comment section. Today is lecture 2 of our Tamil Nadu history book. Today we will discuss about Cholas. What is the history of Imperial Cholas? What were the important rulers associated with them? What was the administration like? We will know all these things in today's session. Okay? Okay. Okay, great. I think everything is fine. Everything is perfect. So we can start our today's session. You have also read about Cholas in Sangam period. In Sangam period, there were three dynasties in South India. There were three kingdoms that ruled. Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas. The Cholas that you see in Medieval period, how much they are associated with the Cholas of Sangam period, there is no proper information about it. It is debatable. Some historians say that these are the same Cholas that declined. After declination, after a long gap, Cholas are reviving themselves. But many historians also believe that there is a difference between Imperial Cholas and Cholas of Sangam period. They are different. Since historians are also fighting on this topic, we will not go into much detail. But we will start our discussion on Cholas. Where does the story begin? In our lecture 1, we talked about Pallavas in Deep South. And we also talked about Chalukyas. Now, where are these Cholas coming from? Where does their story begin? So, on one side, you can see a map, in which we can see Pallavas and Chalukyas. There are some other contemporary dynasties also, like Ganga dynasty, Kadams, Cher and Pandyas. Now, how will this map convert into this? We have to understand this. And to understand this, we will discuss a story here. The map that you are seeing right now, although it is a map of NCERT, but with the help of this, we will try to understand the story here. On this map, you can see the river Kaveri. And this river Kaveri has many important cities, like Tanjore, Oriur and Gangaikonda Cholapuram. Here, you can see the place Oriur, there is a man, a person, there we find a person, Vijayala. What is Vijayala? In the region of Oriur, obviously, we are talking about the time when Pallavas were in control. So, in the region of Oriur, we see Vijayala, Vijayala Chola. Vijayala Chola is seen as a feudal lord, as a feudal lord, as a vassal chief. That is, he is ruling as a local chieftain, under the subordination of Pallavas. Now, Vijayala is able to see here, how Pallavas are continuously fighting with Chalukyas, and because of this, they are slowly becoming weak. Vijayala Chola thinks this time is very right, and because of this, he tries to establish his rule. Obviously, he is a local chieftain, he is a local small feudal lord, so it will be difficult to attack Pallavas suddenly. Because of this, Vijayala started his story from where? Vijayala Chola attacked other feudal lords around him, and slowly started expanding by acquiring their territories. In the meantime, Pallavas became even weaker. So, here Pallavas' subordinate, Muttariar, attacked them, and captured a lot of territories from them. Even now, Vijayala Chola could not declare himself independent, but he has started this story. After Vijayala Chola, that is, you can call Vijayala Chola a founder here, Pallavas have a feudal lord, how he is seeing Pallavas becoming weak, because of this, he is attacking other feudal lords around him, and expanding himself. But, he has not declared himself independent, he has not established an independent rule yet. That story will start from Aditya. After Vijayala Chola, Aditya comes from Chola dynasty, and he is the one who established his rule after defeating Aparjita, and declared himself independent. After Aditya I, you will also see Parantaka I. We are going to read Parantaka I, when we will read Chola's local administration. At that time, we will remember the name of Parantaka I, because the local administration that we will read during Chola's time, we will read it on the basis of an inscription, and that inscription is Uttar Merur inscription. This Uttar Merur inscription was inscribed during the time of Parantaka I. So, this is how Chola's story starts. So, Vijayala Chola, then Aditya I, then Parantaka I. Similarly, there is a very long list of Chola kings. But, if we see Cholas reaching their apex point, then that period will be of Raja Raja Chola. During the time of Raja Raja Chola, you will see a lot of expansion here, because Raja Raja Chola was a king who held an expansionist policy. Now, we will try to understand what has been done by him here. Pallavas have been destroyed. Here, we see Cholas coming, but there are other small kingdoms also around Cholas. So, here Raja Raja Chola attacks Cheras, destroys Cheras. Cheras was known for its navy. Here, a battle has taken place, Battle of Kandalul Salai. In this battle, Cheras was destroyed. So, Cheras' territory comes under Cholas' control. Not only this, Chola Raja Raja I has also attacked Pandyas. He has also captured Madurai. Similarly, Raja Raja Chola also enters Sri Lanka. He captures the north area of Sri Lanka. However, Raja Raja Chola did not do this himself. He sent his son Rajendra Chola. What does Rajendra Chola do? He captures the north area of Sri Lanka and includes it in his father's imperial Chola empire. Along with this, he also establishes a capital here in Sri Lanka. That is Anuradhapuram. You must have read Anuradhapuram as a Buddhist site. The same Anuradhapuram, when the north area of Sri Lanka was captured during the time of Cholas, it became their capital. So, the north part of Sri Lanka was captured. Along with this, the Maldives part was also captured. The Maldives islands were also captured. He also attacked the Ganga dynasty. Apart from the Ganga dynasty, there were some other small little kingdoms like Gangavadi, Nolampavadi, Tadigaipadi. Raja Raja Chola also captured all these areas. If you don't remember this whole part, then just remember one thing. One thing that can be remembered is that Raja Raja Chola is someone who used to hold expansionist policies and he can be seen attacking in every direction. Not only this, he also attacked the Chalukyas of Vengi. But interestingly, this attack turned into a matrimonial alliance. And what do you see here? The Chalukyas of Vengi were given to Shaktivarman and Vimala Aditya. They were returned. They had won. They had captured Vengi. But they preferred to give Vengi to their old kings. Along with this, you can see here that Raja Raja Chola also married his daughter to the Chalukyas of Vengi. So, where the matrimonial alliance is being used, it is through the matrimonial alliance and where it can be directly attacked, it is through direct attack. Raja Raja Chola can be seen expanding himself. He holds expansionist policies. After Raja Raja Chola, Rajendra Chola, who is his son, also holds annexationist policies and expansionist policies. When Raja Raja Chola was ruling, only the northern part of Sri Lanka was captured. But now you can see the whole of Sri Lanka coming under Chola's control. The remaining Pandyas and Cheras were also destroyed. Not only this, what do you read in the ancient period? You read in the ancient period that how Samudra Gupta came from Pataliputra while deciding the way to the south and he defeated the 12 kings of the south. By covering the same route in the opposite direction, Rajendra Chola has also gone to the Ganga river. And the Ganga river, the Bengal area where the Pals were ruling, the king of that area defeated Mahipal. And after defeating Mahipal, that is, after capturing the Ganga river region, after winning, after establishing a stronghold there, when Rajendra Chola comes back, he calls himself Gangai Konda Chola. Meaning Gangai Konda, what does Konda mean? It is a conqueror. Gangai Konda Chola means the one who conquered Ganga. So the whole area around the Ganga river, the one who will conquer it. Not only this, when he came back, after that he also built a city, a city, named Gangai Konda Cholapuram. And he has also used it as his capital. Apart from this, not only India, not only Sri Lanka, you will see Rajendra first here. These Southeast Asian countries also go to Java, Sumatra Islands. The Srivijaya Empire you see on the map here, you will see them going here. Srivijaya is also known as Kadaram. After capturing this area, after creating its influence in this area, after making it subordinate, here Rajendra Chola calls himself Kadaram Konda. So what are you seeing in this way? You are seeing that if I look at the map of Cholas then the map of Cholas looks like this. In this, the blue part you are seeing, this is the part where Cholas had direct control. But the pink portion, that area, can be considered as the subordinate of Cholas, who had accepted the subordination of Cholas. Because of this, it is not just called Cholas, it is called Imperial Cholas. So we see a very large part in the control of Cholas. You can see the whole map here after Rajendra first. Rajendra first, here, Amangadevi, married her daughter here in Vengike Chalukyas. Like her father, she maintained a matrimonial alliance with Vengike Chalukyas. Rajendra Chola, you can see him as such a great king. So he has given himself a lot of titles. Like Mundikondan, Gangai Konda we understood, because he is capturing the Ganga region. Mundikondan or Mundikonda, when he is capturing the area of Madurai. Kadaram Konda, Kadaram means Shri Vijay Empire, when he is capturing that area. Pandita Cholan. So like this, you can see Rajendra first adopting big, big, pompous titles. After this, obviously, there were other rulers also. Many other kings have also come. But we can say that he is one of the prominent rulers. The names you have seen here, these names are of prominent kings. After that also, there have come, like Kulatunga first you will see, Raja Raja second you will see, but they were not that very strong. To a great extent, later Cholas will also be seen declining. So this was the political history of Cholas. We can see a little expansion here. After the declination of Cholas, many small kingdoms will come, which will make their place in the territory of Cholas. Like you will see Yadavs coming, Vaisalas coming, Kakhtiyas, Vrangal's Kakhtiyas, Belur, Halebid's Vaisalas, Devagiri's Yadavs, Telugu Konda, Pandiyas will revive themselves, Cheras will revive themselves. So after Rajendra Chola, the rulers who remained, have not been able to control such a big imperial Chola, or the entire empire, which led to the declination. So this part which we have discussed here, it is all about political history. Now we will move ahead a little, and we will talk about some other parts here. Like, if we talk about administration here, then in administration, you will see who is in the center, in the center you will see Raja. But Raja has a lot of ministers, a lot of officers, a lot of ministers, etc. If these ministers are divided according to their rank, then they can be classified in two parts broadly. Perumdhanam and Sirudhanam. Perumdhanam are those officers which we can call high ranking officers. And Sirudhanam, this term can be used for lower ranking officers. Is the voice still low? Hello, hello. The voice should not be low. According to me, the voice is fine. Absolutely right. Keep one thing in mind, here in the medieval period, the terms, the words we are reading, the words we are reading, do write those words with you. Because in medieval India, there are a lot of terminology based questions that the meaning of the word is asked. So as I told you here, that Raja is in the center, but there are a lot of ministers here, who will assist Raja. And here, these ministers can be divided into two categories. One is Perumdhanam, and the other is Sirudhanam. Perumdhanam is for high ranking officers, and Sirudhanam is for lower ranking officers. Raja is seen doing inspection tours in the empire. He has an army, he also has an excellent navy. Now, if I talk about the army here, particularly the military, then there are some words that I have found, from where I have found them, from the books of the Tamil Nadu board. So we will note them down, and revise them once or twice, so these words will remain in mind. Here, there is cavalry, which means horse-riding soldiers. So, there, Kudirai sevagar, this word is being used here, elephant cops, bowmen, we call them villa-legal, sword-bearers, we call them valiler, and spearmen, who throw spears, we call them konduvar. In the same way, the territory, suppose we are fighting a war here, and we have acquired the territory of the enemy, and we have established an army unit there, then we will call them nilai-padai. In the same way, the regiments, you can see different regiments here, they have a captain, they have a leader, we call them nayagam. Nayagam later became padai-mudlai. In the same way, the commander-in-chief of the army, we will either call him senapati, or dand-nayagam. Royal troops. The main function of the royal troops is to protect the king. They are in his security. We call them kai-kola-perum-dai. In the same way, apart from the royal troops, as the king's personal bodyguard, you will see velai-karar. In the same way, the cantonment areas, the garrison towns, or cantonment areas where the army is stationed, we will call them kadagam, or padai-vidu. We get to see all these words in the Tamil Nadu board's book. Sonuji, refresh. Because everyone else does not have any kind of voice problem. In this way, their army, can be seen. Along with that, there is an army. The entire empire has to be maintained. What is needed for that? Revenue. Tax collection. Revenue is one of the sources of income. Using this money, using this tax, the army can be stationed, deputed, appointed, and maintained. When we talk about revenue, we have a separate department. Department of Land Revenue. Which we call pura, puravmvari, tinnai kalam. This is the term for Land Revenue Department. Before tax, the army does land assessment, surveys, what kind of soil is there, what is the quality of soil, what is its fertility. After all these things, they tell the tax rate. But here, not everyone has to pay tax. Mostly, the land on which temples are built, or the land donated to Brahmins, which we call Brahmadeva, does not have tax collection. Here, there is a king of Cholas, Kulottunga I, whom we saw a while ago. He is famous for one thing. He abolished a lot of taxes. He abolished toll tax, so that the trade flourishes. So that the traders can be attracted to the empire. After that, he took his own title, Sugam Tavitra Cholan. Sugam Tavitra Cholan, the one who abolished the toll tax. So, Kulottunga I, you can see here. Now, let's talk about the administration of the entire empire of Cholas. This is the empire of Cholas. The way India is, to better administer it, what do we see? We see India here. So, there is government at the central level. Then there are states. So, the entire India can be territorially divided into states. After that, the states are territorially divided into districts. Then under the districts, you get to see villages and towns. In the same way, you will see these Cholas divided into mandals. We are using the word mandal for province. Just like you see the chief minister at the state level, at the district level, you will get to see the DM. In the same way, mandals or province will have a provincial head, that is, there will be a governor. So, the sons of the Cholas are appointed here as the provincial governor or mandaleshwar. After mandaleshwar, they are divided into valnadus. Valnadu is a word you can use for district. Valnadu is divided into nadus. Nadu is a group of villages. are called nadu. If you add nadus, it becomes valnadu. If you add all valnadus, it becomes mandalam. If you add all mandalam or provinces, you will get to see the Chola state. You will get to see the Chola state. This is how the territorial division is done. As I told you, the provincial governors are the sons of the Chola kings. They are the princes. Similarly, the head of the valnadus is called periyanattar. And the head of the nadu is called nattar. After that, the smallest unit is the village. When we talk about villages, when we talk about villages, there are different types of villages. There are some villages which are general. There are some villages where there are only brahmins in them. There are some villages in which every caste or class people live, but there are other villages where only brahmins live. This village is called agraharam. Agraharam is a village where only brahmins live. The administration of the cholas was of a decentralized nature. because at the village level you will get to see village assemblies which maintain the village so the general villages where people of all castes live the village assemblies and public gatherings are called PUR but villages where only Brahmins live are called Agra Haram and the village assemblies or public gatherings where people of the village come together and solve their problems are called Mahasabha if I talk about the city level the cities are called Nagar and at the city level you will get to see the administrative body which is called Nagarnigam so as Nagarnigam you will get to see this now why am I saying that village administration represents the decentralized administration of Cholas like I talked about Parantaka the Chola king Parantaka I we get an inscription of his time which is called Uttar Merur inscription and at the Uttar Merur inscription you will get to see village assemblies at the village level you will get to see executive committees so if you want to be a part of this executive committee if you live in any of these villages and you want to be a part of this so what are the qualifications, disqualification factors how will you be chosen all these things are given in Uttar Merur inscription so what are the qualifications you should have atleast one fourth of land your age should be more than 30 years and should be less than 70 years you should have knowledge of Vedas so these are the qualifications there are norms of disqualification if you have done any of these then you cannot become a member of executive committee like those people who have been members of executive committee for 3 years they cannot come back like those people who have not submitted their account last year India's PM Narendra Modi talked about Uttar Merur inscription in his speech even today we see that if a person wants to participate in elections like MLA, MP etc then he has to submit his account means he has to tell how much property he has similarly if you don't submit your account and you don't tell what you have then you get disqualified similarly if you have committed a sin then you get disqualified so how do you become a ward member we call it Kudavoli if you want to become a ward member then you have to give your name all the potential ward members their names will be written on a piece of paper then a small kid will be called and he will take out a piece of paper and whoever has a name will become a ward member this is called Kudavoli in some villages this was followed in some villages there was a rotation system in which every few days there was a rotation system in which every few days there was a rotation system in which every few days there was a rotation system this committee this committee will meet every few days they will discuss the problems of the village we can see how detailed the village administration is in Uttar Mehru and it's not like the king is interfering in their work these are the assemblies in the village the members are elected according to the system at this level we can say at this level, we can clearly say that the administration of Cholas is very decentralized because we see village autonomy. This is village autonomy due to which we are able to see all these things. Now let's talk about the society. In the time of Cholas, we will see four varnas Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra. Brahmins are those who will keep the knowledge of Vedas here, they will assist the king here, they will teach here and chant mantras. This is said for Brahmins. Kshatriyas are warrior class, Vaishyas are mostly commercial class, merchant etc. category and Shudra is not Sutra, it should be Shudra. Shudra is considered to be the lowest of the three varnas and it is said that you have to serve the four varnas above you. So this varnashram, this varn system, here I have written varnashram, I will tell you what it actually means, but in this varn system, you will see these four varnas. Along with this, you also get to see the ashram system. Cholas also had an ashram system here. Ashram means in simple words, our average lifespan is divided into four parts here. When the ashram system came in the ancient period, then the average lifespan was considered to be 100 years. So the first 25 years of life is considered to be Brahmacharya, in which a child gets education, acquires knowledge. The next 25 years, that is, the age of 25 to 50 is considered to be Grihastha Jeevan, which starts with marriage. After that, the age of 50 to 75 is considered to be Vanaprastha Jeevan, which is the retirement period, in which you guide your next generation based on the experience you have taken of life. And the last ashram is optional. After the age of 75, that is Sanyasa, in which you can take Sanyasa, all the family members can be detached from everyone and can live in the jungle here. So you will see both the varn and ashram system here. In this varn system, there are four varnas, but you will also see a lot of such varnas, sorry, you will also see a lot of such professions that did not fit in the varnas system, due to which their castes were made, their castes were made. So here we get to see two types of major castes, one is Valangagri and the other is Idangri. Valangagri, sorry, what will be Valangagri? It will be upper caste, Idangri will be lower caste. So the caste can be divided into two broadly, two parts. After that, here in the varna system, Brahmins and Kshatriyas are considered to be the highest. If we talk about the situation of women during the Cholas period, there has not been much improvement in it. You will see the Sati Pratha here. What happens in Sati Pratha? In Sati Pratha, if there is a woman whose husband has died here, then that woman would be cremated alive on the same pyre where her husband would be cremated. So this used to be the Sati Pratha. Along with this, you will also see the Devadasi system during the Cholas period. What is Devadasi? Assume that these are small girls who have been donated to the temples. These girls are brought up in the temples. They perform dance in the temples. Atam, means they perform dance. But for whom? For the deity of the temple. They consider the deity of the temple as their husband. And they spend their entire life in their service. These are Devadasis. And these Devadasis perform the dance Atam performed by the Devadasis. From this Devadasi system, Bharatnatyam dance has also emerged. Bharatnatyam is also known as Dasi Atam. Along with that, you will see that there is a very good business going on here. And the reason behind it is the construction of trunk roads. The word for trunk roads is Peruvazis. Similarly, there are merchant guilds like Chetti, Manigramam. These are the merchant guilds that are doing a very good business. Rest, in the society of Cholas, you will see two prevalent ideas and sects. One is Shaivism and the other is Vaishnavism. In Shaivism, Lord Shiva is worshipped. In Vaishnavism, Lord Vishnu is worshipped. Even the temples of Chola kings are made with Lord Vishnu and Lord Shiva. Since we are talking about temples, we should definitely read an idea here. That is Temple Town. Temple Town. What is Temple Town? If there is an empty place and there is nothing far away, the whole land is empty, no one lives there. If a temple is built there, then first there will be a construction of the temple. In that, people will get a job here. You will get a job. You will get a labor. After the construction of the temple, people will have to be appointed here to look after it. Now when visitors come to the temple, then a person can open a prasad shop outside the temple. He can open a flower shop. He can open a coconut shop. Someone can open a photo shop. So when a temple is built, a lot of economic activities start around it. So when a temple is built, a lot of economic activities start around it. To clean the temple, a separate staff is required here. So what happens gradually? Suppose there was no one. There was no one on the land. But when a temple was built, gradually people started getting work around the temple. They started doing some work. They started selling food. And gradually people started settling around the temple. Because the temple had work, so they started building houses near the work. And gradually, because of the temple, you will see a whole town around the temple. So such temple towns were very common. During medieval times, there were many temple towns around the temple. So temples were always an economic center. And in babylon, you can see such great temples growing. And for this reason, but the silk weaving of Kanji was very popular that's why you can see Kanji saris getting ready and because we are talking about trade you will find that we are exporting imports and Arabian horses which are of good quality are also being imported which are being used in the army Chola is very popular for one more thing and that is language and literature in the field of literature Tamil literature has also developed a lot there are many scholars, writers, dramatists who have written a lot in Tamil there are many grammarians so this is a factual part so you will have to revisit it again and again after that you will be able to remember the whole part so do revisit it again and again like I said, all the literature you will read is in Tamil language like Shiv Kasim Tamani so this Shiv Kasim Tamani this book is written by Thiruth Kadevar and Kundal KC Kamban there are many versions of Ramayana and Mahabharata Kamban has also written his version of Ramayana Kamban is believed to have been written during this period similarly, Periyapuranam Periyapuranam or Periyapuranam this is a type of Puran which is also known as Tiruttondar Puranam which is written by a writer named Sekhilar Puran like you see 18 Mahapuranas related to Hinduism Periyapuranam is also an example it is somewhat connected to Jainism also similarly, Kalingattu Parani this book is written by Jayan Kondar Kalinga Ka Yudh Kalinga Ka Yudh is written by Ashokwala Kalinga Ka Yudh is also related to Kulatunga which was also attacked by Chola Raja and the name of the book is Kalingattu Parani Kalinga Ka Yudh is also related to Kulatunga after this, Muvarula is a book written by Ottakutthar in Tamil which is about the three important kings of Chola which we have already read Raja Raja, Rajendra Chola, Vijayalaya Chola Naal Venba is written by Pugal Indi Grammar of Tamil language is also written Grammar of Tamil language like Kaladam, Yapparam Galam, Nanul and Virasoliam all these books are of Tamil Grammar so, in language literature also we can see the development of Chola Cholas are known for their art culture in which we have understood the literature but along with that, they are also temple builders they have also built temples like the temple you are seeing here this is Brihadeshwar temple this Brihadeshwar temple is known by another name Raja Rajeshwara temple this is a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva this temple is in Dravidian style what you can see here this section is Garbhagriha this section is Viman this is Shikhar and this is Kalash this section is Mandap and the gap between Mandap and Garbhagriha is called Antaral but this Antaral is very long this is because you can see many mural paintings on the walls this is Raja Rajeshwara temple this temple was built by Raja Raja Chola you can see many inscriptions on the walls which give us information about the battles and military campaigns of the kings this temple is very special for one more reason Lord Shiva's statue was installed in this temple but Raja Raja Chola installed his own statue with his wife so Raja Raja Chola is one of those rulers who used to perform his own pooja in this temple so this is Brihadeshwar temple or Raja Rajeshwara temple which we see in Thanjavur Brihadeshwar similarly in Gangaikonda Cholapuram Rajendra Chola has also built a temple in Gangaikonda Cholapuram one more thing in the field of art and culture one more thing which Cholas are known for is copper sculptures not only copper but also bronze sculptures and these copper or bronze sculptures because these are metal sculptures or alloy sculptures and metal can only be given in molten form so these sculptures are not carved these sculptures are made with the help of lost wax technique and one of the most popular sculptures in all these Chola sculptures is this one which you see on the screen Natraj Nat means dance who is the king of dance? Lord Shiva so Lord Shiva is shown dancing as Natraj this whole sculpture is full of symbolism you will get to see this whole sculpture full of symbolism how? if we pay attention here so here Lord Shiva is shown with Jatamukut with Jatamukut and some of his Jatas those deadlocks are flying behind Goddess Ganga is also shown here along with this this hand which you see what is this? this is Abhay Mudra Abhay Mudra and this hand which you see this is Gajahast Mudra Gajahast Mudra all have their own meaning Abhay what does Abhay mean? Abhay means there is no need to be afraid there is no need to be afraid I am with you so Abhay Mudra Gajahast when we used to make elephant trunk in our childhood we used to hold it like this so that is Gajahast Mudra this Gajahast Mudra is actually pointing towards this leg and the way this leg is raised it shows the balance between earth and sky and the different lokas in our universe like Patal Loka, Swarg Loka so this leg is showing the balance between them along with this if you see one more hand there is flame in one hand of Lord Shiva and the other hand which you see this is Damru so how Lord Shiva is shown in this entire sculpture as creator and destroyer the sound of Damru it shows the creation and the flame flame, fire, flames it shows the destruction similarly here one leg of Lord Shiva we can say that right leg it is a it is a draft it means it is a leg of a person with a round body on which he is dancing this person with a round body he is actually a demon and what kind of demon he is it means demon of illusion there is a lot of illusion in our life we don't want to see things as truth we don't want to see reality as reality there is a veil of illusion in front of our eyes so this dance through this dance what Lord Shiva is doing he is removing the veil of illusion so that we can see the truth what is the truth what is the reality this is what is being done here so what is apasmara illusion here this dance this illusion if it is removed we get to see this dance related to it with this you can see a cycle here you can see a cycle with a lot of flames this shows the life cycle birth and death cycle birth, death and rebirth this whole cycle shows that cycle so if you see the whole sculpture of Lord Shiva here we see symbolism and many other sculptures of copper and bronze have been the specialty of Chola they have patronized this patronized Chola art so with this the whole part of Chola that we had to discuss here is complete remember whatever discussion we have done today is based on the book of Tamil Nadu whatever words we have got whatever battle names we have got all that we have discussed here mainly you should do pay attention to the words here because terms meaning of words are asked a lot from medieval India so this is it for today's session before leaving let me tell you that the subscription of Unacademy Plus if you want to prepare for 2025 or you want to prepare for 2026 the subscription of Unacademy Plus is available for Rs. 23,999 and that too for 15 months in which you will get everything which was available at a high price till now be it courses be it GS or CSAT be it test series of mains or prelims there are unlimited batches you can make your own planner here or you can include Hindi, English and English batches bilingual batches and as courses are added your syllabus will be completed so you will see this here and summit batch is starting from 26th July meaning from tomorrow so if you want to start from tomorrow for your exam so what you can do you can enroll here in this prize offer you can use referral code ARTI1702 these are the batches which are starting from 26th July achievers are completely English batches in which English will be taught summit is taught in English-Hindi mix like I am talking here and Shikhar is pure Hindi batch so prelims and mains preparation can be done in these batches these batches will be targeted in 2025 so you can be a part of these batches along with this there will be many of you who are going to give exam in 2026 so the batch coming for them is NEEV NEEV means foundation foundation batch this will be for 2 years first MCERT will be covered basics will be taught after that standard books will be taught so this will be English-Hindi mix starting from 27th July you can join this NEEV batch UPSC Iconic subscription has some new features existing features daily answer writing live mentorship personal mentor PDF books you can ask doubt to your mentor daily GSK classes practice questions but along with that new features in Iconic offline centres in Delhi have recorded classes quick revision module answer evaluation and interview guidance these things are new in Iconic so if you are thinking about Iconic you can take this you can use referral code ARTI1702 time is very less this prize offer is for 2 days so if you want to take subscription under this prize offer you have to take in 2 days only 2 days are left thank you so much we will meet in next session and in next session we will cover other topics take care