【紀錄片】龐貝城不為人知的一面【雙語特效字幕】【紀錄片之家字幕組】

這個節目的主題是性別 它含有明顯的圖像和內容 是為了一位成熟的觀眾而設 觀看者的尊嚴是建議的 8月24日 79年代 在中東意大利 蒙特瓦斯山爆炸 在一天之內 龐佩的鄰近城市被熱狗浪所埋葬 1500年的歷史中 城市被遺忘 直到有意外的發現 逐漸導致探討 揭露龐佩的突然 痛苦的死亡的驚人圖像 在古羅姆時期 世界上最鮮明的生命圖像出現 那圖像的關鍵部分 由公眾隱藏 直到現在 從它的飲料杯 到它的街燈 龐佩正在游泳和交往 而不是一個真正的羅馬城市 這些人活在了 浮沉的性生活之中 還有仇恨和惡作劇 新的證據顯示 廣泛的盜竊 詐騙和性行為 女性賣自己給男性 男性賣自己給其他男性 還有男性賣自己給女性 龐佩有祕密性交易嗎 如果有 誰控制了 這座城市是罪魁禍首嗎 還是它為我們提供了 古羅姆時期最真實的性生活圖像 一張隱藏的圖像 現在 第一次被揭露 龐佩的性生活是個神祕 就像其他神祕 它開始是一個蓋章 在紐約文物學博物館 有一個房間叫做《祕密船長》 這房間被封鎖了數百年 它含有龐佩的藝術品和珍珠 被視為公共消費過於粗暴 究竟有什麼令人驚訝 也許是有數十個醜陋的珍珠 街燈 酒瓶 或許是有許多 佩洛西的藝術品 在整個城市都展示出 她的驚人特色 人們來這裡 很難面對 當時的基督教道德 性的元素 從非常早期開始 有一個故事說 三世皇帝 在一場美妙的庭園派對 他們在探索 他們拿出一座雕像 在庭園裡 這座雕像是 班尼的最有名的雕像 牠愛上了一個奶牛 眾人都感到恐懼 三世皇帝就說 探索已經結束了 到今天為止 龐佩的性物品 引起了憂慮和爭議 而這些物件 只是冰雹的盡頭 它們揭露了龐佩更震撼的一面 歷史學家探索得更深 更多的不解釋細節 出現了這座古城 具有深奧的性格系統 證據到處都在 從公街上的石頭雕像 到破爛的塗鴉 刮進了棕色的牆壁 它們顯然揭露了 一群人在販賣 妒忌 盜竊 和性侵 教授安德魯·瓦勒斯哈德勒的 基礎研究 使我們重新思考 我們對於羅馬帝國的看法 瓦勒斯哈德勒探索了 這個城市本身 不想揭露的祕密 這不是羅馬帝國 想要表達的 不僅僅是公眾的書寫 寫在石頭和金屬上 而是城市本身 想要表達的 這些複雜的謎語 本來不應該被聽到 突然間 我們被允許進行對話 本來不應該聽到 一個訊息顯然顯現出來 蓬佩奧是在販賣性 而且是大規模的 行動涵蓋了 從快速和便宜的 販賣性 到私人性伴侶 和羅馬的 女同性戀者 但因為80%的 人口是貧窮的 很安全地說 大部分的性戀 是快速和污穢的 託馬斯·麥根教授 是羅馬古代 販賣性的經濟領袖 我們站在 一個小房間的前面 一個小房間 在街上或大街上 販賣性戀者 會在那裡經營生意 販賣性戀者或她的伴侶 會在外面 在街上 向客戶要求 可能是直接在前面 或在酒吧 或其他附近的地方 帶他們通過 一扇玻璃窗 或一扇小木屋門 進入這個房間 你看到的 是一張石頭牀 和一張石頭牀褥 在古代 會有一張牀褥 一些牀褥 或許 鋪在石頭上 為了讓它 變得更舒服 這13間販賣性戀者 已經被認證 這些都是 龐佩的153間 地區酒吧 但是無人選擇 購物性戀者的 就在這裡 在大街的中心 在大街 附近的會議和市場 這就是 Lupanara Grande 世界上最古老的 知名的酒吧 這是一個寶藏 不僅是關於龐佩的資訊 也關於古代的 人類性別 在古代的 經典世界中 Lupanara 意味著 蟋蟀的墳墓 是一個 侮辱家庭的 當它在1862年 貪婪的 基督徒 馬上 封鎖了 他們甚至 打破了 多個明顯的珍藏 直到最近 這個歷史的寶藏 仍然 被公眾封鎖 它終於 在2006年開放 經過 廣泛的修復 並恢復了 2,000年前 被垃圾燒毀的 地球上 沒有 像這樣的東西 Lupanara 提供了 過去 以前 只能想像的 它是 世界上 唯一一個 讓你 看到 聞 和觸摸 古代的 賭徒 賭博的地方 但是 我們如何確定 這個建築物 僅僅是 對性的使用 有三個可能的方式 讓人們 傳統地 認出 性行為 第一 是 婚姻圖像 當你擁有 婚姻圖像的 也許 會出現 盜竊 第二 是 瘋狂的 你擁有 最高的 重量 在 婚姻圖像 整個建築物 超過 一百次 它 在牆上 建築物 如果你擁有 一個房間 形狀 如此 你只能 睡在裡面 但是 房間 並不是 住宅的一部分 這 是一個表提 對 性行為 製造的空間 蓬佩奧的 大浴缸 這三個標準 完全 合乎 意義 完美 每個建築物的 都顯示了 這裡的情況 地面 我們找到 五個小房間 有石頭牀 這個樓層 應該是 街上交通 浴缸的客戶 會在中央通道 樓上 會有 壞女人 工作的房間 通道 裝飾了 一系列 噁心的 屏幕 繪畫 明顯地 戀愛的畫面 這些 曾經 為客戶 提供 選擇的菜單 來到 浴缸 各種 性行為 都描繪在 不同的繪畫裡 以為 你會去 一個房間 或另一個房間 視乎你喜歡什麼 但是 更好的觀點 更有信心的觀點 是這些 都是 浴缸 出售的一部分 它們 呈現了 性的幻想 豐富的 裝飾牀 牀褥 是 一種質量 遠超過 任何 你會在 這些房間 有石頭牀 還有浴缸 所以 這裏 你擁有的 是一個 性行為的幻想 這裏 是現實 浴缸 是賣給客戶 兩個 Lupinar 的巨大 獨特的 二樓 擁有 另一個 祕密 樓上 沒有 戲劇藝術 沒有 塗鴉 也沒有 建築物 牀褥 可能 被塞滿了 貴價的 木牀 牀褥 梯子 牀褥 和窗戶 這裏 客戶可能 把幻想 做了實體 在這個房間 你以為 這裏 只是一個 賭場 但這裏 是一個 派對的空間 是一個 邀請朋友的地方 是一個 租房的人 可能 在某種程度 複製了 一個 高級屋子 高級餐廳 的氣氛 但 The Lupinara opens for business as it does every day nine hours after sunup which is why the prostitutes here are called the nonariae the ninth hour girls like prostitutes through the ages they perform under assumed names we know some of them from the carvings in the Lupinara's stone walls they are called Caledron Casa Fabia Fortunata Nika Januaria and Myrtus who specializes in oral sex There are also male prostitutes known as Luperci At the Lupinara one goes by the name Maritimus Graffiti here claims his specialties include servicing virgins Some of the Luperci are gladiators turning tricks on the side Gladiators are low on the social totem pole but they are the sport stars of their day and there are many accounts of elite Roman women taking them as paid lovers There are also accounts of aristocratic women servicing clients for kicks a dangerous pastime that can result in scandal banishment or even death if they are married But most brothel prostitutes are slaves taken from conquered lands stretching from Europe to North Africa and Asia They are forced to do whatever their masters command I think all we can say confidently about the prostitutes is that they will have been slaves Naturally their lives will have been really pretty squalid as the life of any prostitute is likely to be We can only use our imaginations really and we can only say that the sort of stories of misery that characterize the Eastern European immigrants who are effectively slave prostitutes in Western Europe at this time will have been not dissimilar to the stories of antiquity Slaves are brought in from the far corners of the empire The ones forced into prostitution trade on their exoticism Many women dye their hair blonde or red and wear silks to accentuate their attributes As the cult of Christ grows Christian women are also interned into brothels as a degrading form of punishment But some prostitutes are free women turning tricks out of desperation They are motivated by the same factors that lure men and women into prostitution today This is one of the few high-paying careers available for the lower classes Even a low-priced prostitute earns three times the wages of an unskilled male laborer Then as now the rate depends on age, skill and desirability At the low end they charge two copper coins the price of a loaf of bread These women need many customers to make a profit A high-end prostitute sees one or two clients a day and charges premium rates up to ten times as much The male prostitute at his best earns a fraction of a woman's price While their individual stories differ collectively these men and women fuel a powerful economic machine Sex in the brothel here and elsewhere in Pompeii was relatively cheap But it was a cash-rich business which could bring in a lot of income for, if not the prostitutes themselves their exploiters And who are these exploiters? The most obvious is the lano the pimp who runs the brothel with an iron hand The lano recruits the staff sets the prices enforces discipline handles rent payments and, when necessary bribes the police But usually the lano doesn't own the brothel Often he is a freed man doing the bidding of others who hide in the shadows The true owners are members of the upper classes including well-born noblemen They are motivated purely by profit Most landowners have their money in agriculture which at best yields a six percent return every year Prostitution is a cash-only business with a higher profit margin especially if you have slaves doing the work But although profitable it is not considered entirely respectable So the owners keep a bit of distance from the business Even if sometimes that distance is only a few feet A close look at the ruins reveals the kinds of people who were secretly behind this sex trade The clues start with a carving in a road So here, rather unusually we find a phallus actually carved into the basalt of the street pavers And this phallus is the delight of every tourist who passes here And the story they all tell is that it's a pointer to a brothel And that the brothel is two streets down on the left Now, this is a crazy story But how on earth can you tell that you're meant to go two streets down to get the brothel It must refer to this house itself One possibility is it's no more than a good luck sign The phalluses were good luck signs But the other possibility is that it indicates prostitution going on inside the house To find out, let's go in OK, this house has got a respectable side and a less respectable side Here, we're in the atrium area We've come in off the main road And that's the big street, the Via della Bondanza We've got the impluvium A big space typical of a grand Roman house It's surrounded by bedrooms here And here are some big reception rooms And all this is a standard, respectable, really quite grand Roman house But then, tucked around the back is the other, seamy side of their activity If we go through this little narrow passageway, we're back into the servants' quarters, let's say, of the house This is probably the kitchen And back through, we're going through quite a narrow doorway here And here, we meet the prostitute's cells And we discover a bit about how the owner of the house makes his money One, two, there And then, through the wall there is the third one Here, you've got a little entrance from the street, some stairs going up So he probably rented out rooms He may have had other girls working upstairs as well He could have had half a dozen, quite easily So, on the sly, this guy is actually running a brothel The elite's attitude towards private and public sex was complicated, to say the least And it begins to explain why there was so much of it going on, and so publicly For here, sex, whether paid or unpaid, was not just about pleasure, it was also about power And with sex and power, would come outright debauchery New evidence reveals that the lost Roman city of Pompeii had a thriving sex trade, a trade that involved virtually every layer of society We've seen what happened in the brothels and back alleys that catered to working-class men But what transpired at the top, the rarified world of the elite? 79 A.D., this is the Floralia, a festival of prostitutes introduced about 238 B.C. The festival is dedicated to Flora, a very successful working girl who left her estate to the people of Rome and set up an annual fund to celebrate her birthday with a wild street party The early Christian author Lactantius writes disapprovingly, the prostitutes at the importunities of the rabble strip off their clothing and act as mimes in full view of the crowd And this they continue until full satiety comes to the shameless lookers-on For upper class men and moralists, this sort of display is considered vulgar For them, sex should not be a free-for-all It should be a carefully engineered statement of honor, strength and power The concept of honor was one which united both male and female virtues in the Roman world For the males, manliness encompassed the ability to express power over one's own emotions and also to use that power to control others In Roman literature, we often learn about sexual activity as merely an expression of power whereby the person penetrating is the person who is in control and exerting a powerful identity and the person who is being penetrated is the person who has lost control and who is therefore of a degraded status Wives are immune from this degradation since their role is not primarily sexual, but social Marriages take place to preserve status, increase wealth or foster political alliances The Roman matron is a mother, a hostess and manager of the household Many rarely have sex with their husbands, but should they take lovers, they must be discreet Because if caught, the wives will pay a heavy price Adultery was often associated with the female perpetrator rather than the male And since the head of a household, the pater familias, had the power of life and death over all members of his household, he was able to exert that power to punish his wife if she were unfaithful mercilessly But according to the literature of the time, that doesn't slow them down Upper-class women take lovers from all levels of society They join in orgies, moonlight at brothels, and also hire prostitutes themselves Male or female, if you are a member of the ruling class, the sex trade in Pompeii offers plenty of options Many husbands don't even need to look beyond their own households There is this whole underworld of both slave girls providing sex And even within family household providing sex And ex-slaves providing a whole world of sexual services This was certainly true of the higher levels of society But what happened at the very top? The evidence at Pompeii shows us that some of the wealthiest citizens had urges that went far beyond sexually exploiting their slaves In contemporary parlance, we'd call them swingers I found seven examples of explicit erotic art in the context of private houses that suggest not the presence of a brothel, but that of a sex club The owner of the house would have invited his friends to party with him and women, presumably prostitutes, who were brought in for the occasion Generally, the status of the owners of these houses was very high We're talking about the elite of Pompeii It may not be what everyone would have done, but it was not something that was illegal or open to even serious moral censure But how do we tell the difference between a straightforward brothel and an elite private sex club? Historians look for clues, starting with accessibility The harder it is to find the room, the more likely it was used for private entertainment Now this is the house of the centenary It's one of the very grandest in town A double atrium, a magnificent peristyle garden here, rich decoration everywhere And you can be confident that this belongs to one of the people at the top level in town, one of the magistrates And now I've left the great open spaces, the magnificent peristyle, winding down this little corridor and we come into a completely secluded area of the house First into this area and then into a little room off it And this is a sort of antechamber Notice that the decoration is very beautiful in here It's at the level of the rest of the house And then finally into the climactic room which has got the pornographic scenes in it And it's really interesting because the kind of scenes are exactly the same as those you find in the brothel Only that the quality of execution is very much higher It's very hard to imagine the owner of this house allowing this room to be used as a brothel Even if you think of it in economic terms How much would you have to spend decorating this room like this? How many layings of prostitutes would you have to have to get your investment back? And look at this picture You've got Hercules here with his club There's the club of Hercules And there are 2 little Amarini 2 little Cupids And they're saying Come on, Hercules You can do it He's laid down the club of his labors He's having a rest And it's time for some sex And just in the same way the master of the house can put aside his public face his duties and enjoy himself This is his enjoyment room But not just for him Because very interestingly we've got a little window here which means that people can look in and enjoy the spectacle of what's going on in the master's private romper room But this room was not just for the master's use Literature of the time tells us that sometimes the wives joined in and that couples would stage private orgies to impress their guests The historian Maximus complains about a wild party in 52 B.C. given by a landowner named Gemulus To curry favor with local magistrates Gemulus brought in two noble women and a well-born boy to join the fun Maximus writes Bodies were shamefully compliant destined to be the sport of drunken lust But Maximus' real complaint was not so much the sex itself It was the way Gemulus so openly used it for his own social and political gain And that may be the key about sex in Pompeii hidden from most Roman ruins It was an instrument of wealth a mark of power and a tool for personal advancement At every level of Roman society sex was currency And if one followed the money it would lead in surprising directions right up to the emperor himself Sex for hire was available virtually everywhere in Pompeii There was no zoning and no red light district Prostitutes were available in the most public spaces in town including the forum the hub of local government The arches leading into amphitheaters were favorite pickup spots These arcade dens were called fornicates the root of the modern word fornicate Prostitutes also plied their trade at the most public venues in ancient Rome the baths The baths were enormous pleasure palaces dedicated to the principle of enjoyment Here, rich mingled with poor united by the great leveler of universal nudity It was by all accounts an erotically charged atmosphere Food, drink and sex were all for sale Pompeii had six public baths that we know of And like the brothels explicit frescoes were part of the decor In fact, the men's locker room contains the most sexually frank paintings in the whole of Pompeii We're here in the suburban baths of Pompeii and this room which was only excavated in the 1980s has caused enormous scholarly controversy ever since its excavation The position of the room in the baths tells us that it should be the changing room the apodyterium But it has this most extraordinary decorative feature You see a series of numbers going around These numbers are on boxes rather long boxes And then above each box is a scene of sex So what is going on here? And there have been various lines of interpretation And one is that this is a kind of a witty jest that when people left their clothes in particular boxes they couldn't remember Was my box number four or number five? But they could remember the position Joke And that interpretation has been very strongly contested by others who say No, there is prostitution going on here You need to look around the corner at this point where there's a door to some stairs going up the back And there are a series of rooms up above us that could indeed be used for prostitution All of this confuses modern observers Two images emerge from Rome's ancient ruins The one we usually see shows a civilization that lived by strict codes of honor and shame But the ruins of Pompeii reveal a city steeped in sex How could prostitution in Pompeii have been so open and widespread? The answer may lie with Rome's ever-changing heads of state 44 B.C. Augustus replaces Julius Caesar as the leader of the Roman world Unlike Caesar, a pansexual playboy Augustus has a more conservative agenda Around 10 B.C. he passes a series of laws that promotes family values The elite can only marry within their class and must bear noble children Childless couples are penalized and bachelors are taxed Most important, adultery becomes a criminal offense But what about prostitution? Like most Roman nobles Augustus doesn't approve of sex for sale But he accepts it as a fact of life He may well have agreed with Cato the Elder who said that a man was better off having sex with his slave or a prostitute or even his wife than having an affair with another married noble Ironically, Augustus's morality laws caused the business of prostitution to boom Paid sex and sex with household slaves become the simple and legal alternatives to adultery There are prostitutes There are slave girls There are ex-slave girls You can chase them as much as you like For heaven's sake, don't risk everything by chasing married women So the very ban on adultery creates a necessity for prostitution What the law on adultery did was to try to use prostitutes for the public good by essentially deploying them as a device to distract men away from respectable women Respectable women would be protected thanks to the services of prostitutes Because adultery was now illegal it became important to know exactly who the prostitutes were And so a system of registration was set up By law, prostitutes now have to register with a local bureaucrat called an idele The idele takes down her name, age place of birth and her pseudonym He then issues her a license Once entered, her name can never be removed And along with registration a strict dress code is enforced First and foremost, a prostitute is not allowed to dress like a decent woman She has to wear a man's toga and is not allowed the royal color purple or flowered cloth She cannot put her hair up like Roman matrons Registration reinforces the social distance between prostitutes and the rest of society There are all sorts of activities that would render you forever infamous and no longer able to take part in public life if you appeared on the stage if you appeared as a gladiator and if you had anything to do with prostitution Initially, the empire got involved with the sex trade for moral reasons It stayed involved for financial reasons In 40 A.D., the Emperor Caligula imposed a federal tax on prostitution a tax that filled the coffers of the emperor and the empire Because of the tax, it was now firmly in the state's best interest for prostitution to flourish But the question remains Did this lead to Pompey's hypersexualization? Did the system go off the rails here creating a scandalous town notorious for its sin and excess? Was Pompey the sex capital of the empire? Or was there yet another city even more extreme? When Pompey was first discovered archaeologists were shocked and appalled by what they found The presence of brothels and pornography led many to believe that the city was deviant and had been destroyed by divine wrath just like Sodom and Gomorrah Certainly in Pompey, sex for hire was easy to find New evidence reveals a complete sexual map of Pompey Thirteen cribs or rooms right off the street set aside for prostitution Nine baths, theaters and amphitheaters where sex was available for a price At least seven private sex clubs for the rich And forty-one confirmed brothels including the world's oldest known purpose-built brothel, the Lupinari Grande It's a lot of brothels for a city of 6,000 The evidence seems to point to Pompey as the undisputed capital of sex But modern sleuthing reveals that Pompey was neither the Vegas nor the Sodom and Gomorrah of its day It was, in fact, a small and rather ordinary place When people first came to knowledge of the representations of sexuality here they thought that Pompey might have been a hotbed for La Dolce Vita Instead, Pompey was probably was regarded by the Romans as a good place to buy an oil press Pompey is a perfectly normal place What is extraordinary about Pompey is the way it's preserved We always have to remember that Other places didn't get a volcano's guts tipped over them And that mode of preservation gives us a whole different insight into the city So if Pompey wasn't the center of ancient prostitution where was the real sex capital? Whatever you see in Pompey compared to Rome is really downmarket Rome is the center of everything in the empire It's the center of wealth, the center of power therefore the center of sex On first glance, the city of Rome appears to have had less prostitution than Pompey Surviving physical evidence shows fewer brothels and fewer registered prostitutes But according to historians prostitution was just as widely practiced The lack of physical evidence in Rome reveals the final chapter of Pompey's story Pompey takes its lead from Rome and Rome in turn follows the taste of its rulers 37 A.D., just 42 years before the eruption of Vesuvius Caligula becomes emperor He sets a standard for depravity that few have been able to match in the nearly 2,000 years since his reign He is fascinated by corruption and sexual transgression By establishing a tax on prostitution and a squad of bureaucrats to enforce it Caligula turns sex for sale into a state-sanctioned business To drive home the point he sets up a brothel inside the imperial palace The brothel is staffed by the wives, daughters and sons of leading citizens and upper-class men Some are willing, some are not Caligula is succeeded by Nero Though no match for his predecessor in depravity Caesar Nero is no saint He mugs citizens for fun has his mother executed and kicks one of his wives to death And when he isn't slumming at brothels he organizes elaborate orgies for the aristocrats Caligula and Nero's bad behavior influences society across the Roman Empire from Rome down to smaller cities like Pompey Vice and corruption are the order of the day But in 69 A.D., just ten years before Vesuvius swallows Pompey a new ruler succeeds Nero and things begin to change Pompey's suburban baths hold an important clue to this cultural shift Carbon dating reveals that the wildly explicit illustrations in the men's changing room were covered up three years before Pompey was destroyed What to me is the most important feature is that these things have been overpainted And that means that at some stage they thought it was really not acceptable to have these images on show And it makes sense that after the fall of Nero when the new emperor Vespasian brings in a sort of new morality they cover things up The conservative shift taking hold in Rome is just starting to affect Pompey when Vesuvius freezes the city It is a pivotal moment just after the most decadent period of Roman history has ended Pompey's hothouse atmosphere of sexual goods and services was normal for that time Had the city survived another 20 years we might have found fewer examples of ancient erotica But the business of prostitution would still have been in place It was deeply ingrained not just in Pompey but all of Roman society And history shows it remained that way for centuries to come Pompey gives us an unequaled snapshot of a pivotal time in which sex for hire played many roles in the pragmatic Roman world It was a less than honorable but quite profitable venture for the wealthy A major source of tax revenue for the state A way for men to have extra sex without having illegal affairs And a very public way of reinforcing the class system by sanctioning prostitution while publicly humiliating the men and women forced to practice it Pompey's sex trade reflects all the contradictions of Roman society Its rationalism Its brutality Its passion And it reveals the enormous impact that leaders, good and bad can have on mighty empires