Ancient India - R S Sharma NCERT | Lecture 29 - Legacy In Science and Civilization | UPSC | StudyIQ

Hello guys, welcome to StudyIQ We'll start in a minute, let other people also join in 1-2 minutes got delayed but it's ok We'll start in a minute or so, let other people also join in If you have any doubts, then you can ask me those doubts So as you know, today itself is the last lecture So, we'll start We'll start in a minute If you have any doubts, then you can type it So, we'll start Let's start slowly If you have any doubts, then let me know So, no doubts, we'll move forward then Good morning, yaar, pranam, good morning 1 minute lag as I told you in numerous of our previous lecture So, let's start First of all, PPT as well as crux will get uploaded on the channel in the sometime So, you can have the access to this PPT as well as crux material You'll get it on this channel Today's lecture is final, so I'll also put a combined crux Till now, I've put crux of every individual chapter Now, I'll combine crux of whole book and upload it by tomorrow or day after So, you'll get that crux as well as PPT on this channel So, let's move then one by one ahead Last chapter it is, okay After this, Ancient India is by and large over, okay So, let's start, one by one Now, first of all, this entire chapter is related to the legacy of Ancient India in the civilization and thereafter science and tech So, the first question is, what is civilization? So, civilization is basically highly complex structure whereby political, social, economical and cultural organizations are basically highly developed So, right now, humanity is itself a civilization We have in social, political, economical and cultural aspect Everything is highly developed What does highly developed mean? At one time, economical access were available only to the few people as we have seen in India But right now, economical resources are available to each and every individual Similarly, we have seen in social aspect as well When division of the labor is fixed in society, it is basically a backward But when division of the labor is basically flexible, you can call it as a forward one And similarly, when different aspects of culture start developing like religion, painting, music, sculpture, art and craft So, you can call that particular culture is also developing So, once in all these aspects, any particular group of people develop the high degree of specialization you will call it as a civilization, okay So, this civilization is in India right now So, in this, what is the contribution of ancient India and what is the legacy? So, we have to see one by one So, first of all, we will see the legacy in the civilization and thereafter, we will move on to the legacy in the science and technology Now, as far as religion is concerned, then absolutely in religion the contribution of the Indian is significant, right What is the contribution of the Indians, specifically of the ancient Indians? So, we have seen in one era, nature worship, fire worship and thereafter, ritual bathing, different type of the gods, cultic practices were developed in the proto-historical, that is Harappan period From there, then Vedic religion was developed throughout the northern India and ultimately, this Vedic religion asserted itself throughout the India by the time of the late ancient phase So, we have seen the complete evolution of Vedic religion But as far as religion is concerned, even though the Brahminical religion or Vedic religion it has asserted itself on the society but from ancient period of the time Indians have worked for the whole world as well as for the civilization to give multiple religions and thereafter to give the concept of harmonious, peaceful living So, this is something for the religion Okay, we will talk about this much only and not go into details Thereafter, then the Varna system Now, Varna system means division of the labor Now, for any particular society, division of the labor is always important If all the people become equal in the society then obviously, the society will become stagnant because nobody will have access or nobody will have that will to move forward in the society, right? Today, you or I am sitting here and teaching you are sitting and studying IS Why are you studying? In the division of labor in the society, you have to move forward You don't have to go back So, division of the labor always has to be there We have seen that the concept of division of labor is present in India since the Paleolithic period In the Paleolithic period, we have found the painting where there is a central figure and people are dancing around it So, it clearly shows that division in the society was there and by the time of the Rig Vedic period the division of the labor was properly divided This division of the labor was flexible in the initial period of the time but over a period of the time, it became rigid So, when it became rigid, there were problems but as long as it was flexible, it was a workable system it was quite a good system and this division of the labor also ultimately started contributing to civilization So, the Varna system is again having certain negatives and certain positives We have discussed the negatives in the last 2-3 lectures but the positive aspect is also there that the division of the labor has to be there in the civilization and in this division of the labor, the Varna system played a vital role because in the initial phase, it was always flexible Later on, it became a little rigid So, the Varna system is also there Thereafter, the philosophical system Again, we have discussed the philosophical system in detail that how the Sanatana Dharma was there Ultimately, the Bhakti religion was developed from the Sanatana Dharma and in this transition, we have studied the 6 Astic schools of philosophy and thereafter, the Gnostic school of philosophy in which we have studied Buddhism, Jainism and Charvaka We have studied all these things So, as far as philosophy is concerned then absolutely from ancient times there was a materialistic development in India and thereafter, there was a spiritual development If you are a follower of the Charvaka school of philosophy then you can go for the materialistic benefit If you are following the Astic school of philosophy then you are going to believe in Purush or Prakriti or you are going to believe in Atman and Brahman and in that capacity, we have seen that the philosophical development has given materialistic as well as spiritual upliftment Thereafter, we can clearly talk about Upanishad also So, the philosophy of Upanishad and Bhakti religion we have discussed only half of it Its components will be more in the early medieval period but Bhakti movement can trace its origin ultimately to the Upanishad Here, NCRT has given us a factual data and we have to remember that factual data is of a German philosopher, Schopenhauer who has talked about both Vedas and Upanishads in his philosophy So, even European philosophers are quite influenced with Vedic and Upanishadic philosophy Now, what is Veda and Upanishad? We have already seen, thought and understood all these systems Today, we just have to see what contributions Indians have made Ancient Indians in the development of the civilization Thereafter, crafts and technology then from the ancient period of time itself Again, Indians have made a lot of contributions in crafts and technology We have seen that Indians had developed microlith during the time of the Mesolithic period In Neolithic also, we have got different types of axes i.e. Kurhad and thereafter, starting from the Harappan period we have seen that multiple arts and crafts have been developed in the society like Dancing Girl, Tribhanga Mudra thereafter, Rage, Sandstone, Mail, Torso and thereafter, the image of Priest King This particular art and craft shows the high variety of development as far as craft technology is concerned in the ancient period of time and this craft technology then progressed and ultimately, by the time of the post-Mauryan period an elaborate craft system i.e. Gandhara School of Art, Mathura School of Art and thereafter, Amravati School of Art these three schools of art have also been developed in India So, this is something that in the initial period of time even in crafts and technology the contribution of Indians in the legacy is quite significant because from the proto-historical period itself high degree or high variety of the craft technology was developed in our country We have also seen bronze casting technology i.e. Lost Wax Technology with which they used to make bronze images Similarly, the other types of craft and technology for example, Dyeing must be there Dyeing means, obviously, coloring the clothes thereafter, we can also talk about the Woods which is basically the type of the you can consider steel or ancient version of the steel which was made by the Indians and which was quite famous in the across not in the, but it is quite famous across the world These people used to make swords out of these woods Indian wood, ultimately, it was a type of the steel and its demand was high across the world because it was a quite good material for the sword So, even in crafts and technology there has been a great contribution as far as ancient Indians are concerned Thereafter, we have also seen the quality of Acharya Chanakya and thereafter, Acharya Chanakya's complete political system that how he developed central administration how he developed proper provincial administration then district administration and thereafter, at the lowest level village administration So, starting from the center he has given us the criteria of the minister criteria of the king who will be the head of the provincial government and he also talked about Kumara Mathias and thereafter, elaborate machinery and thereafter, laws i.e. Dharmasthya and thereafter, Kantak Shodhana and thereafter, SPNA system in which Sanstha, Sanchari and thereafter, the welfare state concept where he has advised the state to do work for the state So, we understood all these systems It clearly shows that today's political system of India though you can call as a parliamentary democracy system but ultimately, this system was present in India since ancient times since ancient times, according to this particular system everything was running in India So, Kautilya's Arthashastra thereafter, Ashoka and thereafter, his policy of the Dhamma or you can call as a religious tolerance So, all these things it clearly shows that Indians had ability to run the entire country Indians had done it once upon a time and Indians do have their own political system from the ancient period of the time So, even in political system the contribution of Indians is quite significant and certain democratic elements were also there in the ancient period of the time Where did we find democratic elements? Then, Vedic assembly Vidhata, Sabha, Samiti we had seen and then thereafter, tribal assemblies where they are in our country like Ganasanghas during the time of the later Vedic age and then thereafter, during the Mahajanpada we have elaborately discussed that So, as far as political system is also concerned then Indians have given tremendous amount of the contribution in the development of the political civilization Thereafter, in art and literature we had seen starting from the if we are talking about the art then elaborate art form was developed during the time of the Mauryan period Ashokan Pillar we had seen we had compared those periods Pillar with the Archimanean Pillar or the Persian Pillar thereafter, the significance of Ashokan Pillar we had seen thereafter, after Ashoka, we had also read How Ajanta caves were created What was the significance of caves? So, the different type of the cave architecture that is basically for Vihara, Chaitya and thereafter, Stupa So, they have also been elaborated and thereafter, Gandhara that is Hellenistic School of Art and thereafter, its comparison with Mathura that is Indigenous School of Art Now, all these things have been done but still, the chapter is basically telling us or everything that all this is a contribution So, India is basically giving a rich contribution towards the development of the art and thereafter, literature also as far as ancient India is concerned They have not given much information about the literature but in the literature obviously, from Rig Veda we have got elaborate religious as well as materialistic literature available with us So, Rig Veda will be there thereafter, Panini's Ashtadhyay will be there then, we have also read Tripitaka thereafter, we have also studied Mahabhashya which was written by Patanjali thereafter, during the time of the Gupta period, we have seen different literatures I had also told you that you will do homework on it So, all the homework, I hope you have done it I have given you all the names of all the important books you just have to google out one by one that what is the significance of each book So, in different books, we have seen many important books like Abhijyan Sakuntalam which was written by Kalidasa and thereafter, we had also seen Malvik Agnimitra, which was also written by Kalidasa thereafter, we had also seen two important books of Vishakha Dutta i.e. Mujra Rakshasa and Devi Chandra Guptam So, we have elaborately covered these two books then, we have also covered Amar Kosha, which was written by Amar Simha we have also covered this and thereafter, we have also covered Kama Sutra, which was written by Katyayana but, elaborate contribution is there not only in the religious literature but also in the materialistic literature as far as ancient India is concerned we have also covered Temple Architecture as far as temple architecture is concerned then, Dravida, Nagra and Vaisara style of the temple architecture these three types of temple architecture have been elaborately discussed but, this is again India's contribution for the development of the art and literature for the civilization about this also, R.S. Sharma has provided us some information so, this is something that you can call as the civilization what is India's contribution and what is India's contribution for the development of the civilization so, today we are having an Indian civilization you can call it as this Indian civilization it will have quality, society economy or culture its foundation has been kept here today, you will talk about parliamentary democracy thereafter, you will talk about ministerial system or age all these positions all these systems are given by Acharya Chanakya and that particular system has been continued we have seen it elaborately how this system came to India and how its evolution happened and why this Brahminical system of Acharya Chanakya continued in India if we talk about society then today, we are basically following the division of the pattern that is division of the labor pattern only but social mobility is now open we don't believe in Varna system but there is Jati system in Varna we have read about it and we always believe in as far as economy is concerned then we have seen the process whereby India's ruralization from urban area happened what was the contribution of feudal lord and thereafter because of this contribution India became an agrarian economy so India is still an agrarian economy by and large we can consider even till today so in today's civilization the foundation of economic aspect has been kept in ancient times and last one is basically culture then in culture, there will be religion then there will be art and craft even today, we are following the ancient things that has been going on so this is something that is legacy in the civilization I hope it is quite understandable so now we will move on to the legacy in science and technology everything has been discussed so I am not dwelling in detail into this specific aspect so legacy in science and technology now again during the time of Gupta in which we had covered the lecture everything has been elaborately discussed but again as far as astronomy is concerned then I had told you that astronomy is basically a Greek science it is Hora Shastra which developed in India but ultimately Hora Shastra was adopted by Indians and after adopting it they started doing research on it and thereafter lots of contributions have been given by the great astronomical people of India that is basically you can talk about Aryabhatta thereafter Varhamitra and even you can talk about Brahmagupta these three were astrologers, mathematicians and we had seen their books Aryabhatta had written Aryabhatiya in which he had given us the reason Aryabhatiya is also important because it was the first book which told us the numerical system that 0 is 0, 1 is 1 2 is 2 so all these systems Aryabhatta has given us thereafter if we talk about Varhamitra then in Varhamitra there is a book called Brihash Samhita and in Brihash Samhita he has given us different astrological contemporary terms and thereafter Brahmagupta whose book is called Brahmaskutika Siddhanta we have also seen how he has given us algebra and thereafter at the earliest level he has given us the geometric evidences so all these things again they have mentioned here as far as ancient India is concerned the notational system, decimal system use of 0 Surya Siddhanta as the name suggests Sun that is basically the whole universe after observing it many hypothetical things have been written in it but it is again important as far as astronomy or the Jyotish Shastra is concerned similarly the science of grammar and languages we have also seen about it how first of all it was Prakrit language the evolution of Prakrit happened in Apabhramasa so it happened in Sanskrit at the earliest level the literature of India was written in Prakrit the first Sanskrit text which was developed in India was Panini's Ashtadhyay and thereafter we have got the evidences that by the time of 1st century A.D Sanskrit language started spreading in India and by the time of 8th to 9th century that is late ancient period we have seen that the language in court i.e. Upper Varanasi was Sanskrit and Lower Varanasi was Prakrit and then how different languages were developed in India from Prakrit like Pali, Mithili Brij language and thereafter even Rajasthani, Gujarati Marathi all these languages are the dialects of Prakrit and that's why if you are able to understand any of these languages then you won't have any difficulty in understanding other languages so this is basically the science of language and the science of grammar is very important it is there in grammar we have got Panini's Ashtadhyay and thereafter we have seen in South a book named Tolka PM which was written by Tolka PR it is the earliest written book of Tamil grammar in 2nd Sangam so we have talked about it so elaborate contribution in the science of grammar linguistic science, mathematical science and thereafter astronomy has been done by Indians thereafter then as far as astronomy again whatever I told you Aryabhatta, thereafter Varahmitra, thereafter Aryabhatta and Varahmitra and thereafter Brahmagupta in the period of Trinity Gupta we have covered it but I have given you a little knowledge thereafter then science of medicine we have already seen that this legacy is very important who is the father of surgery in India and it is basically Sushruta, he was the first person who has written a book on surgery that is Sushruta Samhita, this book which is written on surgery what has he given us how are cataracts operated 108 different type of surgical instruments and thereafter then general rule of the surgical procedure so he has always given focus on cleanliness which clearly shows that they were aware of the bacterial as well as viral kind of the diseases because if you do surgery bacteria and viruses in the air should not be around so we have Sushruta Samhita and thereafter then Charak Samhita also we have which is considered as one of the earliest book on the Ayurvedic science so different different plants which medicines we can make and which diseases those medicines can cure so all these things we get in Charak Samhita so Ayurvedic development and thereafter then the proper allopathy the proper medical science its development that also we have seen here and this all basically sums up our entire this legacy in the science and technology it was not much in this chapter only those things which we have discussed in the last 28 lectures it had a summarized version in ancient India R.S. Sharma had covered the transition in the last chapter which we had seen from where the transition was from ancient India to medieval India then in ancient India what is the contribution of Indians so all these contributions medical, thereafter then science and technology thereafter then art and literature thereafter then quality thereafter then crafts and technology philosophical system varna system, religion and thereafter then you can consider all these aspects as a part of the civilization so the first definition which I had told you earlier highly complex and developed political, social, economical and cultural system when it will come in your country then you will call it civilization and this civilization is present in India today but is it made today? No it has been made in India since 2500 years and this people i.e. ancient Indians have contributed elaborately in this particular system and this then ultimately sums up our entire, you can consider ancient India's entire series so we will take the doubt but before taking the doubt I am going to give this particular brief so again, I have covered all these things in the previous lecture I will just tell you that two courses right now, study IQ is launching before going, first of all GS course is there but we are going to close the admission soon, then if you belong to 2024 then again I am requesting to you to join, it is very much basically essential you can call it as an imperative it is very important to do a good foundation course throughout your preparation you have to do self preparation is always important but if you go to learn everything from self preparation then the problem which I have faced which I have told you in the previous lecture you have to face the same so do not basically go into that trap use the SNLI code it is at very affordable rate and the whole pre as well as G.S course will be covered and thereafter this is something if you are preparing for the prelims 2023 success in prelims plan basically so this is something that is quite neatly designed plan, so what you will get in this the NCRT based lectures you will get all cover up every subject is divided into specific number of lectures and thereafter you will get test series on that see the detail brochure once I have talked about it in my other videos but again so this course that we are launching on 19th of December and you can use again the code SNLI for the maximum possible discount so this is something do watch the new course and use the code guys always for the discount again this is the telegram channel you will get this PPT this is our last lecture so you already know and thereafter I am going to upload in 1 or 2 days the whole book of R.S Sharma which I have provided you chapter wise now I will upload the whole book so that will be it from my side guys all the lectures have been elaborately covered up so again your basic doubt is will this be enough? then yes it is enough more than sufficient for pre and after mains second thing is do you need to do anything else? then yes you will do one thing which I have already uploaded the video of PYQ on my channel so once you will cover all the PYQ in 4 hours approximately 150 PYQ of Ancient India which I have already discussed so watch all those third important news what will you do in Medieval India? then yes I am going to cover the Medieval India but now I am going to take a week break so most probably next Monday not the next one but the one after that so from that next Monday I am going to start with that Medieval series spectrum is not important Nitin Singhania is not important R.S Sharma is sufficient Satish Chandra is sufficient and the approach of studying should always be quality, society, economy art and culture the way we have covered up Ancient India we have studied in the same way we are going to study the entire Medieval India but somewhere around 15 to 20 December we will start it so that will be it from my side I am not going to give the PPT of Temple Architecture that is basically my premium content you can talk about that is actually my optional lecture so I will not share that, I am sorry about that you will make notes, that's it simple there after then we will do one by one at what time gunpowder started in India? where did this gunpowder question come from? gunpowder is basically if you ask in modern version or in ancient version there is a problem now this gunpowder this gunpowder basically is nothing but salt peter so this is basically salt peter this salt peter's evolved version is gunpowder as far as this salt peter is concerned then Bihar is one of the richest source in ancient time from Mauryan period we have got the evidence of gunpowder that is salt peter's use but they used it in firecrackers and second is in their military technology in their archers so basically you must have seen in Mahabharat Ramayana that a person will shoot an arrow then that arrow will come in air and after coming in air it will burn so how does it burn? this is basically salt peter they used to dip their arrow in it then they used to put fire on it and throw it so over a period of time it used to burst a little like firecracker so this firecracker technology is from Mauryan period in which we have got this salt peter thereafter this gunpowder or salt peter in 11th century when Ghazni attacked India then Ghazni also left this gunpowder or salt peter's evidence in India but if you talk about gunpowder properly then it is basically barber it was barber who introduced matchlock in India this is matchlock technology this is basically earliest level gun so in today's time when you will burst a firecracker then first you will light it with a light and thereafter there will be a vat inside it it will burn and thereafter the firecracker will burst so matchlock gun had the same technique there was no trigger in it there was a vat inside it which had to be lit and thereafter the firecracker would burst from inside and the bullet would be thrown out so this matchlock technology and gun was introduced by barber but gunpowder and thereafter salt peter from the time of Mauryan period we have got it in India ok so PPT is of temple architecture i will not put it ok Aakash this is my final lecture i am quite tired of this thing i am not from Hindi medium so my Hindi is not that good i speak as much as i can as far as i am concerned i am using 80% Hindi i can't use 100% Hindi i am not from Hindi background so i am sorry about it sir please once will you take a lecture you will see the lecture everything is elaborately discussed i am not going to talk about same things again and again there is no need to do spectrum i have told it many times ok yes simple ok so i hope it is quite clear recorded history of supernova around kalidasa according to himself is the third ok so thereafter temple architecture was also done ok distorted distorted version of history i have explained it many times go and watch the previous lecture you can't come in my last lecture and talk over or blabber over here you need to watch the earlier lecture go watch it and thereafter come to me ok yeah i hope it is clear so anything else guys ok science and technology difference right technology science is a base technology right i hope it is quite clear anything else guys ok ok basically stop the session this was the final session ultimately guys right so all the very best for your preparation ok all the lectures are done 29 lectures i have covered for the ancient india all of them are available go and watch it as i have told you before also i have not confined this lecture only on r.s. sharma whenever there was a need for the extra content i have included it and then we have conducted the lecture ok yes i have just told you right i don't know whether i will take it or not but first i will cover the medieval then we will see what to do about the modern right yes anything else guys anything else then tell me this has also been discussed i hope it is quite clear anything else guys ok bye there is a time lag of a minute over here ok anything else then tell me what did i say what to do through the map of sub-dynasties you will explain that also right write the whole statement yes anything else guys otherwise i will stop the session or if you have any doubt then ask me quickly ok anything else guys type it quickly there is a lag of a one minute so that's why i am standing quietly because i am waiting for the replies yes ok so no replies coming so i guess everybody is satisfied then there is no doubt so we will stop the session now guys so we will meet again then when we will meet so obviously next monday most probably i will update on the telegram when we will start medieval india but we will start with the medieval india of the satish chandra very soon so i will be stopping the session now all the very best to you but again while going do watch that pyq video and where you will get that video then you will get it on the telegram channel and second thing instagram as i told you numerous times before also if you have any personal doubt personal contact then drop it to me on the instagram ok so thank you so much guys we will stop the session now we will meet again on the next to next week so next monday we will meet directly ok thank you so much guys thank you