Day - 117 | History | Indian Art & Culture | Part - 2 | Mr. Kishore Kumar

Hello dear friends, I'm your Kishore Kumar So, what we are going to see in this video is it is with respect to the temple architecture Is there any temple architecture and sculpture? We are going to see this chapter fully So, the types of temple architecture There are three types What are they? Nahara, Dravida and Visara There are three types Along with that, the architectural significance Then, the types Then, the related questions So, we are going to see all these in detail With respect to this NCRT There are so many details in this NCRT If you read this, you will get an overall understanding Ok? So, first It is with respect to the temple architecture and sculpture So, what is there earlier? If you see, there are no big designs or big temple architecture First, we thought of a house We started from a hut Similarly, how did the temples start? It started from a small uterus Ok? Uterus There will be a single building There will be a single square The main deity will be inside it That's all Ok? After that, there will be a top portion That's all Ok? It was like this The first important thing is This shrine This is one of the earliest temple buildings Where is this shrine? Naksha and Kuthra Naksha Kuthra is in Madhya Pradesh It was built in 5th century CE This deity is Shiva deity Naksha Kuthra is in 5th century CE Remember this 5th century CE Because, there is a possibility to ask Ok? Earliest temple After giving, which is the earliest temple? Ok? So, remember these things After that, shrines Early shrines are divided into three types Ok? It is not about architectural style Ok? Circum Circumventry That is the path surrounding It is divided into three types That is First type is with respect to Sadhara First type is Sadhara It is without prediction path Prediction path means There is no path surrounding Sadhara is without prediction path Next is It is with respect to Nirandhara Nirandhara means It is with prediction path Nirandhara After that is Sarvathopatra Sarvathopatra means You can access from any side There are four places There is a gate There is a place You can access from here It is like this That is Sarvathopatra Sarvam You can go inside from all places Ok? In that The earliest known temples are Deogar in Uttar Pradesh Then Iran Nachinakutra Then Udayagiri caves The temple in Udayagiri It is in Madhya Pradesh Udayagiri is in Vidisha It is in that place Ok? Udayagiri It is not Udayagiri cave It is different from Kandagiri Udayagiri This is Udayagiri Ok? This is different Ok? Next The basic forms of Hindu temple What is there There are 3 types First is The first form is with respect to this one Which is Nagara temple This one is Dravida temple This is Visara temple Ok? For Nagara temple If you have to draw In the exam You can draw As in Nagara First, it will be on a raised platform, according to the city, it will be on a raised platform. After that, there will be a uterus. Next to the uterus, there will be a tower. After this tower, there will be a tower like this. It will be a curvilinear structure. After that, there will be something like an umbrella. This is an umbrella. After the umbrella, there will be a tower. This curvilinear structure is called Shikara. After that, the curvilinear structure will be clustered. It will be clustered towers. This is the uterus. The uterus will have the main deity. This is the plinth. This is the terrace. This is built on a raised platform. Next, we will see what is there and what is not. We will come to the Dravidian style. How is the Dravidian style? In the Dravidian style, as soon as you come, you will know. You would have gone to a temple nearby. Or you would have seen the temple. When you go inside, what is there? It is called Gopuram. You cannot go inside. Some people will be lazy. They will come after seeing the Gopuram. Or they will go on time. They will come after seeing the Gopuram. There is an old saying. It is called Gopuram and Kodi Puniyam. What is there at the entrance? There is Gopuram. Next is the vehicle of the deity. The vehicle of the prime deity. There is Shiva and Nandi. There is a Kodi tree. Next is the marriage hall. There is a marriage hall. There is a square shaped Garbhagraha. There is the main deity in Garbhagraha. Above this, there is a pyramid shaped structure called Vimanam. There is a pyramid shaped structure called Vimanam. Above this, there is a cubical shaped structure called Shikara. This is called Shikara. This place is called Shikara. This is Kalasam. Next is a wedding hall. This is the vehicle of the deity. There is the Gopuram. There are some shrines beside the Gopuram The main shrine is near the main deity. Here is their deity, Durga. It is called Amman shrine. Things like this, Gopuram, this and that, are all built during the Vijayanagara period. Let it be a wedding hall. All these are built during the Vijayanagara period. Similarly, in Dravida style of architecture, there is a Madhul wall. There are big walls. This is missing in Nagara style of architecture. The Madhul wall is not there. Similarly, in Dravida style of architecture, there is a big water tank. They would have built a water tank. Inside, they would have cut it like a pond. It is not there in Nagara. Here, it is in a raised platform. Here, it is not a raised platform. Now, both these are joined together. Both these structures are joined together. That is called Vesara. So, they took the architectural style of Nagara. After that, there is the style. The sculptures, the carvings, the sculptural style. This is taken from Dravida. When both these are joined together, what we get is Vesara. Vesara means vessel. Or it means a mule. It means to carry something. It means to carry something from one place to another. That is Vesara style of architecture. See how it is in Vesara style. For example, this is Vesara style of architecture. This is Somanathapuram temple. We have a raised platform. After that, the carving is linear. But the architecture inside is like Dravida style of architecture. So, it cannot be called as Dravida or Nagara. Since both are joined together, it is called Vesara. We will see in detail where this is and where it is. First, we will go to Nagara style of architecture. As far as Nagara style of architecture is concerned, what we need first is where it is built and how it is built. Maximum, it will be on a stone raised platform. It will be on a stone raised platform. After that, there will be no gateways. It does not usually have elaborate boundary walls. There will be no gateways. There will be no Gopuram. That is why in Dravida style of architecture, we call Gopuram as Raya Gopuram. Why do we call it Raja Gopuram? Because it was built by the Rayas. Like Krishnadevaraya, it was built by the Achyuthadevarayas. Since it was built by the Rayas of Vijaynagar, we call it as Raya Gopuram. Next, what is it? It is with respect to the tallest building. The Shikara below Karpakkara will be big. That will be big. After that, it will be divided into three types. The Shikara will be divided into three types. The first style is with respect to Latina or Rekha Prasada. Rekha Prasada. This is the first type of Shikara. Now, see how it is. It is curvilinear. It looks like a curve. It goes up slightly like this. This is called Rekha Prasada. It comes slightly like this. This is called Rekha Prasada. The second type is called Pamsana. This is the Konark Sun Temple. This is called Pamsana. It will be like a mountain peak. It will be clustered like a mountain peak. For example, it will go up like this. After that, it will go like this. After that, it will close like a lid. Now, the difference between these two is that the brace will be broader. Similarly, it will be shorter. When compared, it will be shorter. This is the Pamsana style. What is next? The next style is called Wallabi. The next style is Wallabi. What is Wallabi style? It is a rectangular wall with a curved structure. It will be like a small temple. It is a rectangular temple with a curved structure. This is Wallabi style. These three styles are called Shikara style. The most famous style is the Latina style or Rekha Prasada. Remember Rekha Prasada. Central India, East, West and Hill are divided into four. This is the Nagara style of architecture. The local architectural differences are the main difference. It depends on the stone used and the materials used. It depends on which is the famous temple and who built it. Central India is divided into Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. These three are called Central India. It is made of sandstone. These are the early stages of temple building. This is where the Guptas of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh lived. The Guptas were the first to build a temple. In their time, the Puranas, Manusmriti and other writings came into shape. Mahabharata and Ramayana came into shape. After that, they started temple building activities. You can see the earliest building forms in Central India. This is a temple in Shanchi. This is the first building with a roof. This is the first building with a roof in Shanchi. This is a temple complex near Shanchi. Diyogar is an excellent example of post Gupta style. One of the important styles is Panchayatana style. Panchayatana style. This is the main deity. There are four deities in Nala Mulai. This is a temple complex. This is Panchayatana style. Panch means five. There are minor deities and major deities. This is how it is. The first important example is the temple in Diyogar. The next example is the Gajraho group of temples in Madhya Pradesh. This is how it started. This style is very simple. This is the Diyogar temple. There is a raised platform. There is a garbha karakam. There is a shikara on top. This is a very simple style. In Madhya Pradesh, in the 10th and 11th century, when Chandayalas ruled, this was a very complex style. This is called Lakshmana temple. This Lakshmana temple was built by Danga, a Chandayala king. This is the Gajraho group of temples. This is another temple. Gajraho Kandariya Mahadeva temple. This is the zenith of Nagara style. This is an example. Everything in Nagara style is there. Whatever you ask for, whatever you choose, everything is there. There is a raised platform. There is a sarkam navigator. This is the path to go around the temple. If you come inside, this is the Aradhana mandapam. This is called Aradhana mandapam. This is called Artha mandapam. This is called Maha mandapam. This is called Maha mandapam or Aradhana mandapam. Look here. There is a latina style shikara. There is an antara on top. There is an amalaka. Everything is there. The one below this shikara is the karpakaraka. The one below the big shikara is the karpakaraka. This Gajraho temple is the pinnacle of this. There are small gaps on top. In all these, there is a mythuna style of architecture. That is, sexual postures. Everything is in this. Now, inside this and outside this. What does it mean? You are looking outside and inside this. This is an interpretation. What is the interpretation? If you are looking outside, you will not find God. Only if you go inside this, you will understand. You will understand the meaning of life. This is an interpretation that you have to go inside. We do not know whether it is true or not. Next are the temples in western India. In western India, there is Rajasthan. Western part of Gujarat and Rajasthan. Then there is western Madhya Pradesh. There is a western Indian type. They use sand stones. In some places, they use white marbles. For example, Mount Abu. There are Jain temples. There is a temple called Dilwara Jain Temple. It was built on Mount Abu. Who built it? Vimal Shah. A king. This is also in your NCRT. But write this down. Vimal Shah built it. Ok. What is famous about it? Intricate carvings. This is famous. They would not have left even an inch free. They would have beautified everything. Where is this? Sun Temple. Why is this Sun Temple so important? It was built by King Bheemdev. One of Solanki dynasty. It was built in 1026. They have asked about Sun Temple. This is a previous year question. Which of the following is or are famous for Sun Temples? They have not asked about the Sun Temple in Mothira. They have not asked about the Sun Temple in Konark. They have asked about other Sun Temples. But Sun is an important place in radar. Nothing else. Similarly, there are 12 Jyothirlingas. See where that place is. Then, Shaktipeeth. See where that is. That is only in current affairs. I will explain that in the last class. Arasavalli is the only Sun Temple. Amarkantaka and Omkareshwara are not Sun Temples. Sir, how is this? Omkareshwara. Remember this. Eshwara means Lord Shiva. So, atleast remember that it does not come. So, B, C, D. Since there are three, we can eliminate them. Only one is the answer. Next, what is the famous thing for this? This Sun Temple. See how much architectural style they have introduced in this pond. Even in Nagara style, there is a big pond only here. This is another important thing. Because, there is no water tank in Nagara. There are some exceptions. One of the exceptions is this Sun Temple in Modira. Similarly, for equinox. Equinox happens twice a year. Equinox is the equinox which is equal to day and night. What happens to this equinox? Sun rays will come directly into the central shrine. It will come only at that time. So, they have built it like that. In architectural style. Equinox also happens like that. Then, East India. East India is the style which is very important in Nagara. Because, there are many divisions in this. Then, we will explain the parts of Nagara in a different way. We will see what are those. So, mainly in East India, we will see North East. We will see in Assam. Then Bengal and Orissa. In East India, Orissa is very important. That is what we will concentrate. Because, there are famous temples. Like Puri Jagannath Temple. Then, Konark Sun Temple. Or the temple in Bhuvaneshwar. All these are important temples for Nagara style of architecture. So, the construction materials are built in Terracotta style. It is built in Terracotta material. In Assam, we have seen the Ahom style. In Medieval India, we have studied about Ahom. Their details. Then, why they came in the current phase. I have told all that in the class of Medieval India. In Ahom style architecture, there is a temple called Kamakaya Temple. This temple is very important. Next is Bengal. In Bengal, what is very important is, Vanga style. Sena Kings or Pala Kings. It is built in their architectural style. Palas are mainly Buddhist. Patterns of Buddhist. But, what we have done in their style is, We have done in these constructions. One of the important thing is, Bamboos are used in this. Bamboos are used as a roof. In Bengal, bamboo is used. Nothing else is needed. The important temples in that are, Vishnupur's Terracotta Temple. After that is, Siddheshwara Temple. This is Siddheshwara Temple. Next is, Orissa style of architecture. In Orissa style of architecture, In Sikara, This style of architecture is divided into three. Orissa is divided into three. First is, Rekha Pitha. Then, Pithadul. Then, Karka. If you don't know this, it's ok. Just know that there are three. What else you should know is, In Sikara, It is called Deul. In Sikara, it is called Deul. Then, there is Mandaba. In Mandaba, it is called Jagamohan. In Mandaba, In Orissa style of architecture, It is called Jagamohan. Just remember this. This temple is the important temple with respect to Orissa style of architecture. In this, The top part is broken. Sikara is broken. Ok. Only the Mandaba is left. Ok. This is dedicated to the Sun Temple. How was this built? There is a legend of the Sun. It is said that, He is travelling from west to east and east to west with 7 horses. It is said that, They have constructed the horse as a wheel. That's why it is called Wheel. This temple is like a wheel. There are wheels in the temple. In fact, there are wheels. The wheels are like a clock. It would have been like a clock They would have designed it to show the 24 hours They would have done it so well Similarly, they would have constructed it as if the sun is shining in the central shrine So, this is an important architectural marvel So, this is Jaganmohan This is Puri Jagannath temple In Puri Jagannath temple, this is in Latina style Rekha Prasada is in Latina style Puri Jagannath temple Next are the hilly types Hilly types are Himachal, Kumaon, Garhwal, Kashmir etc So, there are two parts here Shikara and Mandapa Shikaras are constructed in Latina style Mandapas are in wooden architecture Shikaras are in Latina style Mandapas are in wooden architecture Remember this Similarly, when comparing other styles Aesthetics are less Moderate aesthetic sense In Gujarat, they would have beautified the pillars without leaving even an inch But here it is not like that It is a simple style of architecture If you see why it is like that, it is because they did not find any material on top of the mountain They might have wanted to create something So, this is why they did not give much importance to aesthetics Next is with respect to Dravida style of architecture Till now, we have seen only Nagara style In Nagara, the main thing is With respect to the structure Remember that the structure is Shikara Then there is Garbhakara There are three types of Shikara Similarly, in Dravida style Instead of Shikara, we have Gateways We already know that Gateways are Gopuram Instead of Shikara, we have Vimana Vimana So, above Garbhakara is Vimana At the entrance is Shikara Sorry, at the entrance is Gopuram Do not confuse both What happens in Cholar period First of all, let us see how Dravida style of architecture is formed In Dravida style of architecture It starts in Pallavar period It starts as a rock cut architecture So, there is a stone and they break it They break it and form a structure So, where there are mountains That is where this architecture comes We can see the initial architecture there For example, in Pallavar period Mahendra Varma Pallavan He spent his time in Art and Architecture So, in Mandagapattu inscription He is known as Vichitra Chitra It means he thought differently He did not have cement or bricks He created a structure It is mentioned in Mandagapattu inscription It is built like this Rock cut architecture Next is his son In my opinion, it is Narasimha Varma style of architecture There is a stone In that stone, they would have drawn scenes They would have crushed the scenes Just like how we draw a painting In a stone, they would have crushed many sculptures The place where the name of the sculpture is mentioned They would have crushed Pancharatham So, like this There would be a big elephant After that, a very important thing is With respect to Arjuna's penance Go and search Arjuna's penance on the internet There would be a big stone In that, someone would be praying Arjuna's penance So, all these were created during the time of Narasimha Varma So, the stone sculptures were created during his time Next is Narasimha Varman II Or it is called Rajasimhan style of architecture In Rajasimhan style, the shore temples are created That is, they take materials from the valley and build a temple In that, the most important temple is The blue print of Dravida style Where can we find it? In Kanjipuram, there is a temple called Kailasanatha temple It is in Kanjipuram He is the one who builds that Kailasanatha temple In that, there would be a Karpakalaka There would be a plane above After that, there would be an exterior wall There would be a tank This is the main blueprint of Dravida style The people who come after this They make some changes For example, the Cholars come When the Cholars come Who is the most important person for the temple architecture? Those two people Raja Raja and Rajendra What Raja Raja does is Brahadeeshwara temple or Tanjavur big temple He constructs this This is the biggest in India This temple is the one which broke the highest plane Ok The peak above that is said to be 80 tons 80 tons Ok How did they bring it up? Some people say that it is a big monolithic stone Some people say that it is attached We don't want to go inside that He is building such a big temple The planes would be very big during the Cholars period Ok What happens after that is Who comes after the Cholars? Vijayanagara architects What they do in Vijayanagara is They enlarge the tombs and make the planes small The tombs would be big in the next temples Ok The planes would be small Those are the temples built during the Vijayanagara period They construct the Amman train and the mandapam Ok This is how it is During the Vijayanagara period, the Dravidian style is very big During the Cholars period, it touches the heights Dravidian style of architecture reached its zenith During the Chola period Ok This is what you should remember This is the Dravidian style of architecture In this, the tombs are there What they do is The gateways are there Because of the archery To avoid the archery They construct the tombs like a protection wall Ok They construct the boundary walls When they construct the walls They construct the tombs all over the place Because during those days The kings used to write the revenues of the surrounding villages for the maintenance of the temples When they write like that The temples are not just religious and ritual centres They turn into administrative centres They turn into a banking institution They turn into a patronage place Small shops will be built around the temples Revenues will come for that Ok It turns into a place to administer everything During the time of the flood or the time of the army All the villagers will go inside the temples and pray It will become a protection place for us In those days The temples did not do just one thing It has been used for many things This is what we see in the temples Ok So If you see here It will be like a palace instead of an amulet Similarly There will not be a Mithunas style of architecture There will not be a river goddess or Ganga or Yamuna What will be there at the entrance There will be two people It is called Gadai There will be an amulet on the door It is called Dwarapalakas Dwarapalakas Bala means It means guards Dwaram means door Dwara Ok So The entrance will be guarded There will be two people Ok So there will be Dwarapalakas Similarly there will be clustered Sikaras will be clustered It is one of the type Sikara will be alone Srikaras will be clustered sometimes Here it will not be clustered There will be only one plane It will be big Ok Or it will be small That's it See the examples for that Do you have Meenakshi Amman temple This is an important one This is Rajendra Cholan built Gangai Konda Cholapuram It is the son of Raja Raja He built Gangai Konda Cholapuram Ok That plane is this Ok Next the concentric circles will be in this concept Ok As far as Srirangam temple is concerned There will be seven concentric rectangular walls Ok Because What happens after four Temples were not limited to religious matters But also temples became the rich administrative centers They controlled vast amount of land Ok Next come here They have asked a question What is the common with the two historical places Known as Ajanta and Mahabalipuram They have asked to compare Ajanta and Mahabalipuram Ajanta is a cave Mahabalipuram is With respect to There is rock cut and also shore temples We know Both were built in the same period This is Pallavargal Ajanta was built from 2nd century B.C Ok From 2nd century B.C to Guptar That is why we are studying the patterns There is Vakatakas Then there are fidu trees That is why we saw the patterns in 2nd class Ok If we remove 1 Then A and C will not come Then only B or D Ok Then this will be automatically eliminated Both belong to the same religious domination We know that it is Buddhism Ajanta There are shore temples Then there is Hinduism Both have rock cut monuments If it is there, then it is there If they have given only in this Then this statement will be wrong That is why when you say only You should be careful It is not wrong to say only But you should be careful Both have only rock cut, then it is wrong Both have rock cut, then it is there Then the 3rd statement is correct B is the answer Ok Next is Mahendra Varma School of Architecture Narasimha Varma School of Architecture All of them are mentioned in this You can see that Building Kalyanamandapas was a notable feature in the temple construction of the kingdom of They are asking what We saw that Chalukyas and Chandelas will not come There will not be Kalyanamandapas Athamandapas, Aradhanamandapas We saw only like this Then there are Rashtrakutas No Only Vijayanagara will come Kalyanamandapam and Ammanstrain Both are Vijayanagara type of architecture This is also a question asked in the previous series Ok Next is Deccan Architecture Deccan Architecture is Vasara style of architecture Vasara style But before seeing that Vasara style This Kailashnath Temple We have seen Ellora Ok Kailashnath Temple, Kailashnatha Temple and the one in Kanchipuram Ok This is rock cut architecture From top to bottom only one stone is carved Ok This is also like that We cannot say it is Dravida or Nagara But it is carved in Dravida style That's all Ok Because See here there is a plane But below it is like a star It is like a big star Because it is rock cut We cannot construct it big But this itself is an architectural marvel See where are they People In this itself people From where to where they have built How they would have built it They would have built from top Actually they would have carved from top How they carved How they perceived and carved We did not know actually We do not know how they did it We still do not know This is in cave 16 Remember that well Cave 16 This is cave number 16 Ok After that What is it If you see In this One Important Sculpture is there Ravana shaking the mount Kailash There is a sculpture like that It is a very famous sculpture It is in Ellora Kailashnathar temple Remember that They will not ask anything else Ok Now in Vesara style of architecture If you want to know about someone Chalukyas are the first patronage Chalukya period starts from Pulikeshi 1 Chalukya period They are the first to patronage it Among them The important early rocket caves are The caves in Ravanapadi The caves in Ayoli Ravanapadi cave at Ayoli Ayoli Badami All these are Vesara style of architecture Ok Remember that Next Chalukya temple set Pattadakal All these are UNESCO world heritage site In UNESCO world heritage site Pattadakal group of architecture After that Mamallapuram That is why we are reading this in detail Kostins also comes from this Ok Which stone is this? This is called soap stone This kind of architecture is Created in soap stone That is sand stone Nagarala This is soap stone The important beauty of soap stone is It is easy to sculpt That is why we can create intricate sculptures In soap stone Once a new layer is exposed in the sun It will dry soon It will dry and become very strong That is why the longevity is so much It can be sculpted easily It has longevity That is the beauty of soap stone Remember that Ok Among them the important architectural stone is The wife of Vikramaditya II Chief Queen Lokamayadevi She has built Virupaksha temple Remember this Who is the patron of Virupaksha temple? Then who is Virupaksha? It is Shiva Virupaksha is also Shiva Ok Then the Lakkan temple in Hayali is also important In this Wooden roof like in hills That is why this is important Ok This is Somanathapuram temple Somanathapuram temple Next is the architecture of Oishalas Oishalas architecture and this is also Visara style of architecture Look at this There is a raised platform and a laced platform That is why we can't say it is a town Because This is curved But It has the style of an airplane Sculptures are like those in airplanes Ok Look at this You can see the importance of soap stone Look how intricately they have carved from the jewellery Everything Ok You can see everything The jewellery, crown From the eyes to the nose They have carved everything Ok Oishalas Belur Alipayadu In this place Similarly the angles are Grew extremely complex And many projecting angles All these are there There is a star like platform in soap stone All these projecting angles are there Ok Next I have given only the important points collectively Use this to revise That's all This is Nagara, this is Ravida, this is Visara Architecture Apart from this, there is Buddhist architecture and Jain architecture If you take Jain architecture Mount Abu The Dilwara temple in Mount Abu That is one of the important Jain architecture Second is In Kannada In Karnataka Saravana Belagula That place In that there is a statue called Bahubali Ok That is also very very important Ok That statue Who is he? Adinath First Theerthangar's son They say Ok So this statue That statue is very important Ok Next In Buddhist architecture That The Buddhist temple in Bodh Gaya There is a Mahabodhi tree That Bodh Gaya complex That temple architecture is very important Ok See all these Apart from this An overall idea You would have got an overall idea about temple architecture I believe If you have any doubts You can ask me All the best Thank you Jai Liar