Ancient India - R S Sharma NCERT | Lecture 24 - Formation of New States and Rural Expansion | UPSC

So, hello guys. Good evening. Welcome to Study IQ. So, we'll start in a minute. Let all the people also join in. Let's start in a minute. Meanwhile, if you have any doubts, you can type it out. Yes. So, we'll start in a minute, guys. If you have any doubts, you can type it out. Then we'll start. So, good evening. Good evening to you all. It's not a big topic. New state and expansion in the peninsular India. It's a big topic for optional. Not for the GS. In GS, you just have to remember it. UPSC is asking questions these days, right? Basically, the Brahminical dynasties or the Vedic dynasties, the dynasties related to the Hindu religion, you should at least know the sequence of which dynasty was founded. Other than that, I don't think anything else is more important in this chapter. So, you just have to see what's above and what's not, one by one. And meanwhile, your content and thereafter, the PPT, it will get uploaded. It will take 5-10 minutes more, but you will get the PPT as well as content on this particular channel. So, any doubt? Let's see if you have any doubt, then let me know. Otherwise, we will move forward, guys. We will do the next chapter now. So, let's start one by one. If you have any doubt, type it out quickly. Okay, no doubt. So, we will just move forward then. Let's start one by one. So, now as far as this particular chapter is concerned, the new state and expansion in the Peninsular India. Peninsular India is basically land in between the two seas. So, you have to understand a few basic things. From the ancient time itself, we saw that the Aryans migrated to India. And thereafter, Aryans ultimately established themselves in the entire North India. And their core area in North India was Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, which was called Prachi in ancient times, and thereafter Magad. Right? So, this area of Prachi or Magad from ancient times itself. Outside this area, we have seen the flow of spread of the Aryanization and spread of the Aryanical society. And how did it happen? We saw that it happened through land grants. So, the land grant was started at the earlier level in the Satvahana. But its earlier version is seen from the time of the Mauryans. At the time of the Mauryans, Shudras and slaves were given employment on agricultural land. So, since then, we have seen the spread of the Aryan civilization and society in the entire India. And by this specific time, that is around 6th century AD. So, around 6th century AD. Now, we can see proper Brahminical dynasties being established in the Peninsular India. We have seen one dynasty earlier as well, that is Satvahana. So, after Satvahana, we have to understand the developments that took place in the Peninsular India. So, first of all, they are talking about the Vakataka dynasty. As far as Vakataka dynasty is concerned, we have seen at the time of Gupta, that King Herudra of Vakataka was married to Prabhavati Gupta. Prabhavati Gupta is basically the daughter of Chandragupta II. So, because of this marriage alliance, Ujjain was declared as the second capital of the empire. So, this is something that we have seen. We have also talked about the Vakataka kingdom. We have also seen the importance of Ujjain. So, we have to remember the founders of this Vakataka dynasty. Who was the founder? It was Vindhya Shakti around 250 AD. This Vakataka dynasty was established. And their rough area is the eastern side of Maharashtra and thereafter the western side of Maharashtra. This area, this dynasty is situated here. So, just remember this much. Other than this, I don't think so, anything else is important in this. Next important thing is that there was another dynasty in the southern side of Vakataka, that is Kadamba. The Kadamba dynasty was present-day, modern-day, situated somewhere around northern Karnataka. Their capital is basically Banwasi or Vijayanti. And thereafter it was founded by Mayur Sharman. Mayur Sharman was the founder around 345 AD. This Kadamba dynasty was established in the southern state. But now you can clearly see over here, the Brahminical name was established in the south. Before this, we had seen a dynasty in the south during the Sangam period, right? So, the dynasties during the Sangam period, if you remember, that is Cholas, thereafter Cheras, and thereafter Pandyas. In which this whole area was there. In that, we had only seen the Bayanlal Tamil name. But now, the Aryanization of the South Indian society, which we had talked about earlier during the Sangam period. That process had started during the Sangam period. Now, we can see that process being established here. Where in the South Indian society, the Aryanical name, that is North Indian name, that is basically Mayur Sharman. So, we can see this North Indian type of name being established here. But again, for factual data, in 345 AD, Mayur Sharman was the founder. And thereafter, capital was Banwasi or Vijayanti. Thereafter, as far as Chalukyas are concerned, we have already seen Chalukyas of Badami, right? So, Chalukyas of Badami, their king, that is Pulakeshi II, he called himself Parameshwara. And he had defeated Harsha Vardhana, right? So, the one who defeated Harsha was Pulakeshi II. And in that capacity, Chalukya is quite an important dynasty. After Vakataka, the Maharashtra-North Karnataka area of Vakataka was in Chalukyas' hands. And his founder was Pulakeshi I. So, there can be some confusion in this. Keep this in mind. One was the founder and the second was the person who defeated Harsha Vardhana. So, there can be some confusion in this. This is a very minor factual data. Keep this in mind. And thereafter, their basic, that is, Aiholk inscription, which we have already read, which gives us the information that they ultimately stopped the southern march of Harsha Vardhana. Thereafter, Aiholk, Badami and then Pattakadal. These three are very important. Aiholk, Badami and Pattakadal. These three temple sites are very important. They were established by Chalukyas. Chalukyas of Badami. And here we also get the earliest level of the Vaisara style of the temple architecture. I hope you have seen the video of temple architecture. If you haven't seen it, please watch it once. In that, all these things will be clarified to you. It is also available on Telegram group. So, thereafter, we have to remember one more thing in Chalukyas. They had two more branches. Just remember for factual data. There were Eastern Chalukyas. Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi. And thereafter, there were Western Chalukyas. So, Western Chalukyas of Kalyani. And where is this Kalyani? So, this is basically the area of Baswa Kalyan. It is in Karnataka. So, in the western side of Karnataka, there is an area called Baswa Kalyan. There you will find Western Chalukyas of Kalyani. You will find Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi. And thereafter, these Chalukyas of Badami. So, out of three different families, only one is important. As far as UPSA prelims and GS is concerned. So, in that, only this much data is available. Read only that much. I have added the name of the founder in this. Thereafter, after Chalukyas, there are Ishkvaakus. Now, exactly Ishkvaakus. There are still many debatable aspects about them. Because, the Ram. Obviously, Ram of Ayodhya. The name of their particular dynasty has also been claimed as Ikshvaku. And, we find the same name of dynasty here. So, when Satvana power got disintegrated. So, in Maharashtra, first came Vakataka. And thereafter, in Maharashtra, after Vakataka. We have found the Chalukyas. But, on the other hand, the eastern area. Somewhere around, you can consider the Andhra Pradesh area. There, we have found this new dynasty. Ishkvaaku. And, the founder of Ishkvaaku dynasty. That is basically, Vasishtaputra Chamutmula. So, basically, this particular name. You can see that the name is matrilineal. This matrilineal naming pattern. We have seen it in another dynasty. Where did we see it? We saw it in Satvanas. So, this matrilineal naming pattern. Is something again, quite significant. We can see it here. And, basically, the monument or the area. That is Dharnikota. And, thereafter, Nagarjun Konda. This area basically comes to the south of Andhra Pradesh. So, this is something that is related to the Ishkvaaku. Pallavas. As far as Pallavas are concerned. Quite important dynasty. So, we will see the conflict between Chalukyas and Pallavas in some time. But, Pallavas. We have got their name from ancient times. They basically have two branches. There is a branch from 2nd century to 4th century. And, there is another branch from 5th century to 8th century. This 5th to 8th century branch is quite important. Because, there is a king named Simhavishnu. Simhavishnu defeated all the minor rulers in the south. And, thereafter, ultimately, he established his kingdom. So, this Simhavishnu. He is basically considered as a founder. But, founder of the imperial Pallava. Then, after this. As far as Pallavas are concerned. They have one greatest ruler. That is Narsimha Varman. So, Narsimha Varman. The first. Okay. Ultimately, he defeated Pulakeshi in the second. The one who defeated Harshavardhan. Right. The work of killing him was done by Narsimha Varman. Now, we will see that in some time. And, thereafter. Narsimha Varman had also taken a title. That is Vata Pikonda. And, he had established a. Basically, temple city. Which is known as Mahabalipuram. It is also known as Mamallapuram. Right. Narendra Modi ji has visited this site 2-3 times. India-China summit was also held. Here is the descent of Ganges. Then, here you will find the Rath temple. And, shore temple will also be found. This is the same site. And, the work of establishing this. Which was done by Narsimha Varman in Pallavas. Narsimha Varman defeated Pulakeshi in the second. Somewhere around 630. So, around 630. Or, 642. These two dates are still debatable. We don't know exactly. But, ultimately. He had defeated and killed Pulakeshi in the second. We will talk about this also. And, their capital is Kanchipuram. Again, Tamil Nadu. This is something that is related to the Pallava dynasty. And, thereafter. Kalabhra revolt. The period of Kalabhra is still debatable. When was it exactly? When was it not? We have one factual data. That Kalabhra revolt. The work of defeating. Which was ultimately done by Simha Vishnu. So, we have the end date. That is 575. And, this is usually found from inscriptional evidences. That, before 575. For 75 years. Their rule was going on in the south. And, Kalabhra. They are basically considered as tribal people. Why tribal people? Because, when their power came. So, in the south. The Brahminical influence that was spreading. The Brahminical influence. To end it. All the work. That was done. So, it was basically anti-Brahminical dynasty. And, in that capacity. Then, they. Buddhism. And, thereafter. They patronized Jainism. So, they started patronizing Buddhism and Jainism. And, Brahminical dynasties. Or, they tried to end Brahminism. So, that's why. All the Brahminical dynasties in the south. They came together. That is basically Pallava. Chalukyas of Badami. And, thereafter. Pandyas. And, they formed an alliance. Simhavishnu was the leader of the alliance. And, ultimately. They broke down the Kalabhra's revolt. In the south. In 575. Simhavishnu. He became the king of Pallava. After breaking up the revolt. And, thereafter. He established. His empire. That is Pallava empire. Over here. That's all you have to remember. I don't think. I will ask anything more than this. So, don't go into too much detail. Even, I am not going. Remember from the top. Because, chronology is important. The chronological question. UPSC can ask here. So, this is the conflict between Pallava and Chalukya. Okay. I have given some information about this. In this chapter. Now, obviously. Why is there a conflict? There is a resource struggle. Resource struggle means. There is a particular fertile area. There is a struggle over that. So, which is the fertile area? Krishna Tunga Bhadra. So, in the southern side. There is Pallava. That is in Kanchi. And, thereafter. There is Chalukya. In the north side. That is in Badami. So, basically. Karnataka. And, thereafter. Tamil Nadu. If you see this area. There are two important rivers. That is Kaveri. Krishna Tunga Bhadra. But, Kaveri. Comes in the south. So, Krishna Tunga Bhadra. Was actually the bone of contention. Who will control the resources? Who will control the agricultural produce? This whole revolt was related to that. So, the conflict between Pallavas and Chalukyas. This went on for a long time. First of all. Pulakeshi II. Who ultimately defeated Harsha. He attacked Mahendra Varman. So, Mahendra Varman. Was the Chalukyan king before. And, this Mahendra Varman. Was killed. By the Pulakeshi II. One more factual data. Just remember. Mahendra Varman. Had many titles. In which. Guna Bhara. Thereafter. Okay. Matta Bilasa. Okay. Etc. Remember two titles. If it comes. Then it can come. Right. So, Pulakeshi. And, thereafter. Mahendra Varman. In the conflict. Mahendra Varman. Was killed. But, ultimately. Pallavas. They bought peace. How? Pallavas. To the north. The Northern territory. Krishna Tunga Bhadra. To Chalukyas. He said, you keep it. But, let our dynasty rule. In Kanchi. And, this was a slight mistake. At the hand of the Pulakeshi. In the second. He slightly showed mercy. Because, ultimately. His son. He is considered. As a greatest king. Of the Pallava dynasty. So, when Narsimha Varman became king. At initial level. So, after he became king. Narsimha Varman started his work. In the south. He resumed. His territorial consolidation. Pula Kishin did not like this and tried to attack Kanchipuram but by this time Narsimhavarman was ready Narsimhavarman defeated Pula Kishin outside Kanchipuram and Pula Kishin was running back to Kanchipuram Narsimhavarman caught Pula Kishin and killed him Narsimhavarman went to Badami and looted Badami Badami is also called Vatapi Konda Narsimhavarman took the title Vatapi Konda Narsimhavarman took the title of Mahabalipuram Mahabalipuram Temple Town was built by Narsimhavarman How did the conflict end? There was no clear victorious dynasty at the end of the conflict But in the end Chalukya lost Rastrakutas came to power in 757 And this is basically considered as the end And the same fate happened to Pallavas around 850 Pallavas replaced Cholas around 850 This is the conflict between Rastrakutas and Cholas Who came before Rastrakutas and Cholas? These two dynasties Chalukyas and Pallavas The conflict between Chalukyas and Pallavas is very big But remember the data in NCRT There is no need to add anything Thereafter, art and culture of this particular period is concerned That is post Gupta period Between 6th century to 8th century AD What was the development of art and culture in India? First of all, Bhakti movement started developing The important sect of Bhakti movement That is Alwar and Nainar Alwar are Vaishnava followers Nainar are Vaishnava followers Alwar and Nainar were developed in Bhakti sect in South India They started composing early level Bhakti literature in South India Then they spread this literature in North India And thereafter Bhakti movement By 13th and 14th century spread in North India And in North India we see two components of Bhakti That is Saguna and Nirguna I will not cover this now I will cover this in early medieval For now, remember only factual data Alwar are Vaishnava And thereafter Nainar are Shaivite So, Alwar, Vaishnav, Nainar, Shaivite followers We have got here Thereafter, next one We have elaborately discussed about temple I have also uploaded a video on temple architecture You can watch that too Dravida, Nagra, Vaisara Their evolution and regional form Which are important UPSC perspectives I have studied that much You have to do that much But in any case, Mahabalipuram and Mahamallapuram Temple town was built in this particular period And then the different temples we have got That is here Then the Vaisara style of the temple architecture of Chalukyas of Badami Aihol Badami and Pattak Dal Here we have got Vaisara style of the temple architecture I have elaborately discussed about temple architecture So, you can watch that too And thereafter, maintenance of the temple That is a little important For maintenance of the temple We get the evidences of land grant So, land grant is important In yesterday's lecture, I told you What is the purpose of giving land grant The purpose of giving is very plain and simple Mauryans started this practice So, why did Mauryans started this practice? There were two specific attributes of this practice Expansion of agriculture And thereafter, proliferation of the Brahminical society I have explained this process to you That you have a core area Your outskirt area You give land grant to Brahmins And thereafter, send them here As soon as you send them there What will you get there? First, that area will be under your agriculture So, you will get money Agriculture will increase Second important aspect is that Tribal people are living there Tribal people means non-Aryan people Non-Hindu people you can consider So, they also have to be brought in Aryan fold So, this work was also done We have got the evidences of land grant But Mauryans never did land grant Mauryans used to capture the area They used to bring the local population in Aryan society And thereafter, they used to give them employment on land Actually, land grant was started in Satvahanas So, the twin fold objective that I have told you Satvahana started doing it through Brahmanas Peasantization of the tribe And thereafter, expansion of agriculture Then, we have seen one more system That is Kushanas and Shakas's Satrapi system In Satrapi system, Provincial Governor used to be Military Commander And ultimately, all these things were amalgamated Where we have got a Military Commander on Provincial level Military Commander is the head of the province And the whole province has got land grant Then, we have got a second category Big areas which are under Brahmana Again, the whole area has got land grant In that capacity, Provincial Military Commander and Brahmana Both of them have Revenue right and Ownership right So, basically, they are the owners of the land So, you have a Upper Raja Thereafter, you have an intermediary Which was actually a land owning class That is Kshatriya and Brahmana And then, you have your subjects So, this particular aspect satisfied the twin fold objective That your core area is coming under agriculture And the non-Aryan tribes living there And the Brahmanas had done the work of coming under Aryan society And because of that, ultimately, we can clearly see Why such a Brahminical dynasty in South India Started to come in the post-Gupta period Because the practice which was started by Mauryan Was done by Satvahana to give religious color And thereafter, by the time of the Gupta period Feudalism was properly established And then, the Guptas, under Vindhya, i.e. South India Implemented this practice on a very large scale Then, over a period of time When the Gupta dynasty ended Then, the Vakataka dynasty ended Thereafter, when the Chalukya dynasty started to end Then, on a local level, the big Brahminical dynasties started to come Because of the land grant that was given by these people So, I have written all these things for you in an elaborate manner That the outskirt area, thereafter the land grant First to the Brahmana, thereafter to the Kshatriya Over a period of time, the land grant You will also transfer the revenue right and ownership right And this was the win-win situation for all The Brahmana and Kshatriya got the land The King did not get the administration issue And thereafter, the third important aspect Agriculture surplus increased due to the land And thereafter, the tribal population on that land Where did it come? Then, it started to come under the Aryanical fold So, this specific process was very important For the establishment of the proper civilization in the South India So, that will be it as far as this particular chapter is concerned I had told you earlier Now, the next two to three chapters You have to read from the top The process is of feudalism In the process of feudalism, ultimately we have got these evidences That the Brahminical dynasties Started to come in the Windian and South area So, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukyas, Ikshwaku, Pallavas And thereafter, Kalabhram And thereafter, its art and culture Temple architecture is very important here That is Vaisara style of the temple architecture And thereafter, Dravida style of the temple architecture But, it is a very big temple architecture So, for that, you will see a separate video of the temple architecture Which I have already uploaded on YouTube And that will give you the comprehensive idea of this particular period Now, what can UPSC ask here? So, there are usually questions on temple architecture And the second important aspect is There will be chronological questions That's why, I have highlighted and marked this line everywhere You have to remember this line in every dynasty If you remember this much, then that is more than sufficient You will remember the chronology, you will remember the king And this is the question that UPSC is asking again and again So, apart from that, I don't think there is any need to do anything else So, if you will watch the video on temple architecture So, I guess that will be it from my side PPT and thereafter crux material of the NCRT Both of the things must have been uploaded by now It must have been uploaded by now So, watch it on your level So, if you have any doubt now Then you can let me know First of all, it is matrilineal We have already seen it So, for example, today's society is patrilineal So, what is patrilineal and what is patriarchy? So, you must be knowing about patriarchy Patriarchy means obviously male dominated society And for now, we have patrilineal society What is the meaning of patrilineal society? So, our name always comes from father Even if I use my full name, that is Sainil Dattatreya Nagre So, this is the name of father So, you will call this as patrilineal society If it was matrilineal So, what is the meaning of matrilineal? So, in matrilineal, our name will come from mother So, it is simple So, society has always been patriarchal in India It has always been male dominated Means, all the rights of father are transferred to son Whoever it is For example, the right of throne i.e. king Or you can consider property right right now All the rights are transferred to male population in patriarchal society But if it is a name, then it can be patrilineal or matrilineal For now, it is patrilineal But if you see here That is basically Ikshvaku So, see here The name is Vashishtaputra Vashishtaputra means son of the Vashishta So, Vashishta is basically a female name So, Vashishtaputra clearly signifies that So, you will call it matrilineal society Okay Yes Okay Yes, from the optional perspective, it is very important Right Simple All ruler, administration, society, economy, art and culture, historiography and sources You have to read everything on this Right Okay Yeah Yes Gautami Putrasadkarni is matrilineal Yes Okay Yes So, I hope it is quite clear No, no I cannot give you everything over here This is strictly for the purpose of the GS And I will keep it for the purpose of GS only Okay Yes And for optional purpose, this small dynasty will remain But development of feudalism And thereafter Aryanization of the society This is a very important topic for optional So, you will have to read these processes in detail So, that's why all the dynasties I have covered here You will have to do many components of that dynasty Elaborate polity, administration, society, economy Thereafter, art and culture You will have to cover their sources And you will have to cover their historiography Okay Yeah So, I hope it is clear guys Anything till here so far Type it quickly If there is Okay No, no Gunpowder is not here Gunpowder which is introduced by Islam religion in India Is introduced by Turks So, we have not found any evidence of gunpowder here Okay Yes Which question was this, right? There are two GS papers in a day Morning 9 to 12 Then 2 to 5 So, your GS1, GS2 will be in a day Thereafter, in the next day GS3 and GS4 Morning 9 to 12 And thereafter 2 to 5 So, after these two papers You will get 5 days off For whom? For optional preparation And after 5 days You will have First of all, one day of language paper And the next day Both optional papers will be covered Okay Yeah Okay Yeah Gunpowder is basically We have already found evidence of gunpowder in India It is not that Babar introduced gunpowder in India Turks introduced it We have already found evidence of gunpowder in India Okay Yeah For that, you can watch my whole series I have told in every particular topic What is important and what is not I cannot sum it up, right? So, it is so big How am I supposed to sum it up In one or two minutes So, watch the whole series once You will get the idea That what you need to do What you need to draw Okay Yeah So, I hope it is quite clear Okay, guys Okay Yeah Yes, there are two papers in a day Yeah, absolutely Okay So, I guess no more doubts are there But still, there is a time lag of one minute So, I will still give you a minute If you have any doubt So, type it out quickly Okay The rest of the lecture is over I hope the rest of the things are clear And there should be no doubts Okay Yeah Yes, there is a telegram This telegram channel This is my telegram channel You will get this PPT As well as crux material over there Okay Yes, so anything till here so far, guys And if you have any doubt So, type it out quickly Right So, let's go Good Okay, so we will stop over here If you don't have any doubt So, we will again meet tomorrow Now, chapter no. 24 is over Five chapters are there Chapter no. 29 is there, right But I will try to sum it up Within next three lectures So, I will try to combine all three lectures And try to finish it And by Saturday The entire series of Ancient India That will be ended So, as I told you earlier Over and above NCERT I have given you the data in my PPT I have designed it comprehensively So that you don't have to do anything else In Ancient India So, do basically avail the benefit You can consider You will get all the PPTs of the lecture On the telegram channel Under your NCERT The crux material You will get that Okay So, okay If you have any question So, type it quickly If I can take it So, I will take it Okay Swamiji, type it quickly Okay I will wait for a minute Yes Okay Swamiji disappeared In between He asked something And disappeared Where did he go, Swamiji? I guess you changed your mind Okay Then we will stop the lecture guys Then There will be no question Okay, Swamiji It's okay No question is okay So, let's go We will stop it Then we will meet again tomorrow Then we will finish the remaining chapter In 1, 2 or 3 days Okay guys Thank you so much I will be stopping the lecture now Okay See you tomorrow Again at 7 o'clock Okay guys Thank you