Day - 99 | History | Swaraj and Consolidation | Mr. Kishore Kumar

Hello dear friends, I'm your Kishore Kumar. So today, we will give you independence in this class who have successfully followed modern India. You will also have independence from history and then India will also have independence. So, how we have got the independence? We are going to see that series of events. This series of events is going to happen in 6-7 years. But, this is very important. It is very important to be here because we are going to win now. So, that is the build up. As the tension builds up, the further masses have been nationalized. Also, parallelly they have been communalized, communalized, communalized. So, two events are going to happen. One is independence and the other is partition. So, we will see how it happens, what happens and what happens because of what. We will also solve some previous year questions. So, we will straight away go into today's video. So, struggle for Swaraj and then consolidation of the Swaraj. So, that is what we are going to see now. So, what we have seen so far is that the congress ministries, we have seen from 1935 to 1939. Why did we stop there? How did socialist ideology spread? How did socialism spread? What was the state people's struggle like? How did communalism spread? So, we have seen such things. So, what we are going to see next is, in this sector, 1939. Why are you stopping here, sir? An important event is happening in September. What is it? The Second World War is starting. September 1st and 2nd. Hitler's Nazi forces are attacking Poland. It cannot be left alone. Because they have already united Austria. Germany has united Austria. Then they united the Sudetenland, the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. Then they united Czechoslovakia as well. They will call it the policy of appeasement. Okay? Policy. Okay. Unite. Why are they uniting? In 1919, the Allies think that they have done a big mistake to Germany. That is, England and France think so. Okay, let it be. Let it be. They are uniting little by little. But what Hitler thinks is that he thinks it is the weakness of the Allies. They are afraid of us. They will do anything for us. He thinks it will be a short war and he is going to occupy Poland. He can't do more than this. What do they do? The Allies have come to the help of Poland. So here starts the Second World War. The Second World War starts. So what happens is that already in the Madras Session of the Congress led by M. A. Ansari in 1927 in the Congress Session what they announced was that the imperialistic forces will not get any support from India after this. The Indian government, India and the Indian Nationalists will not get any support they decided in the Congress Madras Session. It will be a resolution and they will pass it. Actually. Before that, did they give any support? They gave nothing during the World War. They trusted and gave support. They said Swaraj will come. Self rule will come. Nothing came. So what happens next is that the British go to war. With the Second World War. They join the Second World War. Without asking us without asking the Nationalists British India also is with the Allies. They have their support. They announce it to the British. So what they do against this is that the Congress resigns from their Ministry. Resignation of the Ministries. By the Congress. That is why it is called the 28 months rule of Congress. From 1935 to 1939 they rule. At that time In Madras the Prime Minister is C. Rajagopal Acharya. He is the Prime Minister. At that time, the Chief Minister is called the Premier. Actually. So they resign. So what they do after resigning is that they don't give any support. At this time, there is an offer called the August Offer. Actually. From the Viceroy. What he says in that is that We are thinking of giving the Dominion status after the war is over. From our Dominion status it has gone to Poornaswaraji. It has gone to complete independence. Now we are thinking of giving the Dominion status. You give us support. They say no. So what happens is that after the August Offer there is no positive decision to be taken. So what Gandhiji does is that he launches Individual Satyagraha. Sir, what is that? Individual Satyagraha. Now what Gandhi does is that there are two dilemmas. One is that we have to get Independence for India. The ultimate aim is that only. But at the same time, we have to oppose the Fascist force. Because the ultimate form of imperialism is Fascism. Fascism is a very dangerous thing. So when Fascism takes over the world, it will be a situation where there is no point in getting Independence for India. So he had sympathies towards the British. At the same time, we have to oppose them. So what should we do? Mild form of Satyagraha. That is Individual Satyagraha. What do they do? Individuals go and set up a stage. Many people will stand in front of it. One person will go individually and do Satyagraha. That is, he won't eat. Then he will speak against the British. When he speaks, he will be arrested. When he is arrested, another person will come. He will speak the same way. He will be arrested. After he is arrested, another person will come. This is called as Individual Satyagraha. This was launched in May 1941. Individual Satyagraha. The person who started Individual Satyagraha was Vinoba Bhave. The second person was Jawaharlal Nehru. After he was arrested, Jawaharlal Nehru. After Jawaharlal Nehru was arrested, another person. This is one form of Satyagraha. In the meantime, in the world affairs, Allies are losing. Hitler is winning. Japanese forces are also winning. They have reached Burma. In this situation, two important things are happening. Axis powers are there. Axis are Germany, Italy, Japan. Axis forces. Against them, the Allies are England, France. So, Japan is Pearl Harbour, an island in the Pacific Ocean. An island of the US. On this side, Germany is going to invade the Soviet Union. These two things, it has transformed the World War II. Because two super powers are joining the Allies. Because of these two moves. US is also joining. Direct involvement of US to World War II. After that, USSR also. Why are they miscalculating? Because, in any situation, Communism and Capitalism won't work together. That's why Hitler is miscalculating. But, both are joining together. Because, when there is a common enemy, they won't see ideological differences. Because, there is an existential threat. Only if there is an existence, ideology can spread. So, to maintain the existence, they are joining together. That's why, there is a dialogue. Friends during the war became enemies after the war. Friends during the war became enemies after the war. It is said by both USSR and US. There is a dialogue like that. So, it goes like this. After this, Japan comes to Rangoon. So, they are knocking the doors. Gandhi became so agitated. At that time, Crips Mission comes. After this, to get support from Nationalist forces, Crips Mission comes. Crips Mission is a cabinet minister. His name is Stafford Crips. He comes in March 1942. He comes and announces a proposal. After the war is over, we will give you Dominion status. Again and again, they will remain in Dominion status. Till the end. They will change a little in the cabinet mission. So, Crips Mission will remain in Dominion status. That too, after the war is over. So, give us support now. Similarly, those who do not want to join the Indian Union, they have the provision to go alone. In Crips Mission. So, they have indirectly given permission to Pakistan. Crips Mission. Congress did not accept this. Nationalists did not accept this. Gandhi is very agitated. What is he saying? It is a post-dated check. Crips Mission. Given by a sinking bank. A bank that is about to collapse. This is the time to give a non-selling cheque. Because, after the war is over, you do not know whether England exists or not. You are giving me freedom. That too, giving Dominion status. So, they did not accept this. So, in March 1942, Crips Mission has been failed. Now, what happens is, tension builds up. During the war, prices are rising. Peasants are agitated. Workers are agitated. Working parties are agitated. In Burma, Japanese forces are at the edge to invade India. Now, Gandhi says, Quit India. This is the Quit India movement. 8th August 1942, Gwalior Tank in Maharashtra says, Quit India. Because, he wants to come here So, Quit India. That's all. Get the foreigners out. Not only that, do or die. Do or die. All dialogues will come here. They will come to Quit India. He will go to bed. They will arrest him on 9th August. So, Quit India movement was launched as a leaderless movement. There won't be any leaders. It was launched by the people as a Quit India movement. A leaderless movement. Why? Leaders have already prepared masses for mass struggle. Actually. So, what happens is, in Quit India movement, some important things are happening. In 9th August, Quit India movement comes Underground activities are happening. Aruna Asafali, Usha Mehta, all of them are doing underground radio. Parallel governments have been run. Where? In Baila, Chittu Pandey. In Tamil Nadu, Jathiya Sarkar. In Satara, Prathiya Sarkar. Three important parallel governments during Quit India movement have been started. If they close it, this is another important movement. In this movement, what happens is, look at his instructions. Gandhi's instructions have been clear during the 8th August. Government servants, do not resign, but declare your allegiance to the Congress. Soldiers, do not leave the army. But, workers, if there are nationalists, do not fire at them. Peasants, if the landlord is anti-British, pay your rent for a mutual agreement. If he is pro-government, do not pay. That's it. This is how Quit India movement happens. Look at Gandhi's development. If you look at it, Gandhi came in 1915. Three important movements, Champaran, Keda, and then Ahmadabad Militia. At that time, Gandhi was not seen as a great leader or a force. But, he grew up as a nationalist leader. After that, he launched a non-cooperation movement. Even then, the British did not care for him. After he withdrew the non-cooperation movement, after the Chowri Chowra incident, he withdrew in February, and was arrested in March. He launched the movement and was arrested two years later. When it comes to the civil disobedience movement, he launched the movement. After that, he was arrested when the movement was in the middle. When it comes to the Quit India movement, he was arrested as soon as the movement was announced. This is how Gandhi as a leader has risen in the past 20 years. Two important things How did the British government rise in the past 200 years? First, through benevolence. They wore the mask of benevolence and said, it is for your good, to modernize you, the white man's burden. Secondly, invincibility. You cannot do anything to us. We will ultimately win over you. Because we are superior, we are superior race, we have modern weapon, and we have administrative capacity to rule you. So, who broke these two things? It was the moderates and Gandhi. The mask of benevolence was broken by the moderates through their economic criticism. You are destroying us. It is a drain of wealth. This is what the moderates are saying. Only then do the masses realize that something like this is happening. Only then do they realize that we do not need them. We can rule ourselves. But how? How do we drive them away? Gandhi has come and destroys the invincibility character of the British. How, sir? Through his satyagraha and non-violence. Because he is attacking the conscience of the Britishers. Actually, Conscience. You are attacking them in the name of doing good. I am breaking the name of doing good. How am I breaking it? I am doing violence against you. I am fighting with a weapon. You can easily kill me with a weapon. I am fighting in the form of non-violence. Even then, if you want to kill me with a weapon, I will have sympathy. Many more people will come and say, You are hitting me like this Even if you don't do anything to me, many more people will listen to me and see the truth. Ultimately, I will be the winner. This is how Gandhi ji destroyed the Britishers. Invincibility character of the Britishers has been destroyed by Gandhi through non-violence, satyagraha and ahimsa. So, this is what is happening. They are keeping Gandhi inside. They are keeping all the leaders inside. Because of that, this movement was a short-lived movement. At this time, Subhash Chandra Bose is again trying another method through violent method. He is saying, I don't care about anything. The end is important to me. It is the classic case of means versus end. What does Gandhi think? He wants freedom. At the same time, fascism is a dangerous thing. That is why we should be with the Britishers. What does Subhash Chandra Bose think? I want freedom. That's all. I don't care about any method. My enemy's enemy is my friend. So, I am going. First, he is going to the USSR. After that, they are joining with the Allies. So, he is going to Germany and through German submarines, he is going to Japan. He is going to meet the Indian soldiers who were arrested in Japan and he is going to build an organization called Azad Hindu Fauj. Before that, Mohan Singh, the commander, He was alive till 1989. After that, Subhash Chandra Bose came and reorganized it. He gave the call of Jai Hind. He is the one who said Jai Hind. He is the one who said Delhi Chalo. Andaman and Nicobar Islands has been gifted to Subhash Chandra Bose by the Japanese. He named it as Saheed and Swaraj Islands. Andaman and Nicobar Islands. That's the name. In Singapore, he is forming a government. He is forming an Indian government. And he wanted to invade India through Burma. He is planning to invade through the Northeast. But, his attempt has been failed. So, he escaped again and thought of regrouping again. He landed on a plane but it has not been conclusive yet. That is what is believed to be the maximum. Majoritarian story. So, we will go with that story. Now, till the end of the war, all the leaders are quiet. There is no other way. In between, two things are happening. There is a fight between Congress and Muslim League. They want partition. So, Rajagopalachari brings a formula called CR formula. Rajagopalachari formula or Rajaji formula. In that, we accept partition. But, it should be after the war. Before the war, we will get our freedom from the British. We will establish an interim government. We will get our freedom and establish an interim government. After that, in the Muslim majority areas, we will take everything separately and we can give plebiscite. Let them decide whether they want partition or not. Then, we will decide. Until then, we will be together in a united front. This is Rajagopalachari's formula. Jinnah rejects this. Because, he has many conditions. First, to accept this, Congress should accept two nation theory. What is two nation theory? Hindus are a different nation. Muslims are a different nation. Second, to vote in the plebiscite, it should not be based on the adult franchise. Only Muslim population should vote. Congress does not accept this. Rajagopalachari's formula has been rejected. Then, there is another pact. Bulabhai Desai and Lingvith Kaur are Jinnah's subordinates. So, Bulabhai Desai Lingvith Pact is a pact. In this pact, Desai says, Pakistan should be left out. We will be together. But, in the cabinet, I will give half a seat to Muslim League. Half a seat to Congress and half a seat to Muslim League. But, Jinnah does not know But, Lingvith Kaur agrees. But, this is also a failure. In between, such compromises happen. Then, Vewal's offer comes. Vewal is the next Viceroy. He gives an offer in the Shimla Agreement. That offer is also wasted. No one accepts that either. So, this is what happened during the war. This is what happens till 1945. After 1945, post-war, an important thing happens. It is not expected by the British. It is called INA trials. It is done in Red Fort. In INA, some people are captured by Subhash Chandra Bose's army. This is a trial to punish them. The Britishers and a Hindu general, a Muslim and a Sikh person, Gurudayal Singh Dhillon and Prem Snehal. These three people are taken as representatives for INA trials. When this is done, many nationalists oppose it. They are nationalists. You should not do this to them. Not only that, you have lost the right whether they did wrong or not. They are sons of the soil. That is why you should let them go. The Britishers also let them go. There are four important reasons. The first important reason is that after the war, the British is no longer a superpower. The US and the USSR emerged as a superpower. Both of them support independence. They support independence. They are not that good. They think that when the colonies become independent, our ideology can dominate them. That is why they are demanding independence. The second important reason is that because of the war, the British economy has been completely destroyed. Because the economy was destroyed, they could not manage such a big country. That is an important thing. The third important thing is that as we said in the administrative policies, how did the British rule us? Through police, army, civil services, judiciary. Nationalism spread Especially in the army. It spread from the civil disobedience movement. For example, the Garhwal soldiers, the Garhwal regiment, in Peshawar, they refused to shoot There are many incidents like this in the Quit India movement. The highlight of all these is a mutiny called R.N.A Mutiny. Royal Naval Mutiny. Royal Indian Naval Mutiny. R.I.N. Mutiny. The reason for this is their poor conditions, first of all. The crew in the HMS Talwar ship fought this mutiny on 18th February 1946. Then it spread to Karachi, then to Bombay. It spread well. So the British realized that this won't work anymore. Because nationalism has also been induced into the army ranks. Army, naval, air force. Nationalism has spread We can't do anything to them anymore. They realized this too. The fourth important reason is it is with respect to we can't be humiliated by foreigners anymore. So the Indians got the self confidence and the desire for self rule. So what they are doing with these four things is it has been freed. So in 1946 the Cabinet Mission was announced. Cabinet Mission. During the Cabinet Mission on 18th February 1946 18th February R.I.N. Naval Mutiny happened. 19th February Cabinet Mission has been announced. Three member crew came. In whose leadership? Sir Pethick Lawrence. In his leadership Pethick Lawrence, Stafford Cripps, and A.V. Alexander. This is the Cabinet Mission. The Cabinet Mission is against partition. It should be a united country. Because if we want to go abroad we need a strong country. Now the wisdom is coming. It is like sun salutation. Actually. But it is too late now. But what they are saying is weak centre, strong provincial. This is what they are proposing. Weak centre means three things. Communication, defence, external affairs. These three will be there. Everything else including residual powers will be given to the provinces. Similarly, the provinces will be divided into sections We can decide whether to be in this section or not. For example, these three sections will be divided. Hindu majority, Muslim, and then the two are equal. We can decide whether to be in this section or not once in ten years. Actually. This is what the Cabinet Mission is proposing. But it is also being rejected. First of all, they agree. Congress and Jinnah agree. But they are interpreting for their own benefit. They are interpreting how they perceive it. Jinnah thinks the Cabinet Mission is for partition. They think it is for a united India. So there is a problem with the Cabinet Mission. In addition to this, in the Cabinet Mission the interim government has been formed. The Constitutional Assembly is also being formed. 9th December 1946 the Constitutional Assembly has been formed. 13th December 1946 the Objective Resolution is being proposed by Jawaharlal Nehru. It is being adopted in January. But it ends here. In addition to this, the Muslim League has not contributed in the Constitutional Assembly. Communal violence is taking place in March. Because of this communal violence in March, many people are migrating here and there. This is why in 1st March 1947, Article 7 says that those who migrate beyond this are not Indians. Those who migrated from India to Pakistan are not Indians. Because of communal violence. The interim government has been formed by Jawaharlal Nehru as head. Communal violence is taking place in the middle of this. In March 1947, Lord Mountbatten of Viceroyalty speaks with everyone. His conclusion is that partition is inevitable. Because of the bloodshed, the inaction of the colonial government to reduce the communal rights. First, they want the transfer of power. Then, they accept the partition. So, partition has been finalized. The partition has been finalized. Then, what happens next? On 15th August we get our freedom. India gets its independence. On 15th August 1947. On 30th January 1948, Gandhi has been assassinated. So, all this is happening. After all these events, Gandhi has also died. Now, there are many problems for independent India. What are the problems? First of all, I have given you a timeline. You can revise it. The first challenge for independent India is to establish national unity. Then, establishing democracy. Then, development and welfare. These are the three important challenges. Now, we are going to see consolidation. How did they establish national unity? They had three important challenges. The first important challenge is with respect to the partition. Actually, they decided to partition. How did they do it? Sir Cyril Radcliffe came to British India with a map. He drew a line in the middle. This is how a huge country can be partitioned unscientifically. How to create a road map? We can give it to him. So, that decision. So, the reason for the boundary dispute is the unscientific boundary itself. So, on 15th August, many people thought that we are in Pakistan and we are stuck in this side. Some Sikhs thought that Lahore region will go to India. Because, British didn't give the map until they got independence. They gave the map and ran away. Because, they knew that when we give the map, there will be a huge riot. So, 70 lakh people went to both the sides. Largest migration, short term migration which was created by the humans. Actually, 5 lakh people went down. One of the most tragic events in the independent India. First, the foremost tragic event. So, how India was born? Not in a joyful moment, but in a bloodshed of the partition. So, what happened? In social, political, and economic terms, India is trying to be very conscious. Because, politically, we have adopted for the strong center, weak state. Asymmetric federalism. Centralized federalism. Because of the horrors of partition. National integrity was the first priority. So, what did we do? We needed federalism. Forefathers knew very well such a big country in a unitary system. So, they gave federalism. But, they didn't give pure federalism. It has been ensured with the centralized federalism. That's why, in Article 1, there is no word for federalism. There is only the word union. In Article 2 and 3, they gave various powers to the central government. For seeding, for inviting a territory, for reorganizing the states. Central government has the power to do all this. Then, they gave the power of finance. All these were very important at that time. Next, the next important problem is with respect to the princely states. In India, there are 565 princely states. I am saying this after independent India. After partition, we have 565 princely states. They correctly divided the areas between the states. Everything came to us. Even now, it may seem ordinary. But, at that time, it was a big challenge. It has been shrewdly, superbly handled by our vice prime minister, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and his assistant, secretary, V.P. Menon. They are also following carrot and stick theory. They are rekindling the patriotic feeling. Patriotism and practicality. Patriotism and practicality. They are explaining both. When they explain, many princely states agree. Because, they can retain their property. Without that, to give them pension, they are providing a private person. It is in the constitution. Without that, they have patriotism. They know that such a big union. So, they are coming with a deal. Three important princely states agree on this. Junagadh, Jammu and Kashmir and Hyderabad. All three states deal in three ways. Junagadh has decided in plebiscite. Junagadh will be integrated with the Indian Union. In Gujarat. Second, with respect to Hyderabad, it is the launching of the police action. Operation Polo has been launched. It has been integrated with the India. Jammu and Kashmir has been delicately dealt. But, partially successful. It could have been dealt more properly. But, it has been partially successful. Tribal Pathans with the backing of Pakistan army, they are trying to attack Srinagar. Capture Srinagar. Raja Arisingh, the king of Jammu and Kashmir, he is directly coming and signing the Instrument of Instruction with Indian Government. By signing that, he is surrendering the sovereignty of Jammu and Kashmir. He is signing the sovereignty. And, we will deal with the external affairs, communication and defense of that state. For this, Article 370 has been included as a temporary provision. And, that has been recently stuck in the 2019. So, in the historical provision. So, this is the story of the integration of the Indian Union. So, the next important thing is to reorganize the state. Now, Indian Union has integrated everything. But, it has been integrated with HADOC. Now, it has to be integrated properly. In the southern states, in Madras province, there is a lot of struggle to divide the linguistic basis. What did Potti Sriramulu do? He fought for Andhra Pradesh. Vishal Andhra. He fought for that and died in Unnavarata. So, in 1953, without being able to bear the pressure, Andhra Pradesh was divided. Before that, two committees were given. Two committees. Dhar Committee and JPB Committee. Both of these committees were against the linguistic reorganization of the states. Because, they were afraid. Where will nationalism grow again? Where will sub-regionalism grow and become a separatist tendency again? They were afraid. So, both of these committees were against the linguistic reorganization. But, beyond that, there was a struggle. Because of the struggle, first of all, a linguistic basis state has been created in the name of Andhra Pradesh. Then, in 1956, the State Reorganization Committee was formed in the Fasal Ali leadership. In the Fasal Ali leadership. What did that committee do? It could have for linguistic reorganization. But, the first criteria was the administrative procedure. Financial probability. Continuity. Linguistic. But, what did the committee reject? One state, one language. And, this has been successful. The State Reorganization Act has been enacted. So, this is how the Government of India has been consolidated. So, we have successfully finished the modern India. Now, let us look at some questions. With reference to Cabinet Mission, which of the following statements are correct? It recommended a Federal Government. It enlarged the powers of Indian Courts. It provided further more Indians to the ICS. So, A is the correct answer. The plan of Sir Stafford Cripps envisaged that after the Second World War, Who among the following were the founders of the Hindu Mazdoor Sabha? This was given in 2018. At this time, how did I put this? Ok? At this time, I wrote the mains. How did I put this? EMS Nambuthiri Pat. He was the first elected Communist Government in Kerala. elected Communist Government in Kerala. So, he was a Communist. Ok? The Hindu Mazdoor Sabha does not sound like a... He was a Communist. Why is he in another Sabha? This is a Labour Sabha. Why should he be there? He already had a Sabha. Ok? He already had a Labour Organization. So, there is no need for him to be a member. There is no need for him to be a member. Here, Jayaprakash Narayan created the Congress Socialist Party. We saw that. Dindayal Upadhyaya He is the founder of Bharatiya Janasangam. The first mother organization of BJP. Political wing. Ok? Bharatiya Janasangam was the first. Now, Bharatiya Janasangam is the party. So, Upadhyaya is the founder of Bharatiya Janasangam. Next is MN Roy. A Communist. A Socialist. A right wing. A Communist. How can he be in one? So, I eliminated this too. Then, Kamaraj. He is a Congressman. Congressmen already have All India Congress Labour Union. So, no one knows them. So, I have eliminated them. D is the correct answer. Ashok Mehta, T S Ramanujan and G G Mehta. They are the founders of Aura. Ind, Masudur Sabha. They are the followers of the Forward Bloc. Ok? Next, with reference to the 8th August 1942, Indian history, which one of the following statement is correct? Spit India Resolution. With reference to the proposal of the Crips Mission, consider the following. The Constituent Assembly would have members nominated by the Provincial Assemblies as well as the Princely States. Provincial Assemblies are not nominated. It will be elected. Princely States are nominated. So, this is a wrong statement. Any provinces which is not prepared to accept the new Constitution would have the right to sign a separate agreement with the British regarding the future status. So, it has indirectly as a provision for Pakistan Party. That is why they are rejecting this. So, B is the answer. 2 only. In the context of Colonial India, Shahnawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Snehal, Guru Singh Dhillon is remembered as Officers of INA. How directly they have asked in 2021. With reference to Indian Freedom Struggle, consider the following statement. Mutiny of Royal Indian Navy, R.I.N. Mutiny, Quit India Movement, 2nd Round Table Conference. 2nd Round Table Conference, 1932. This is why, remember the dates. After the revolt of 1957, all the important events should be remembered. Ok? Launch of Quit India Movement, 1942. R.I.N. Mutiny, 1946. Then what? 3, 2, 1. Answer is C. Which one of the following events happened the earliest? Deen Bandhu Mithra, Neel Dharpa. Dayanand Saraswati, Arya Samaj. Founders Establishment. Authors Books. Satyendranath Tagore became the first Indian to succeed in the Indian Civil Service. This is a correct statement. Next we are going to see, which among the following events happened the earliest? This is why the timeline is very important for us. Dayanand Saraswati established Arya Samaj in 1875. Deen Bandhu Mithra, Neel Dharpa in 1858. Deen Bandhu Mithra, Neel Dharpa in 1858. Bikkim Chandra Chatterjee Anand Math in 1882. Satyendranath Tagore became the first Indian to succeed in the Indian Civil Service. This happened in 1863. So, the earliest is B. So, this is how you have to integrate the previous question. This statement, you have to integrate into your notes, first of all. You have to highlight this in your NCRT. You have to do at least two things. And then, Bikkim Chandra Chatterjee, Anand Math, Deen Bandhu Mithra, Neel Dharpa, Authors and Books, Dayanand Saraswati Established Arya Samaj Establisher Organisation So, you have to remember this as well as the timeline. So, consider the following statements. The first woman president in Indian National Congress was Sarojini Naidu. I made a mistake in this statement in 2018. I read it wrongly. I was the first Indian woman. I read it wrongly. You should not read what is in your mind. You should read what is in your mind correctly. When I saw the word Sarojini Naidu, I was the first Indian woman president. I read it wrongly. I used the word Indian. That is why I made a mistake. We make mistakes when we know the question well. Read it carefully. The first Indian Muslim president of Indian National Congress B is the correct answer. What was the main reason for the split in Indian National Congress during the Surat? Extremist lack of faith in the capacity of the moderates to negotiate with the British government. Barindra Kumar Ghosh Freedom Fighters They are all freedom fighters. They are all extremists. Raj Bihari Bose, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, Barindra Kumar Ghosh. They are all extremists. Revolutionary extremists. They are actively associated with Gadhar Party. There are only three of them. He is associated with Anusayalam Samithi. Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee is from Indian Socialist Republic Association. It is very detailed. But his name is in NCRT. If you remember his name, Gadhar Party is in NCRT. You can eliminate these two. You will get 50-50 chance. Barindra Kumar Ghosh is very important. Anusayalam Samithi. We have successfully completed the Ancient, Medieval and Modern. I hope that you have a complete understanding of history. Many of you have commented that history is very useful to you. If you like this series, and if you believe that I have used it, please share it. If you have any doubts, please comment below. You can always ask any doubt. With respect to this, thank you. All the best. Jai Linda.