Ancient India - R S Sharma NCERT - Lecture 17 - The Age of the Satavahanas - UPSC

Hello guys, welcome to StudyIQ We'll start in a minute, let other people also join in and as you know right, if you still have any doubts then you can ask me those doubts meanwhile, what I can say over here is that yeah, so PPT has already been uploaded to this channel if you want access to PPT and material then you can just get it from this telegram channel that is CSA with Sayanil Nagre it has already been uploaded there so we'll start in a minute let's start in a minute so let other people also join in by that time if you still have any doubts then let me know, good evening to you all if you still have any doubts then let me know till that time, okay guys PPT will be updated in 2-4 minutes PPT will be updated on this channel you'll get it, okay PPT will be updated in 2-4 minutes, okay yes, any other doubt guys? if you still have any doubt, then let me know if you still have any doubt from previous lecture then that you can ask me otherwise I'll be moving forward why to discuss Dharmashastra? we're not going to do optional over here, right? it's simple, so what will you do about Dharmashastra after reading it? leave it, not important from the brilliance perspective no questions will come on it just skip it, okay yeah, apart from that anything else? okay anything else? good evening guys good evening to you all if you still have any doubt, then I'm waiting if you still have any doubt from the previous topic then that you can let me know, okay till then let all the people also join in yes, okay, so I don't think there's any doubt no doubts are coming so we'll start with the lecture, okay it's a small topic age of Satvarna is there, okay size of coin of Harappa is important which coinage is there in Harappa? simple thereafter, okay yes okay, so I'll move to the actual lecture now okay, so today's topic is basically age of Satvarna chapter number 17 so we had started this specific topic with the invasion of the foreigners so we had seen that in post-Mauryan period this was the political map of India, right so we had covered all the invasions in the last lecture we had seen polity, society, economy and thereafter, art and culture of this particular invading tribe and thereafter, what was their impact on India this is also something that we have already discussed can you stop? is it perfect? yes, okay on the other hand, in the southern side we are having this specific dynasty from that, today we are going to talk about the Satvarnas so today's lecture will be on Satvarnas tomorrow's lecture will be on Sangam literature and thereafter, this is something that we are going to cover day after tomorrow so now, we'll start with the Satvarnas so again, approach will be similar first, we'll see the polity thereafter, society, economy and art and culture we'll see these aspects now, as far as Satvarnas are concerned you have to remember the factual data not at all important topic for the mains but in the prelims, some questions can come from here so let's go one by one now, the first and earliest reference of Satvarnas is found in Ashokan inscription in Ashokan inscription, we have got a term that is Andhras and this Andhras have now been associated with the Satvarnas tribe so, Satvarnas, their rough earlier period sorry guys their earlier period is traced to 2nd century BC onwards so, 2nd century BC onwards, they were there at the outskirt of the empire but, Ashoka had left them as Andhras now, we don't know their exact period but, the earlier period of Satvarnas i.e. the location we have got we have got from Maharashtra so, we have just considered that somewhere down the line, during the time of Ashoka they must have been living in eastern Karnataka and thereafter, in the southern area of Andhra Pradesh from there, they must have been transferred to Maharashtra and thereafter, Maharashtra and the entire Andhra Pradesh-Telangana area they must have captured so, for the factual purpose just remember that Andhras, which we have got in the inscription of Ashoka that has now been associated with the Satvarnas and apart from that the earliest possible location of Satvarnas which we have got we have got in Maharashtra so, this is something to begin with thereafter, King and Administration of the Satvarnas now, the King and Administration of the Satvarnas again, in this, we have not got as much information as such as far as founder is concerned Simuka is considered as the founder of this dynasty Simuka is considered as the founder of this particular dynasty so, again, as such, we have not got any more information about them but there are three great kings of this dynasty first of all, Gautami Putra Sathkarni thereafter, Yaldinashri Sathkarni and Vashishtipatra Pulmayi so, these three kings are important for this dynasty so, a little factual data about them from the brilliance perspective you are required to remember so, let's go one by one first of all, Gautami Putra Sathkarni the rough time span is 106 to 130 now, these Satkarni rulers or you can say that Satvarna rulers they were always at loggerhead with the Shakas Shakas of Western India we have talked about them in the last lecture Shakas of Western India so, Shakas of Western India and Satvarnas tussle was there and this tussle was real for the control of the entire Western Deccan Plateau as well as Western Gujarat area so, Gautami Putra Sathkarni he is said to have defeated Shakas in one of the internal battle and he established supremacy of the Shakas sorry, supremacy of the Satvarnas over the local Shaka rulers so, he had defeated a local ruler we also have his name that is Nahapana he was the Shaka Satrap we have already discussed this system in the previous lecture so, watch the previous lecture for the meaning of this word so, Kshatriya Nahapana who was basically Mahakshatrap at the local level and thereafter, these are basically the counter-struck coin of the Gautami Putra Sathkarni so, these are the counter-struck coins again, remember the factual data so, basically if you can see over here the image is not clear but, on one side of this coin we can see the name of Nahapana and on the other side we can see the name of Gautami Putra Sathkarni so, it clearly shows that Nahapana had lost and Gautami Putra Sathkarni had won now, as far as Nahapana is concerned he is a very well-known ruler of the Shaka dynasty so, the ruler of the Shaka dynasty is important because at the earliest level Karlekes and thereafter Nashik both are in Maharashtra so, this is certain thing about the Gautami Putra Sathkarni and factual data related to the person thereafter, he is followed by Vashishtaputra Pulmay now, Vashishtaputra Pulmay he had set up the capital at Paitan we had already seen about Paitan so, the name of Paitan is found in Uttar Pradesh as well as in South Pradesh so, at the time of Mahajanpada we had seen a southern kingdom that is Assaka so, the capital of Assaka Poudhayanpura or Kundravardhana that is something its name is now Paitan so, this is one of the same cities which was in Mahajanpada period and thereafter, now during the time of the Satvahana we have got it but apart from that this ruler is famous for one more thing it is believed that he was the person who was defeated by Shaka ruler Rudradaman this same Rudradaman of Junagadh inscription so, Rudradaman of Junagadh inscription he had defeated these people but later on he claimed because of the matrimonial relation I am not annexing the territory of the Satvahana ruler so, it again attributes the same fact that the previous ruler that is Gautamiputra Satkarni when he defeated Shaka ruler so, after defeating Shaka ruler there must have been a certain sort of the matrimonial alliances and because of this particular matrimonial alliances Rudradaman did not annex the territory of the Satvahana ruler and this fellow that is Vasishtha Putrapulmai he was allowed to rule as a subsidiary ruler thereafter, we are having one more great ruler that is Yajnashree Satkarni now, again he has claimed that I have defeated Shakas so, this particular defeat-victory-defeat-victory relation in which we are getting to know one thing that for the first time in the Indian history the territory of the defeated ruler is not being annexed he is allowed to rule as a subservient as an empire as a subservient ruler so, with this the earliest level of feudalism or feudal tendency is traced in India in this particular period we will talk about feudalism in detail once we go into the earlier medieval period so, for now just remember that one king is winning the other is losing so, obviously the other king has to either die or his territory has to be annexed by the previous king but, nothing like this is happening now once a particular king is defeated then matrimonial alliance is forged and thereafter the defeated king is allowed to rule continuously or allowed to rule continuously as a subservient ruler apart from that Yajnashree Satkarni on his coins we have got ship's evidences again so, it again shows that ship building technology or ship industry of India has been going on since ancient times we will talk about once we go into the post Gupta period but, for now you can clearly see over here the coins the image of the ship we have got and such coins we have got from Vasishtha Putra Pulmayi so, this coin which has this ship design we can clearly know related to the ancient ship building technology UPSC had asked a question on this that Indians are aware of the ship building technology in 2nd century A.D so, in 2nd century A.D ship building technology Indians knew absolutely because now we are talking about the 2nd century A.D and in that we are getting the evidences of the on the so, this is something related to the king thereafter administration now, here you have to understand a process and this is something that I am not going to repeat again and again we have got Mauryan administration which we elaborately discussed Mauryan administration was done by a Brahmin the name is Chanakya now, this administrative pattern was so successful that Ashoka for the term of 30 years he ruled the entire India so, later on when Brahminical dynasties started coming starting from Satvana itself is a Brahminical dynasty Brahminical dynasty means it is that dynasty which believe in the Vedic religion Vedic religion was called Brahminical religion in the ancient times so, when Acharya Chanakya and thereafter Ashoka left then their administrative pattern was left and this administrative pattern which Acharya Chanakya gave later Brahmin started prescribing this pattern to king and that's why you can clearly see all the Brahminical dynasties like Satvana even in south thereafter Chola Chera and thereafter Pandya thereafter even you can call about Gupta and thereafter Harshavardhana so, all these were initially or somewhere down the line were of Brahminical dynasties and when you Brahminical dynasties then your administration will be run by Brahminas because of knowledge monopoly education institution nothing used to knowledge was monopoly Brahminas Acharya Chanakya was a Brahmin and we have seen that Chanakya pattern was Brahminical order system based administrative pattern So the same pattern was recited by later Brahmanas and once they started to become a big big priest in the king or in the court of the king they started giving the same pattern to their king. And hence you will find this pattern in every dynasty in India. The reason for this is that the pattern was given by a Brahminical person i.e. Chanakya and later on knowledge monopoly was there with the Brahmanas and hence every Brahmana knew this pattern and once this Brahmana became a big person in the court of the indigenous ruler then he will tell the same pattern to his king. And that's why the pattern has always been the same henceforth. So as far as the pattern of the Satvahana is concerned then king was basically the upholder of the Dharma. Dharmapravattaka, we have seen this term in the Mauryan administration. Apart from that, for now we have got one more thing that the big kings started to assume the attributes of the legendary mythological heroes. So the legendary mythological heroes of India, the king started to assume the attributes of them. So the king started to assume the titles of Arjuna, Bhima etc. for themselves. So this again shows that the emergence of the Brahminical order in the society has increased. Till now we have seen that the Brahminical order was collapsing but now we have got the evidences that the Brahminical order has started to increase in the society. Thereafter, as far as districts are concerned, then their districts were called as Ahara. In the Mauryan time also we have seen that Vishayap and Aharadhis are the word basically. And thereafter, their ministers were also called as Amatyas and Mahamatras which again has been going on since the Mauryan time. These people also have the Senapati. The Mauryans also had a Senapati. But now here you can clearly see that the Provincial Governor used to be the Senapati. So again, the Satrapi system which was introduced into India by the Shakas and before the Shakas there was the Stratagos. So the amalgamation of the Stratago and the Satrapi system can be seen here also. Where the Provincial Governor is not a royal blood, then who is the Senapati? That is the Military Commander. Means the outside influence which we had discussed in the last lecture that what were the influences of the outsiders on India. So one of the important influences was this one. Thereafter, administration in rural areas was placed in the hand of the Goumika. So the head of the village is basically Goumika. Earlier it was called as Gramini or other such words. So Graminika became Goumika. And thereafter, two important administrative centres were also known to us. Katak and thereafter Skandhavaraj. So the important administrative centres were also known to us. So the regional administrative centres have now started to be found in India. So this is something related to the administration. Next important is the tax free villages which we have also got. Now tax free villages are very important because this term you have to understand. This is what is called as a land grant. So this land grant, the entire credit to start it in India goes to Sat Vahanas. So these Sat Vahanas started the land grant in India. But what they used to do in the name of land grant, they used to give the revenue right on a piece of land. To whom they used to give? To Brahmins and thereafter Buddhists and Monks. Now what was the need to give this land grant to Brahmins and thereafter Buddhists and Monks? The need was very plain and simple. Now when Sat Vahana ruler will become a ruler, he will need a legitimacy in order to rule the entire territory. They used to give legitimacy to Brahmins by performing the Yagya, sacrifices etc. In return, what will Sat Vahana ruler give them? So obviously he will give Dakshina. So how will you give Dakshina? So there were two ways to give Dakshina. Now land was important because of this. Because by this specific time, we saw that Romans had banned trade with India. And after banning trade, now we can have clear evidence that trade is declining. And the price of land is increasing. So because of this aspect, ultimately we can clearly consider land became important. In return, as soon as Brahmins started performing Yagya for you, they asked for land grant. And land grant is something that you have to give. Over a period of time, this system was very harmful for India. Why harmful and why it was bad? Because when Sat Vahana ruler started giving land grant, it was just revenue right. By the time of the Gupta period, this system merged with Satrapi system. So Satrapi and thereafter this land grant to the Brahmins merged. By the time of Gupta, we have seen big military commanders ruling the province. And when they ruled, Gupta rulers used to give them whole province as a land grant. So over a period of time, we can clearly see that when Gupta rulers started declining, their provincial military commanders or their children started becoming strong in that particular territory. And over a period of time, this was the beginning of the feudal system in our country. Where feudal lord is basically the middle man in between king and thereafter Praja. So this middle man started emerging. And ultimately Samant Shahi or Feudalism was properly established in India. We will talk about this in early medieval period. But it all started with the Sat Vahana rulers in initial phase. It was Gautami Putra Satkarni who started this land grant system in India. And Gautami Putra Satkarni himself was a Brahminical person. He always used to have the title that is Ek Brahmana. So Ek Brahmana means basically the sole Brahmin. It clearly shows that he himself was a Brahminical person. And Sat Vahana dynasty, they were also belonging to the Brahminism or you can consider Brahminical Varna itself. Thereafter next one is Brahmanas help enforce the rule of the Varna system. Again here you have to understand that as soon as Brahminical resurgence happened. So your Varna system was already lenient. Now what will happen? It will start asserting little by little. It will start becoming little by little rigid. Again this system can happen only when there is a royal order related to it. So you will need a royal order for the enforcement of the Varna system. I have given you the example of this earlier also. So for example, there are inter-religious marriages. Thereafter inter-Varna marriages. Thereafter inter-caste marriages. All three are allowed as per the Constitution of India. Special Marriage Act as well as Hindu Marriage Act. But is this thing accepted in the society? You go home and say that I want to do inter-caste marriage. Or I want to do inter-religion marriage. So even if the family will agree but there will be a little resistance. And for majority of the youth who might belong to the conservative family. This is a strict no-no. You cannot do this. So this system that is laws are saying something else and you are doing something else. This is because there is a tradition. Now this tradition was there at that time also. We had seen that in Vedic literature and post Vedic literature also. Different types of marriages are allowed. So no matter how the marriage was done. It was allowed in the society. But was it accepted by the society? No it was not. So the same thing that we have seen here ultimately. The system of Varna was told by the law book that it should be rigid. And when the law book will tell you that the system of Varna should be rigid. So what does it mean? The law of Varna in the society will be rigid. But was it like this in reality? So definitely it was not like this. We have found the evidences where inter-Varna marriages have also happened. We have found the evidences where people have changed their professions. Gautam Buddha, Vardhaman Mahavir and even Chandragupta Maurya and Mauryan dynasty. We have seen all these things. But now for the first time we can clearly see. The law books of this time. What were the law books of this time? So basically Manusmriti. Narad came later sorry. So Manusmriti and thereafter Dharmashastra. So these two law books of this time. These were quite important. Because these people had prescribed a lot of things in the society. Which was next to impossible for the society to accept. But they got the support of the royal order. So for example Narad Smriti has written. That inter-Varna marriages and thereafter change of Varna should not happen. Inter-Varna marriages and change of profession is a Pashu Dharma. So as soon as Narad Smriti started writing these things. So the society quickly accepted it. It doesn't happen like the constitution says. That inter-religious marriages are allowed. But what did you do? You didn't accept it. But here also the same thing happened. Even though the law book said that it was not accepted. But now they got the royal patronage or royal order. And Gautami Putra Satkarni again he is the first person. Who to enforce the fourfold Varna system in the society. He got the royal orders. Which means he changed the Varna system in his empire. He committed a crime by breaking the rules. And by issuing the royal order. It was a fourfold Varna system. He did the work of rigidifying it. Now as soon as he started this thing. So obviously it became a mandate for each and every next generation ruler to follow it. Because when a new ruler will come. So obviously to make him a king again. There is a compromise with the priest. So to make the priest a king. To make him do sacrifices. He will ask for something in return. And this system which was enforced. The work of making it more enforced. That was done by the Brahminical people or the Brahminical system in India. And thereafter in their period of time. There are more number of the feudatories which we have got. Feudatories means feudal lord. So we have got three types of feudatories. First we have got the king who is the biggest land owner. Thereafter Brahmana who has got the land. So his name will be Mahabhoja. And thereafter Senapati who is the big military commander. Who has also got the land grant. So we have got three types of the land holders. And we have got the feudal lords. In which the biggest one is the king. And the people to whom the king had given the land grant. Precisely two people. One was Senapati. Second was Mahabhoja. So three grade of the feudatories. Just remember this from the preliminary perspective. I don't think there will be any question from here. As far as feudalism is concerned. I will explain it in detail once we go to the early medieval period. Now again as far as economy is concerned. Then we will see one by one in economy. First of all the fusion of north and south is seen here. For the first time a new state has come in Deccan. Before Satvahana there was no state in Deccan. So a new state has come. So as North had made its economy. Agrarian and trade based. Similarly in south also Satvahana dynasty had made its economy. So first and foremost fusion was there. Thereafter then coins. Their coin system was of lead. And apart from lead we have also got the evidence of protein. Thereafter copper and thereafter bronze. Now this is quite significant factor because lead will be there. And thereafter protein will be there. These indigenous metals are not found much in India. So these metals were brought by Romans. So there was an elaborate trade network with Roman people. From the Satvahana dynasty. And they used to bring lead from Romans. And those lead coins which they used to make in India. Thereafter their crops. So two important crops are there. That is rice and cotton. Which North knew. Now the same knowledge which was coming in south also. Cotton's earliest evidence which we had seen in India. We have got it from Neolithic age. In Mehargarh we have got cotton's evidences first. And from Neolithic onwards we have got cotton's evidences in India. But all these are for North. In south where we have got cotton's evidences first. So during the time of the Satvahana. As far as art and craft is concerned. Then in art and craft again. Coinage making system. Burn brick system. Whale and irrigation techniques. These techniques of art and craft. These were also learnt by Satvahana's from North. And thereafter. Increase in trade was at their time. So at their time basically we have got Romans. And thereafter Satvahana. Both of them have got good amount of coinage. Roman trade was there. By this time as I have told you. That lead and protein. They used to import from Romans. And thereafter we have got hordes of coins from Romans. So this is something related to the economy. After economy. Then society. Now as far as society is concerned. Then in society. Position of the each and every section was still good. So first of all Brahmana. So Brahmana's position was obviously the best. Because Satvahana kings themselves claimed that they are Brahmanas. And if they are Brahmanas. Then obviously position will be good. So the work of enforcing fourfold system. And giving land grant to Brahmanas. And making them great food. So it clearly shows that resurgence of the Brahmanical religion. Was started in the society. And because of this resurgence. Ultimately we claim that. Because of this only. Hindu religion was established in India. And because of this particular dynasty. That is because of Satvahana. Hinduism which perished. Was not established in ancient India. They started giving repatronization at the earliest level. Then different dynasties followed in India. And then the biggest patronization ultimately. Which came for Vedic religion. That was from the Gupta period. Onward. Indigenous tribal people. These tribal people. They were also brought into Aryan fold. Satvahanas themselves were considered as a tribe. So all these tribal people. They were brought into Aryan fold. So Aryan religion is not only Hindu religion. As we have seen earlier also. There are approximately 62 religions. Which we Aryan people have got. One of them is Vedic religion. But apart from that Buddhism. Thereafter Jainism. And even you can consider Ajivika. And Charvaka. All these are Aryan religions. So Buddhist monk for the earliest period of time. These people are Pataliputra. Or you can consider Prachi. That is Uttar Pradesh. Thereafter Bihar. They went from this area to south. And these local indigenous tribes. They were brought into Aryan fold. So basically. There was a proliferation of Aryan Varna. In the southern India. By this specific period of time. Thereafter land grants. So Satvahana were the first ruler. To make land grants. I have just told you. And thereafter Merchant and Artisan. So Merchant and Artisan. They also have evidence of increase. That we have got in this particular period of time. Means their social prestige. It was still intact in the society. Thereafter matrilineal society. So matrilineal. And thereafter patriarchal. Both were basically side by side. So when I say patriarchal. Today's society is also patriarchal. And thereafter it is also patrilineal. Patriarchal means. When father leaves. Then all the rights of father. Goes to son. Maximum possible property of father. Maximum possible rights of father. Goes to son. This is what called as a patriarchy. Or patriarchal society. And patrilineal pattern means. Be it male or female. Their name comes from their father. Not from their mother. So your middle name. Or your surname. That suggests the lineage. From the father's side. So this is called patrilineal. But during the time of the Satvahana. Society was matrilineal. Means the name. Was derived from the mother. So we had seen. Gautami Putra Satkarni. So Gautami Putra means. Son's name is on the mother's name. Similarly Yajna Shri Satkarni. Vashishta Putra Pulmai. So in this name. We can see. In the society. Son's name is on the mother's name. That is matrilineal pattern. And that's the position of the woman. Was good in the society. And apart from that. We have seen this also. But apart from that. We also know that. We have got good instances of the queen. So for example. Queen Nayanika. You can also call her Naganika. She is considered. As the first woman ruler. Of India. Because her husband. That is Satkarni. So Satkarni died. So after Satkarni her son. That is Satkarni II. He was a minor son. Approximately for 5 to 7 years. As a regent. Queen Nayanika. She acted as the ruler of the entire Satvahana dynasty. And in that capacity. She is also called. As the first and the earliest known woman ruler. Apart from that. There is also an Indo-Greek woman. But obviously she ruled from the Afghanistan. To the Pakistan area. So she is also considered there. She is not considered in India. So for India this can be considered. As the first instance of a woman. Ruling the entire dynasty. So Queen Nayanika. Her Nanigat inscription. Is again quite famous. Because Nanigat inscription. Is giving us the information. That my husband died. My son is small. So I am ruling. And in that capacity. Once I have assumed the throne. I have also performed some sacrifices. And thereafter. I have also donated to the Brahmins. So this Nanigat inscription. Nanigat is in Maharashtra. So we have got all this information from that. So Queen Nayanika and Naginika's inscription. Is important from the preliance perspective. Keep this in mind. Thereafter art and culture. We will see the art and culture also. We know a little bit about art and culture. As far as this dynasty is concerned. So one by one. So first of all. Vedic sacrifices they had performed. Ashwamedha, Vajpayee. We have discussed the meaning of all these. In the previous lecture. So these Vedic sacrifices were important. Because Vedic sacrifices clearly showed. That Brahminical religion was there. In the society. And kings are patronizing. The Brahminical religion. Then different different Gods. We will see that also in this time. Actually the emergence of God in India. Happened in the Gupta period. But the earliest version of the name. We have started getting from the Satvahana period. Like Krishna and thereafter Vasudeva. So Krishna and Vasudeva. These Gods. We have got their names from the Satvahana period. Thereafter Buddhism. They have also been patronized. Now from this particular period onward. You have to remember one thing. This time is basically. 2nd century AD. The Buddhism religion. Is flourishing from 6th century BC onward. In India. So basically for 800 years. Buddhism is flourishing. In Buddhism there was Sangha. Sangha means order of monk and nun. Now these monks and nuns. Will stay in the same place. Where there is a person who gives donations. So where do they stay. Either in the capital city. Or in the trading center. They will not go to the villages. Because there people have to feed themselves. What will they do with donations. And that's how over a period of time. We have found these traces. That around the big trading centers. Buddhist monks and nuns started coming. And as soon as Buddhist monks and nuns started coming. So over a period of time. The traders and kings. Started giving donations. And they started to have the accumulated wealth. Now they had two important things. One was their vihara. Means it was their residential place. And the second thing they had was. Accumulated wealth. The third important thing was. They were situated on an important trade route. And when you have all these three things. Then you become important for the trade perspective. Because you are situated on an important trade route. You have accumulated wealth. And thereafter. You have a residential facility. So these Buddhist monks. Who built these viharas. Over a period of time. They started to act as a banking institution. And as a residential facility. For the ordinary people. Who were travelling from the important trade route. And that is why. Each and every king in India. Be it Jainism. Be it Hinduism. Or any other particular religion. They always patronized. This Buddhist religion. In the ancient period. Starting from 2nd century A.D. To roughly 6th century A.D. In these 400 years. Buddhism got excluded from the people. But the kings. Always patronized Buddhism. Because of their strategic importance. So what was this strategic importance? The strategic importance was. They built viharas on the important trade route. And then. They accumulated wealth. I will explain it on the map. So this is why. They also supported Buddhism. And the same aspect was there. So the big traders were Jains. So if you want trade. You will need a financer. So if the big traders are Jains. You will have to patronize the Jain religion. And that is why. Gautami Putrasadkarni. Although. She enforced Hinduism. Fourfold Varna system. Brahminism. But still Gautami Putrasadkarni. At the same time. Patronized Buddhism and Brahminism. Why did she do this? Because of the flourishing trade. Which was happening at that time. And thereafter. Buddhist sites like Amravati and Nagarjun Konda. Started to develop. Now as far as architecture is concerned. Then rock cut architecture is there. But rock cut architecture. Is of regional level. So I don't think UPSC will ever ask this question. Just remember the name of the caves. Like Karla cave. Kandheri cave. Elephanta cave. Bhaja cave. Ajanta and Ellora. These six important caves. Are in Maharashtra. And these six caves. In earlier version. Satavahana. Or their local feudatories. Have done something or the other. So first of all. As far as rock cut architecture is there. Then we have Karli's Chaitya. Which is of Satavahana period. So this is basically the Chaitya. We had seen these words. So Chaitya. Thereafter Vihara. And thereafter Stupa. Stupa was elaborately discussed. It is nothing but a mound. Which is directly related to Buddhism. Or directly related to Gautam Buddha. On the other hand. Where Buddhists will live. The residence of Buddhists. That will be called Vihara. And if Buddhists will live in a particular place. They will need a prayer hall. So that prayer hall is basically. Chaitya. So this is basically Chaitya. The Chaitya of Karli. You will see it here. So this is basically the structure inside the cave. And at the end of the cave. You will see an egg. If you see an egg here. Then understand that this is Hinayana Buddhism. And if you see the email of Gautam Buddha. Then you have to consider. That this is Mahayana Buddhism. So this is the basic difference. Between Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism. Idol worship. Or under worship. We have discussed this in the previous lecture. Thereafter. We have seen rock cut architecture. Which we have seen in Amravati and Nagarjun Konda. So this is basically the stupa. Of the Amravati. So the stupa of Amravati. This is quite famous. Because we have seen in Amravati. And thereafter in Nagarjun Konda. We have seen stupas in both places. And the Amravati. Or the surrounding school. That is Amravati and Nagarjun Konda. Their main stylistic aspect is. That their structure. Was always made of marble. So for now. You can clearly consider. That this is made of brick. But in the remaining remnants. You will see the evidence of marble. So in architecture. Nagarjun Konda. And thereafter Amravati. And in that precisely Amravati school of art. Started to flourish. So Amravati school of art. Was patronized at the earliest level. By Satvahana. And as far as its artistic features are concerned. Then here we have Gandhara. As well as Mathura. We can see the influence of both the schools here. But the main differential aspect here is. That their structure. Was basically made of marble. So marble based architecture. We have got from them. So rock cut architecture. And thereafter. Their basically stupa. And thereafter Nagarjun Konda. And the architecture of Amravati. That is something related to them. Thereafter. Their official language was still Prakrit. It has not yet come into the Sanskrit society. The inscription of Rudra Dhaman. We had seen that around 150 AD. That was the first major Sanskrit inscription. And Sanskrit. Has now started to come into the society. But here. They are still focusing on Prakrit. And the official language of the court. Was still Prakrit. And we have also got a book written in Prakrit. That is. Ghata Shabta Sati. So Ghata Shabta Sati is basically. The dialogue. Between unmarried woman. And a married woman. So in this unmarried woman. Is asking a question to the married woman. And the married woman is giving her answer. So it is basically giving us the information. Of the contemporary condition of the woman. And this text. Is giving us lots of aspects of the. Daily livelihood. So it means. In the dialogue between. Unmarried and married woman. The unmarried woman. Is explaining to the unmarried woman. That don't go out of the house at night. And thereafter do not have. The casual relationship with any boy. So it means at that time. Love marriage and casual relationship. Was going on in the society. Similarly she is giving her own plight. That my husband. He is not having any interest in me. And ultimately. He is having an extra marital affair. So in the society. At that time the plight of the woman. That particular plight. We can see here. And thereafter it has given us. Some story of the Krishna. As well as Radha. So Radha and Krishna. Are the characters mentioned in this. And Krishna and Radha have some stories. But this book. Is considered to be exactly opposite. Of Kama Sutra. So we had read Kama Sutra. So Kama Sutra. By the Katyayana. So Katyayana's Kama Sutra is very important. Because it gives us the physical pleasure. And whereas this particular book. Is basically giving us the emotional pleasure. So emotional pleasure. Or this book talks about emotions. That is Ghata Saptasati. And thereafter Kama Sutra. That is basically talking about. The physical pleasure more. So this is something related to. This specific book. And ultimately in the last map. If you look at this specific map. You must have got the PPTs by now. So here all the important. Cave architecture. Or Buddhist architecture. Will be seen on the strategic location. Or the base. Like the Northern trade route. Comes down from Ujjain to Paithan. So this is basically your Paithan. And thereafter you will find Ujjain on Maheshwar. In the middle of that you will see. Ajanta cave which is situated there. So the importance of Ajanta cave. Was because of this. Because when you come from North to South. That is if you want to come to Paithan. Then on the way somewhere. You will find a residential facility. So this is the residential facility. Which was provided by the Buddhist monk. In the name of the Ajanta cave. If you look at their other locations. Say for example. If you have seen Nashik cave. Or you have also seen Ellora cave. So this Nashik cave and Ellora cave. If you want to go to Bharuch from Paithan. Which was an important trading port. So obviously. You will have to go from here. From Ellora or Nashik. There will be only two ways. And that's why Nashik and Ellora. Was important for the Buddhist Vihara. You will find the Buddhist Vihara situated here. If you want to go to Naneghata. So basically we have two caves. One is Sopara port. So we have Sopara port. And below that is Chol. So Sopara and Chol. Were important ports. During the time of the Satavahana. So between these two. If you want to go to Overland. You will have to go to Naneghata. In the same way. If you want to go to Chol from Paithan. You will have to go to Jundar. Jundar is quite significant. From the ancient period of the time. It is not significant for now. But in ancient and medieval India. It used to be the significant trading town. This trading town was for this. Because it used to connect the port city. With the capital city. So in Jundar also. We have got the cave architecture. And apart from the cave architecture. It is also considered as the birth place of the Shivaji Maharaj. So there is a big fort. Shivneri fort is also here. So that even in medieval time. It used to be the important trading town. So this is only for this. I was showing you. Basically all the Buddhist temples. You will see. Where are the Buddhist temples situated. Important trading is situated on the roots. And when we did the chapter on Buddhism and Jainism. If you remember. I told you. It is a corrupt practice. Which was coming in the Buddhist religion. And this is the corrupt practices. On one side Gautam Buddha is telling you. You don't have to live in extreme of pleasure. And extreme of austerity. You don't have to live in extreme of pleasure. You have to live the life of a beggar. But on the other hand. These Biharas were becoming wealthy. They were situated on the trading route. They were getting a lot of donations. And now these people. Have started investing in the trade. So as soon as these people started investing in the trade. They have got good returns. So if the returns come. Then the monks of Buddhist Bihara. Why will they go out and ask for donations. And on the other hand. Brahminical religion. Was more interested in court politics than trade. We have seen that. Brahmanas administration is carrying out. So the people of Brahmanas. Got royal patronage. Because of the administration. Buddhists got royal patronage. Because of the trade. But in the post Gupta period. India's trade was completely down. So as soon as the trade was down. The patronage of Buddhism was gone. And the important Biharas. Were also stopped. But on the other hand. The importance of Brahmanism. Because of their court presence. And that is why. Brahminical religion started to receive. More and more royal patronage. As compared to the Buddhist. Or Jain religion. So this is just to explain to you. I don't want to go in detail. But once you see the map. You will find their important port. That is for the UPSC perspective. Once they had asked. That this Chol. Thereafter Dabhol. And thereafter some other port. That what is this? You should know. That this is a sea port. And this sea port belongs to whom? It belongs to Satvahanas. So I hope it is quite clear. So this is something. That is related to the Satvahanas. So now I will first of all. Do a bit of promotion. Thereafter I will take your. Doubt clearing session. So obviously. History optional is over. I have started it. So this is something. Related to the GS. So GS is also quite important. So GS preparation. Basically is the foundation stone. Of your entire preparation. Ultimately if you want to pre-pass. Then you will need GS. If you want to pass Mace. Then you will need a good score in GS. And that is why it is my humble suggestion to you. That your foundation course. You should never skip it. I had told you in my earlier videos. Despite scoring 300 plus marks in the optional. Why I failed? Because that foundation was always weak. So that foundation was weak. Because of that a knowledge lacuna came. And knowledge lacuna. It will be caught at some point. So it will be caught in Mace. Or it will be caught in the interview. And why it will be caught? Because UPSC is a value based exam. Where your value systems. You will have to show everywhere. If by mistake you have. Extreme opinion or extreme aversion. If you show anything. Then obviously that will be a problem for you. And that is why foundation is important. Foundation will explain all these processes to you. Foundation will give you. A basic rock solid foundation. On which you can clearly. Crack the UPSC. So considering all these aspects. Ultimately we at ISUB. We are basically launching this. Next batch of the GS foundation course. Which will be starting from the. 30th November onward. And in this pre as well as means. All the subjects will be covered up. And all these aspects. You will get it. Only in 18999. If you use my code. That is SNLAI. So if you want to do a good GS foundation course. If you want good faculties. If you want good content. And if you need a good mentor also. Who will solve your academic as well as. Non-academic doubts. Then you should join this batch. So on 30th November. We are launching this batch. I will not suggest you. To join this batch in 2023. It is too late now. But if you are preparing for 2024. Then just consider it once. Because if you go to the market. The value of the foundation. That is from 1.5 lakhs to 2 lakhs. We are basically providing it. At a very affordable rate. So that will be it from my side guys. If you have any doubts. That you can ask me. And again before leaving. You can get the PPT. This PPT itself. And apart from that. The crux material which I provide. Both those crux material. At this telegram channel of mine. So if you have any doubt. Then that you can. Let me know. We will go one by one. From top to bottom. Which book will you read for science? Don't read anything for science. It is simple. Current affairs related questions come. Basic science I can understand. But if you want to read. Then you can do 6 to 10 standard. NCERT of general science. But I think it will be a waste of time. Ultimately current based questions. Come more than science and tech. So the yearly maxims. Which will cover the current. Of science and tech. Do that one. That will be more better. Thereafter. Okay. Sir, Satwana were contemporary of the Mauryans. We can say that. Historians are still debating. Who exactly is Andhras? Andhras have been identified. With the Satwana. But if you directly ask. If Satwana were contemporary of the Mauryans. Or not. Then the question can be yes or no. There are many theories on this. So when such controversial theories. Are there. UPSC will ask you questions on this. They will not ask. You will have to give them concrete data. And when historians themselves. Are not agreeing to a particular aspect. Then where will UPSC come from? So there will be no such question. Don't worry. I have covered this in previous lectures. You will see in that. I will not explain anything. That has already been taken care by me. In the previous lecture. I am sorry about that. I will not be able to tell you in Hindi. What is the exact meaning of uncultured. But uncultured means a process. Where you have to make uncultured people. Culture. So you can call that process uncultured. I will not be able to explain in Hindi. I am extremely sorry about that. I have already told you this. My own Hindi is not so good. So that I can convert English into Hindi. So you have to take a little effort. Google it out. Manusmruti has been written in post-Mauryan period. So you will not be able to put it in one dynasty. Why not? Because they had mentioned a date in their book. That I am writing this book now. So this is before Gupta. This is written after Mauryans. So we consider this as post-Mauryan book. That is it is written in post-Mauryan period. Thereafter Talar, Pattakola, Saha, Siddhipati, Balaji. I will tell you where I have read these officers. In any case, these were minor officers. We have got their references from Deccan to South India. So we have got them in different dynasties. Not in one dynasty. Yeah. Yes. I hope it is quite clear. I hope it is clear. Any other doubt guys? If you have any doubt then let me know. Otherwise I will be stopping the lecture. We will meet again tomorrow 7 o'clock. Yeah. So anything till here so far? I will give you a minute. If you have any doubt then you can ask me. Yes. No other doubt. Okay. Guys, watch the previous lecture. I have told you so many times that if you have any doubt then you can re-type it. Why do you make me repeat the same thing again and again? Yes. Re-type it. I am giving you a minute for that purpose only. Just try to understand. Take some effort. If you have any doubt then re-type it. I am giving you a minute. Yeah. Okay. Guys, I will be stopping now. We will meet again in the next lecture that is basically tomorrow 7 o'clock. Since no more doubts are there. Thank you so much guys. We will meet again tomorrow. Thank you.