Day - 65 | History | European Settlement | UPSC CSE Foundation Course | Mr. Kishore Kumar

Hello dear friends, I'm Kishore Kumar. So far we have seen the 18th century of modern India, how it was, its political fragmentation, who were the successor states, who were the rebellious states, how the Mughal Empire disintegrated, who were the important founders of the states, for example, Nizam-ul-Mulk of Hyderabad, then Hyder Ali, Tipu Sultan for Mysore, who were in Oudh, who were in Bengal, so we have seen all these. Now, what we are going to do is, in the next 200 years, from the 18th century onwards, the European powers that ruled India for 200 years, how was their penetration? After defeating other European rivals, how did the English get ready for the Contender for India? We are going to see that in this video. So, European Penetration and Settlement. So, if you see, first of all, with respect to the beginning of European Settlement, what we would have read and seen is, Vasco da Gama, in 1498, from Portugal to Calicut, India, found a route around the Cape of Good Hope. So, before that, didn't we have a trade with Europe? You should have thought about this. If so, why did they find a new trade route? This is what we are going to discuss in the next 20 minutes. So, first of all, from the Middle Ages, or if you see from Ancient India, we had a good relationship with Greece and other European countries. We bought the silk from China, and added value to it. Then, let it be the Chinese trade, let it be the Persian trade on this side. The Persian traders were occupied by the Arabs. On this side, the Indian traders were occupied by the Gujarat merchants. On this side, the South-East Asian traders were occupied by the Tamils. So, the trade was very well understood. So, in the Middle Ages, we had a trade with Greece on three important routes. The first route was through the Persian Gulf. The second route was through the Red Sea. The third route was by land. So, there were two routes by sea and one by land. If we look at it on the map, it will look like this. So, these routes are the first trade routes we had. These three routes are India, from India to the Persian Gulf, then through Turkey, Asia Minor, Greece, and finally Italy. So, through Turkey, we reached Italy. Similarly, through the Gulf of Aden, Suez Canal, and then by land, through Egypt, we reached Italy. This is another route. Otherwise, you can go to England, or Portugal, or Spain, without going to Italy. If you look at the routes by land, from India, if you go to Kandahar, there is a Silk Route from Kandahar. You can go through the Silk Route again. Through Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Asia Minor, we can reach Europe. These three routes were the important routes. Why are these three routes important? There were two important events. The first important event was the Byzantine Empire. In those days, the Roman Empire was divided into two. There was a kingdom called Rome. It was divided into two, Western and Eastern Rome. The Byzantine Empire was in Eastern Rome. Constantinople was its capital. What happened in Constantinople was that the Ottomans took control of it. They monopolized the trade routes. They didn't stop it, but they gave tariffs. This was a big problem for Western European nations. Next, the traders here, like Venice and Genome in Italy, they also experience monopoly. They don't allow other traders to come here. They are the ones who have to go through the Silk Route to Europe. They are highly profitable. This is Spain. This is Portugal. This is Spain. This is Portugal. This is England. In the 1560s, Spain and Portugal left this route to find another route to India. This is the end. What did they do then? They left this route. First, Columbus left from Spain. He went to India. He discovered America. This is how Columbus discovered America. He didn't discover America. He discovered the route to America. The Europeans discovered the land of America. That's all. America was discovered for the Europeans. That's called the New World. They discovered something new. You only know about the East. You don't know about the West. That's called the New World. This is Columbus. He discovered Spain. A man from Portugal came in 1498. He was Columbus. This is Vasco da Gama. Before that, a man named Bartholomew Dias came. He kept going. Everyone thought there was no end to this. Bartholomew Dias was the first to reach the Cape of Good Hope. This is how he reached the Cape of Good Hope. Vasco da Gama came on his own. He crossed the Cape of Good Hope. With the help of a Gujarati merchant, he came to Calicut in 1498. He came to Calicut in 1498. The Europeans first settled through a different route. This was a good facility for the Western Europeans. Even though it was a big route, there was not much fuel at that time. Because they used slaves. There was a lot of piracy here. There were a lot of countries here and there. They used tariffs. It was easier and more profitable to trade with them. For example, Vasco da Gama earned 60 times more profit on his first trip. He earned 60 times more profit on his first trip. This is how they did it. Spain and Portugal had a partnership. They divided the trade between them. Let it be Portugal or Spain, their ships were very strong for the next 100 years. Spain called their navy Armada. Spain became a net security provider for Portugal. Because of their potential, the UK could not do anything for the next 50 years. The UK could not do anything for the next 50 years. They were looking for another route, but they could not. There was another event in 1588. The armada of Spain was attacked by the UK. Now they had a belief that they could defeat Spain. They had a belief that they could defeat Spain. After 1588, the free merchants in England started to come to this established route. This is a pre-cap. How did the Portuguese come? Why did they come? The first important reason is that they wanted to break the monopoly of the Italian merchants in Venice. The second was the pepper trade. East Indies. They wanted to go and have the trade with Indonesia. That is where the State of Malacca becomes a very important route. Even now, the State of Malacca is a very, very important route. Okay. So, what happens next? So, as we already said, the fall of Constantinople is an important reason. The second reason is that they wanted to break the monopoly of the trade of the merchants. The Venetian merchants. They wanted to break the monopoly of the Venetian merchants. So, what happens next? So, they wanted... So, Ascolaga is coming and Columbus is finding his treasure. Next, there are these two important discoveries. Discovery of America and Discovery of India. The trade route. This is a very, very important event in the human history. Who says this? Adam Smith, who is called the father of modern economics, says this. What he says is... He would have written a book. In that book, he would have said that the concept is the invisible hand of the market. So, what he says is... Two of the most important, greatest events recorded in the history of mankind are... Discovery of America and Cape Route of India. He would have said so. Because, the material, capital and labor that they needed... ...was obtained only because of this route. When they come around Africa, they colonize it. So, slave trade. Slave trade. They colonize America. New minerals are obtained in America. Minerals. Similarly, they colonize India and East Indies. They colonize Eastern India. They are having a new market. Next, what is this slave trade? It is called triangular trade. This is very important. Because, this only paid for the accumulation of the capital. Accumulation of the capital. Capital for Europeans. So, this accumulation of capital paid way for the industrial revolution. For the industrial revolution to start and for the capital to form... ...slave trade was very important. What is slave trade? Slaves from Africa are sold to the owners of cotton farms and Caribbean islands. From there, raw materials are procured. The raw materials are taken from here and produced in factories. The finished products are sold in America, Africa and Europe. So, this is how the accumulation of capital is obtained. So, this triangular trade. Slaves from Africa are sold to the owners of cotton farms and Caribbean islands. The raw materials are procured from there. The raw materials are taken from here and produced in factories. The finished products are sold in America, Africa and Europe. This is how they accumulated the capital. Because of this accumulation of capital, their new market started to open. It started to open here and here. This also later they have mimicked in the Indians. They do the same thing in India. Before doing it in India, they have done it here in Africa and America. This is a very important event. In the 18th and 19th century, many people decided that slaves should not exist anymore. This is the reason for the American Civil War. This is the reason for the American Civil War during the Abraham Lincoln period. Slaves should not exist anymore. Abolition of slavery is an important event. Before that, how many slaves were sold in Africa? Approximately 15 to 50 million African people were sold as slaves. Approximately 1.5 to 5 crore people. Ok? So many slaves were sold. Will many people die when they are killed? Why do they die? They do not take good people with them. They keep them in a compartment. They have taken them to bed. They have taken them to bed from here to there. They should not move anywhere. They are very cramped. See how many people would have died. Those who survived were sold as slaves. After that, their lives will be hell. Ok? Now, let's talk about Portugal. Now, the Portuguese have come to India. After coming to India, what was their behavior? The first important thing is that they settled in these kinds of places. Cochin, Goa, Dayu, Daman. They settled here. They only believed in the superiority of their naval power. That's all. They do not want to invade lands. Why do they like coastal areas? Because they need a hold to trade here. That's all. They need a place to fall back. That's all. That's why they do not want to invade lands. That's why they live in the eastern areas. That's all. Next, let's talk about Alfonso de Albuquerque. Then, let's talk about Almeida. Then, let's talk about his blue water policy. We saw all these in detail in the middle. Ok? In this, we are going to see where he captured Goa in 1510. This is an important statement. You can hear it in the preliminary. He captured Goa in 1510. This is even before the establishment of the Mughal Empire. You should note it down. Even before the establishment of the Mughal Empire. He captured Goa in 1510. Ok? Next, from 1500s to 1600s, they dominated the trade. From Malacca to the Spice Islands of Indonesia to the state of Hormuz, the Portuguese dominated everything for 100 years. Because of their blue water policy, naval supremacy. Next, their biggest threat is that if they capture Goa or any other place, they are involved in the intolerant, forceful conversions. They make forceful conversions. This leads to hatred among the people. It leads to a situation where they have no support. That is why they did not get any old age. Till the end. Ok? They were confined in Goa, Diu and Daman. Till the end. That's all. This is one of the reasons. Next, why they were able to maintain their barbaric behavior is because of their naval supremacy. After that, they did not want to come to the land. All the places they stayed were outside the area of the Mughal superiority. Ok? This is the reason. They had the inherent flaws. What are the flaws? This blue route is the Portuguese route. They take the east route. This white route is the Spanish route. They take the west route. I trade through this route. You trade through this route. Ok? So, what are the flaws of the Portuguese? They did not concentrate to capture the lands from the seas. Heavily dependent on Spain. Later half of the 15th and 16th century, they were heavily dependent on Spain for their security. Next, the monarchy began to degenerate. A good ruler was not found in Portugal. After that. Next, forceful conversions. Forceful conversion in Christianity was also an important reason. They did not have a base. Next was the harassment of the land power. If they want to come to the sea. The goods of the Mughals are coming. Or they want to go on a pilgrimage. They should also be arrested. And their immoral carter system. Forming a carter system. Ok? So, their carter system means. All the ships in that place can be harassed by them. And they declared that some items are loyal monopoly. Like rice and pepper. If some other merchant had it. That ship can be theirs. Or they can break that ship. And put it in the sea. They were doing atrocities like this. So, this was another important event in 1588. English defeated the Spanish Armada. Armada was defeated. So, this opened up the English for the newer routes. For the Eastern Indians. Now, what this is doing is. This is an important reason for the formation of the East India Company. But before that. We are going to see about the Dutch. Dutch East India Company. So, see how they came. First came the Portuguese. Next came the Dutch. Third came the English. British. Fourth came the French. So, what the Portuguese were doing is. They were out. They were out of the competition. They could not win. The competition was between the Dutch and the English. When the competition was between the Dutch and the English. What the Dutch and the English were doing is. The Dutch took Indonesia. The English took India. After that, the competition was between the English and the French. This is called the Carnatic Wars. In this Carnatic War. They defeated the French. And they became the number one contenders for the India. They were ready to conquer the Indian Empire. After the defeat of the French. In 1764. So, in 1602. The Dutch East India Company was formed. They were the first joint stock company in the world. We are talking about the MNCs. The first joint stock company was the Dutch East India Company. Their main focus was Java, Sumatra and the Spice Islands of Indonesia. But they did not make any centers in India. They came to India. They established some centers. You can read about the centers. Surat, Brauch, Kambe, Ahmadabad, Kochi, Nagapattinam, Masuripattinam, Chinsura, Patna, Agra in Uttar Pradesh. They established their factories in all these places. Apart from this. Like Thangumvidithi. They established a place called Sadras. Thangumvidithi. That's all. Sadrasapattinam. Like Madrasapattinam. They also conquered Ceylon from Portuguese. Portuguese became very weak after 1600s. So they captured Ceylon from Portuguese. This is very important. They got English from the Dutch. What they exported was very important. Indigo, Raw Silk, Cotton Silk, Salpetter, OPM. They exported all these. Next is the English East India Company. English East India Company is also very important. Because they are going to rule us. So it is very important to know about their formation. How do they come? What do they do? In 1599. There was a group of merchants. There were free merchants. There was a group of merchants. They called themselves Merchant Adventurers. Merchants Adventurers. They are forming a company. Which is called as English East India Company. In 1599. When was the Royal Charter given to them? By whom? Queen Elizabeth. When was it given? 31 December 1600s. It was given in 1600s. The Royal Charter was abolished a year and a half later. What do they say in the Royal Charter? East. There is a Cape of Good Hope. Cape of Good Hope. From this to the areas in the East. They are given complete monopoly. Monopoly to trade. Only East Indian companies should trade. They are given complete monopoly. For how many years? For 15 years. But for how many years? For 215 or 213 years. They enjoy this monopoly. They continue to extend it. They are given monopoly only for the first 15 years. When is it taken? During the Charter Act 1813. This is when it is taken. From 1600s to 1813. For 213 years. They enjoyed a virtual monopoly of trade. From Cape of Good Hope to East. What happens next? First voyage in India. Who does the first voyage? Our Captain Hawkins does it. He comes to Jagangir court first. In 1608. Listen carefully. In 1608. They decided to establish a factory in Surat. They decided. But they couldn't establish that factory. Because. When Hawkins came. Jagangir was doing well. Then he gives him 400 months up. Months up is like a tip. Take it. He gives him 400 months up. For 3 years. He was in Jagangir court. He has written a lot of instructions. He has written accounts. Captain Hawkins. But. Because of Portuguese influence. What happens is. Captain Hawkins is kicked out. Jagangir. So without hitting the Portuguese. We can't get into the influence of Mughal. What does England do? They defeated. They defeated the Portuguese. In Svali. They defeated twice. In 1612. And in 1614. You are telling so much in detail. All this is in your NCRT. This information. All is in your NCRT. I am telling all this only from NCRT. Ok. So much information. It is so concentrated. You can't see when you read. You can see only when you read. Oh they are telling so much. Ok. Later on what happens is. Sir Thomas Roy. In 1615. Royal Ferman. He got the royal orders. After that in 1615. They established a factory at Surat. They established it at Surat. But before that. In 1611. They established the factory in Masoolipatnam. That was their first factory. The first factory in India. Was in Masoolipatnam. Because they wanted to establish it in Surat. But it was not. Coming into true. After that in 1615. They established the factory in Surat. Ok. Next as we said. They have a treaty with the Dutch. The battles between the Dutch. Is not very important. The battles between the Dutch. They win in India. The Dutch win in Indonesia. After that they divide the territories. I am for this. Because for the Dutch. What is very important is Indonesia. Java, Sumatra. So they go like that. England. For them the textiles. Because they are in the industrial revolution. So they need everything from the cotton trade. That is available in India. So they take India. Ok. After that they think. India is a good market. So in 1795. All their positions. The Dutch lost. They fully concentrated on. Indonesia. Next. Growth of East India Company. This year is very important. 1600s to 1744. Till now. I have not told much about the year. But after this. Modern India. In all these. The years are very important. After the establishment of the Congress. The dates, months, years. All are important. This is how you should see it. All years are not important. All months are not important. All events are not important. But the date and month of the event. All these are very important. Why do they say this date? Why do they say 1600s to 1744? Because. In 1744. They first started. Fighting with the French. So the mere. 150 years. To be exact. 144 years. They were only mere traders. They were only traders. 144 years. From 1600s to next. 144 years. Only traders. But even in that. They did some small jobs. But. They were not successful. Why? Because. The Mughal Emperor was very strong. From 1600s to 1700s. He was very strong. So they could not do anything. To be exact. In 1786. They ransacked. They sacked Hooghly. Who? English East India Company. They sacked Hooghly. Who was there in 1688-86? Aurangzeb. He completely routed the East Indian Company. So what did they do? Like a mere petitioner. They cried. In front of him. So what did he do? He forgave them. Because. He did not see the threat. They were just traders. They did a mistake. But they gave a good profit. So he needed money. He needed money. So what did he do? He forgave them. He took 1,50,000 rupees. As war indemnity. What happened in 1691? He also gave a Royal Ferment. Royal Ferment. What was that? For Bengal. In Bengal. They did not have to pay anything. They called it Dastak. Duties. They did not have to pay. Instead of that. What they had to do. 3,000 rupees. That was enough. They bought a Ferment. This Ferment. Later. It was re-established. Or re-negotiated. With respect to Farrukhsiyar. What Farrukhsiyar did was. This Royal Ferment. He confirmed it. Then what did he do? He wrote what he said. Not only that. He extended it to Gujarat and other areas. This Ferment. This Ferment given by Farrukhsiyar. In 1717. They call it Golden Ferment. That much important. It is the Magna Cartha. For their East India Company. This Ferment. So where did they start? In the first half of the 17th century. This is a similar question. This line. This is a similar question. This question was asked in 2021. We will see this later. In the first half of the 17th century. 1623. They established factories in Surat, Baruj, Ahmedabad, Agra, Masoolipatnam. They started in Masoolipatnam in 1611. And their schemes were Endured by the Mughals. Endurance. Because from the beginning what they were doing. They didn't want to be a Profit making company. They wanted to turn this land into a political puppet. Through that they wanted to cool down. They wanted to create a drain of wealth. This was their scheme from the beginning. Because their policy was Mercantilism. Just not trading. Mercantilism in the simplest terms is the ideology for the trade of our country. This was the ideology of mercantilism. That exploitation has resulted in colonialism. So here the Mughals were fortifying. They didn't like that. Then what happened was There was a big fight in Hubli. We saw that. But they got a more favourable position because of the disintegration of Vijaynagar. They got a favourable area in the south. So they bought Masoolipatnam. Similarly, Vijaynagar had a local king called Chennappanayakka. He was the king of Chandragiri. From that king bought Madras. They took Madras for lease. They built Fort Chenjaj and fortified it. He didn't say anything. He just said, if you want to fortify, do it. If you want to give coins, give it. That's all. This is how the kings were at that time. So what happened next was the island of Bombay. This is a big comedy. Who gives whose property? The island of Bombay was with the Portuguese. In 1662, King Charles III marries the Portuguese princess. For that, the Portuguese give Bombay as dowry. In 1668, Bombay was given as dowry to the English. What did Charles do? He said, what are we going to do with this island of Bombay? For just 10 pounds, could you believe it? Today, Bombay is the financial capital of India. He gives rent for 10 pounds. He gives lease for 10 pounds annually to East India Company. They buy it and fortify it. Bombay. Next, what happens is in Eastern India, they opened in Orissa. After that, they opened in Hooghly, Bengal. In Patna, Balasore, Dhaka, they opened everywhere. In Madras, they already bought, fortified and made it a sovereignty. In 17th century, they think that this is their territory. British is claiming sovereignty in Bengal, Madras. After building Fort George, they think like that. Bombay became their territory. They fortified there also. They claim that as a sovereignty. But, they could not claim it in Bengal. That is why they fought in Hooghly. Aurangzeb was at that time preoccupied in Deccan. Since he was there, he could not come much. He became weak. But, it was defeated. In 1686, it was defeated. Hooghly's plan was over. Next, they wait like that. After waiting, Battle of Plassey happens in 1757. They wait for so many years. This is the difference between an institution and a single man. A single man can be very strong. But, there is a limitation of age. He will die anyway. But, let it be an institution or an idea, it will never die. If it is not there, the idea of another person to rule this place politically, the company has carried it for 150 years. Every director has carried it. The culmination of it is Battle of Plassey, Buxar. This is the news in the current phase. Now, Golconda Fort could have been a tourist attraction. But, at that time, the fate of Madras was decided by the Golconda. If you are Chandragiri, Vijayanagar Empire, then, Chennapanayaka gives it in 1639. But, after that, Golconda is defeated. Then, what Golconda does is, they are giving rent to Madras for English. How much money have they got for that? 7000 pakodas. Pakoda is not gold coins. 7000 gold coins. So, after that, Golconda is given in 1683. Then, in 1686, Aurangzeb gets it back. He unites Golconda with Aurangzeb. So, they could have ransacked So, this is the news in the current phase. So, the last thing you have to see is, in this, they have told about the last Kuthupshahi ruler. They have also said about the Akkanna Madanna. Akkanna Madanna, and the last Kuthupshahi ruler, Abdul Hassan Tana Shah. Just write his name. This is all in the current phase. This is how we can get exposed. This is not in a book. Otherwise, someone would have written a book about Golconda. We can see his name in such a book. So, when it comes like this, just write it down. Next is with respect to the setback of the British. Then, in 1691, we saw about the Royal Firm. Next is the formation of the Calcutta. They are in Hooghly. Then, in 1698, they are procuring three important villages. The names are Suttonati, Calicutta and Govindapur. These three villages are formed as Calcutta. In Calcutta, they are going to rule for the next 200 years. Fort Williams is built after that. Then, in 1717, the Firmans are confirming the privileges from Farrukhsiyar. They are buying it for Gujarat and Deccan. For every year, they are buying it for 3000 rupees. No new document is required. They are confirming such a thing. When they give the privilege, it is okay. Because, it really was in his place. Is Farrukhsiyar like that? They are turning into a semi-independent kingdom. Whether it is Deccan, Gujarat or Bengal, let it be like that, everyone is thinking like it is their own kingdom now if a company says, I bought it from the emperor, they will not agree they will say, you bought it from the emperor, take it from them so this is the problem which has been created because of this problem, they are going on resisting they say, we cannot resist anymore when they believe that they have become stronger, then they are having the war, battle that battle is Battle of Buxar, Battle of Plassey in 1757 we will see that in the next chapter but whatever their political ambition was, their commercial development was not frustrated they are earning a lot of profits they are earning 20% profit they say like that next is, with respect to their internal organization source of power is their charter the charter given by Queen Elizabeth in 1600 is their source of power next is, composition there will be a governor for a factory then a deputy governor then there will be 24 members all these will become the court of directors we will see the PITS India Act the court of directors will change like this next is, their company is profit oriented profit, profit, profit they have earned 20% profit similarly, the most important thing of their company is the bribe culture for kings, queens, not only for the kings here they have given bribe to the kings in England what they can do through this is, they can maintain the military otherwise would they leave a king to a company because they have maintained the army in England then how good it would have been to take the army here and defeat them in England the act to regulate them is the regulating act in 1773, they are very scared the power of the company is increasing we have to regulate them that is the name of the regulating act so bribe culture it has permeated into the company nothing can be done and then there is another important story this is also a very interesting story it is called as rise of interlopers in the rise of interlopers, many English merchants whatever the monopoly is, they climbed the monopoly but many English merchants are trading they are trading privately without the company's permission they are called as new merchants the company calls them as interlopers then an important event happens in 1688 this event happens in 1688 this event is called as glorious revolution glorious revolution is a fight between the king and the parliament who is the big shot the king's power is reduced and the parliament rises this is how parliamentary democracy comes first in England in 1688, they bring the parliamentary democracy what happens when they bring it they wanted to reduce the monopoly of the East India Company these new merchants they start a new company called as new merchants company what the parliament does is it gives monopoly to them it gives monopoly to them to trade in the East what the East India Company does is they take the share of that company there is a fight between them for 20 years in 1708, they merge and become one company it is called as East India Company again this is a very interesting story the structure of the company is they don't manufacture anything in the factory they just take the goods nothing else no manufacturing was carried in the factory you should not think that the factory was manufactured they are just writers,factors and merchants that's all they buy the goods and keep it there instead of taking it to another place they use it as a warehouse they have fortified the factory what happens in the Anglo-French struggle this is an important event it starts in 1744 their struggle goes on till 1764 there are 3 struggles 1st Anglo-French war 2nd Anglo-French war 3rd Anglo-French war it ends with this the French were the last to arrive at the European struggle they came in 1664 in 1720s, they also become a recognized power just like they kept Hooghly then Calcutta, Calicut, Suttanati, Govindpur and changed it to Calcutta they bought Chandranagur from Calcutta just like they bought Madras, they bought Pondicherry the most important governor at that time was Dupley Dupley was the most important governor I will tell you the story of their 3 struggles no need for all this first, how does the Anglo-French war happen? Austrian war of succession in this war of succession, who should succeed the Austrian prince? both of them join with 2 separate hostages they join in opposite hostages one hostage is from England and the other is from France the war they fought in Europe is also opposed by their East Indian companies that is how it starts in 1745, what happens is this war starts in 1744 in 1745, the French ships attack the English ships near Madras this is the triggering point this is where the war starts the same war happens in Canada and America Canada was occupied by the French that is a separate war this war happens in 3 continents what happens here is in 1745, the English attack the French naval fleet near Madras what Dupley does is he uses his French army to capture Madras who controls Madras? it is controlled by the Carnatic what they do to the Carnatic Nawab is they go to the English and tell them to help them the Carnatic Nawab sends 10,000 soldiers what Dupley does with just 1000 soldiers is he kills these 10,000 soldiers this is called the Battle of Adyar Battle of Adyar near St.Thomas Mount St.Thom Battle of Adyar takes place at St.Thom and St.Thomas Mount what Dupley understands from this battle is no matter how powerful the natives are they do not have modern equipment they are not organized they are a disorganized army their weapons are medieval their weapons are organized and modern they can win this is what Dupley devises when does this war end? this war ends in 1748 in Europe the French lose this war there is a treaty called the Treaty of Axla Chapelle Madras is given back to the English East India Company according to this treaty it is given back to the English East India Company what Dupley does is he uses his own equipment and organized soldiers he intervenes with them and he understands that he can achieve political gains he understands this only through the Anglo-French war what happens in the second is there is a principality which is Hyderabad and again there is a principality which is called as Karnataka both the rulers die in 1748 Nizam-ul-Mukh Asabja who was the creator or the establisher of Hyderabad principality he also dies and so does the Karnataka so here there is a fight between two people who are Nasir-Jung and Musafir-Jung father and son Nizam-ul-Mukh Asabja is a fight between father and grandson who should come as a king similarly in Karnataka who should come as Nawab here Nizam-ul-Mukh Asabja is a fight and here Nawab-ul-Mukh Asabja is a fight both of them are Chandasahib and Anwarudin Chandasahib and Musafir-Jung both of them are supported by Dupley and Anwarudin is killed in a battle his son Mohammad Ali he goes to Thiruchirapalli and kills Nasir-Jung here in Hyderabad Dupley appoints a general named Buzi he goes to Karnataka he goes with Chandasahib this was the height of the power he was killed in an accident Musafir-Jung was killed in an accident then there is another climber his name is Safar-Jung Buzi appoints him as Nizam there is a thing called Northern Sarkars Chikkakulam and Visakhapatnam are Northern Sarkars he is given the areas there he is given a lot of money because he helped then from Krishna river to Kanyakumari Dupley is made as an honorary governor so this was the height of the Dupley will it be quiet now will the English East India Company be quiet what they are doing is there are climbers opposite to them so what Robert Clive is doing is he is seizing the capital of Karnataka Arkot he is seizing Arkot after capturing Arkot what happens next is French government is taking back Dupley because of the pressure of England in Europe this was the nail in the coffin because they took away Dupley they could not do anything so they appoint a person called Less Energetic County Lally as the French Governor General after that how this changes is Chanda Sahib is killed British kills him after that Mohamed Ali is changed to Nawab so British's hand starts to bend what happens here is in Hyderabad Safar Jung starts to support the English he goes to the side of victory so what happens next is after 1757 what happens again is there is another war in Europe it is called Seven Years War when that war starts they fight again here also they fight when they fight in 1757 the British won the Battle of Classic so the balance of power shifts majorly so they win the third battle of Anglo-French war after that French are mere traders they cannot go for any territorial ambitions this is how they defeat the French in 1764 this is the story of their defeat in 1764 so next is Anglo-Mysore war Anglo-Maratha war then Anglo-Sikh war so the next 150 years from 1764 to 1857 till the first battle of independence or Sepoy mutiny how was the next territorial capture how did they defeat the Indian Powers we will see in the next class so thank you i hope you have understood all the best thank you