Ancient India - R S Sharma NCERT | Lecture 6 - Chalcolithic Farming Cultures | UPSC | StudyIQ

hello guys welcome to studyIQ so guys we'll start in a minute okay just give me a minute and we will start okay so meanwhile let all the people join in and you can ask me your doubt okay meanwhile yes okay guys wait for a minute let's see okay okay so yes welcome to studyIQ guys we'll start in a minute okay take a minute hello good evening to all take a minute and we'll start in a minute okay so give me a minute guys we'll start okay meanwhile if you're having any doubt from the previous lecture then that you can let me know okay so that we can move ahead okay so obviously today we are going to start with the sixth chapter of the Chalcolithic culture so I'll move ahead then okay we'll start with the chapter number six that is Chalcolithic culture okay so till now we have seen the prehistorical phase man how the evolution of the mankind was there from the Paleolithic Mesolithic to Neolithic age in nutshell obviously Paleolithic age the stone tools which are available at the natural level were used to develop the hunting and food gathering economy by humans and certain sort of the community lifestyle which was developed in Paleolithic age as far as Mesolithic age is concerned then in Mesolithic age obviously it is a middle stone age so in Mesolithic age what exactly happened was the next stage of the humanity right so microlithic developed that is small stone tools which were highly polished and apart from that Mesolithic period is also important for domestication of the animal thereafter we move on to the Neolithic phase that's why it is called as a new stone age or Neolithic age then obviously agriculture was the primary of them and apart from agriculture pottery development was also started in the Neolithic age and we had seen that cord impressed pottery that pottery belonged to the Neolithic age now Neolithic age onward we will now today move on to the Chalcolithic phase as far as Chalcolithic phase is concerned then it is the first phase whereby copper was used by the humans so copper is the first metal that was used by the humans and in India this particular phase marks the Chalcolithic phase okay so I hope the previous doubts have been cleared so okay we will start but before going again okay first of all two kind of the material is being provided to you by my side and thereafter the second type of material okay which will be better for you from the prelims as well as means perspective so basically summary is something that I am providing right so you will get it on this channel then subscribe the channel and get the material that I am providing to you and thereafter you will also get the crux material of the NCRT which will look like this okay so this is something that you can get from the channel of ours that is CSE with Sainil Nagar we will start again archaeological sources Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic we have derived the same conclusion in the Chalcolithic period so what are the archaeological evidences with that we have found in the Chalcolithic age and from this particular evidence what conclusion we have derived means what conclusion historians have derived this is what we have to see in the Chalcolithic period now first of all there is no such data in NCRT so this is an additional data again I have told you earlier that there is additional data outside NCRT from the perspective of the prelims and means that I am going to provide so there are different cultures now what is this culture so India as an entity was not there at that time this is something that we have already discussed that was India there at that time so India was not there at that time people used to live in a particular cluster so every cluster used to be a different culture so every cluster used to be a different type of culture there is a problem with the board here so every cluster used to be a culture so say for example as you can see the names here so Kayatha culture is there, Ahar culture is there, Malwa culture, Zorwa culture, Sawalda culture and Rangapur culture so these are the names of these small towns if you see in modern India so all these towns are very small towns but here we have got some Chalcolithic settlement and every settlement is a different culture means of those particular people there is not much contact with the outside world so they had developed their own society, some quality, some economy and that's why we call this particular cluster of settlement as a culture so your culture is nothing but the board is bad guys, I am extremely sorry about that so this is nothing but the cluster of so it is nothing but cluster of settlement so every culture is a cluster of settlement in the sense that they develop their own quality, society and economy so like Chalcolithic is a large culture but in Chalcolithic India we have got these clusters means we have got different different cultures so which all cultures we have got that is Kayatha culture we have got Aharbanas culture is something that we have got thereafter Malwa culture we have got then Zorwe culture is more than Rangpur culture I have provided information about them in each line that roughly which was their side so Kayatha culture was in Madhya Pradesh thereafter Aharbanas is situated in Rajasthan if you see Malwa culture so Malwa culture is basically Madhya Pradesh is situated in the boundary area of Rajasthan Zorwe culture is of Maharashtra Sawalda culture is again of Maharashtra and thereafter we have got Rangpur and Prabhas culture which is in Gujarat so roughly speaking if we see so entire Chalcolithic period is Rajasthan, modern day, thereafter Madhya Pradesh and thereafter Maharashtra it is situated here and we have seen one chapter earlier that is Geographical Setting and we have also seen that Geography has always had an impact on your settlement pattern so what is this impact on the Chalcolithic period so if this is Chalcolithic period so you need copper without copper will your Chalcolithic period be made? it will not be made because Chalco means copper so this is copper stonage so where will you get copper? you will get it in modern day Rajasthan and that's the majority of this Chalcolithic settlement which is situated in the western side of India so this is the rough map of the Harappan civilization this is not the Chalcolithic period but this is the Harappa map so at the time of Harappa you can clearly see this is Indus river basically so this Indus river so this is the river where majority of the settlement was situated and in its surrounding you can see when Harappa period was going on in its particular phase side by side your Chalcolithic period started developing in India so if you see in this particular map I request you to open up the PPT I have already uploaded the PPT in my group I have given the link in the starting so you can understand better in PPT so you can clearly see over here Jodhpur Ganeshwar culture Aharbanas culture Kayatha culture and down here is Sawalda and thereafter Zorwa culture so this is basically Harappa culture situated in the right hand side and these are basically agrarian culture agrarian culture is important because they used to supply copper to Harappa so Harappa used to get copper from these people and Harappa used to bring tin from Afghanistan so they used to get tin from Afghanistan and by mixing copper tin Harappa used to make her bronze and that is the Harappan age which is also known as bronze age so Chalcolithic settlement developed in this particular area for the biggest reason emergence of the Harappan civilization which is an urban civilization for their urban civilization they needed metal i.e. bronze and to supply bronze they needed copper so they used to supply copper and that's why from Rajasthan to roughly Maharashtra you can clearly see this Chalcolithic culture started developing ultimately this was nothing but a village economy or agrarian economy whose main occupation was to create copper and supply it to the Harappan civilization but since they were the agrarian civilization they were basically backward as compared to the main civilization i.e. Harappan civilization and that's why we are going to study about them exactly in their phase what all different things we have got and thereafter their culture was exactly like so now let's move on to that particular aspect what all information we have got so first of all metal which metal humanity has used first so basically copper is the first metal to be used by man and copper we have got in Chalcolithic period thereafter Chalcolithic culture we have got in almost entire country in different different periods but their main settlement we have got concentrated from Maharashtra to Rajasthan thereafter the earliest settlement which we have discussed in Rajasthan, Aharbanas, Madhya Pradesh and thereafter in Maharashtra that is Zorwa culture is there and thereafter Sawalda culture is there and their important site which we have seen in the map so this is something that NCRT is telling us and thereafter NCRT is telling us what all we have got from them so first of all it is important that we have got pottery from them and here we can clearly see the pottery is of black and red ware so this black and red ware pottery we have also got this in Harappa so we have considered that trade between Harappa and Chalcolithic people one of the important element must have in Bharata system so people of Harappa must have given them black and red pottery and in return they must have given copper so a small nascent means initial level trading pattern started developing here and this is a type of the black and red ware that you can clearly see of the pottery so complete one will be in red and complete one will be in black or red pottery can have black colour or black pottery can have red colour and this is what you call as a black and red ware pottery so this particular area means the pottery it signifies the Harappan age but this is a culture if you see the rough time period then you will know that the mature phase of Harappa is roughly 2500 to 1800 B.C is roughly 2500 to 1800 B.C and in that particular period all these cultures were flourishing means there must have been an elaborate contact between this and Harappan people and because of Harappan people that is because of urban civilization this agrarian economy was able to sustain at the outskirt of the Harappan civilization so here Gojjpur, Ganeshwar Aharbanas culture Kayatha culture and below this Sawalda and Jorve culture which was situated in Maharashtra thereafter we have got many tools so tools are not that important because by now pottery has the main orientation tools were important for Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic but from Neolithic period onwards pottery became important and I had given you example of it yesterday itself that why pottery is so important because pottery is something that you can find in each and every household so we get to know many things about pottery that is there any stratification in society is there rich section in society and thereafter is there poor section if there is more luxurious pottery in society then there will be more prosperity if there is more sturdy pottery that is if there is more durable pottery then society is not that prosperous it is backward so all this information we get about pottery if there is pottery then they must have some agriculture also in yesterday's session we had seen that why did humans develop pottery because the biggest reason behind pottery development was storage your agriculture cycle it will run for 3 to 4 months they did not have any technology like Khari, Zahid, Rabi so when rain will fall or when river water will come then their agriculture will flourish so they had only one season in a year so in that season they produced agriculture so next important aspect for them was the storage and for that purpose they developed pottery so different type of grains we have got from them wheat, rice, bajra lentil, black gram we have got everything we had seen that the earliest evidence of rice is from neolithic site of 6000 B.C we had also seen that wheat's earliest evidence is from around 7000 B.C neolithic settlement again but we have got from Mehargarh and they were also aware of the cotton cotton is always important we had also seen yesterday that the earliest evidence of cotton is from Mehargarh which is again a neolithic site so neolithic people were aware of agrarian practices and chalcolithic people were also aware and that's why there is a theory that chalcolithic settlement was a neolithic settlement and they evolved from neolithic to chalcolithic and later on many chalcolithic settlements merged into Harappan settlement once we go into the Harappan civilization but these people were aware of all this particular aspect after that how was their economy so economy was their village economy it was not a big economy and the most important aspect of their economy was related to Harappa ok so basically the biggest evidence was related to Harappa so the biggest evidence related to Harappa was that Harappa used to give them pottery and they used to supply copper to Harappa so this is the biggest evidence is something that we have got so very crude level of the trade development or very low level of the economical development that we can see and hence ultimately we can consider that their economy was backward economy, village economy and village economy is something you can consider as a self sufficient economy and their housing pattern even in housing pattern we have not yet got burnt brick houses we had seen in housing pattern that in Paleolithic Age humans started living in caves and by the time of the Neolithic Settlement we have got mud brick houses so mud brick houses were also continued in Chalcolithic so their houses are roughly this is an artistic expression we have not got any original house of Chalcolithic Age but this is a mud brick house and thatched roof house so you can consider this as thatched roof or mud brick house where the outer wall that you can consider is made of mud and above thatched roof they have covered themselves this is also called thatched roof or mud brick houses and this is their general settlement pattern so obviously next logical question that where did the burnt brick come from in India which is still used in India when you build a house so the first evidence of burnt brick we have got in Harappa but this Harappa was in Civilization so these people when they were building houses of thatched roof and mud brick at the same time they were building houses of burnt brick in Harappa it clearly signifies that both the civilizations are different even though both are part of India for now but in that time these two people used to consider themselves differently because the technology in Harappa the development in Harappa we have not seen in this particular area at the most we have seen some contact of trade in which Harappa used to supply pottery and these people used to supply copper to Harappa and thereafter the settlement pattern around Zorwe culture became widespread but the problem is if you see the rough period of Zorwe culture then Zorwe culture you can clearly see over here is 1400 to 700 B.C whereas I just told you that the mature phase of Harappa that is somewhere around this one so after the decline of Harappa period we can consider that the settlement pattern increased in this particular area why did it increase? because if you look at the map we will discuss this later in Harappa so when the mature phase of Harappa declined so the Harappan settlement started coming to India and the Chalcolithic settlement in India we can see big evidences of the Harappan people living in that particular area so the phase of Harappa pre Harappan phase, mature Harappan phase and late Harappan phase this is evolution so in pre Harappan phase these people used to live in western side this is the map of mature Harappan phase so in mature Harappan phase around Indus valley we have got all the settlements and as soon as the mature phase declined they shifted more towards the modern day India so these sites basically the Chalcolithic sites which you can see here later became the home of Harappa so this is basically nothing but an evolution which we will discuss more in Harappa but for now you just need to understand the movement and why settlement pattern in the later Chalcolithic phase increased because till then Harappa mature phase declined and these people started to move into the area of the Chalcolithic people and that's why this line which is put in NCRT that during the time of Zorwa culture the settlement became very stable and thereafter it became accentuated and that is because by this time Harappa movement moved towards Chalcolithic sites ok thereafter then religion now as far as religion is concerned then we have got for the first time elaborate burial practices here and their elaborate burial practices which used to be there that used to be Urn burial Urn means Kalash in Hindi it is also called Kalash and in many local languages it is also called Kalash so even today if you have seen then in Indian religion also and Hindu religion also first the body is cremated and then the ashes that is ashes you keep it in an urn and thereafter you leave it in the river you leave it in the river because our is a very well prospered agrarian economy so that's why we ultimately resurgent the ashes but in this period we have got two types of urn burial these two types of urn burial are very important from the perspective of the religious development so the first type of urn burial which is found in the current Hindu religious practices where first the body is cremated and after cremation cremation means burning so after burning the body the ashes of the body they used to fill it in the urn and after filling it in the urn they used to bury it so here you can see that it is a small pot this is just like modern day urn the shape of the urn is different but for these people this used to be the shape and inside that you will get the lots of bones of the human body but some bones will be found and we have got a second type of urn burial in which the whole human body is cremated so here you can see over here this is an infant infant means small child so they have cremated his whole body so both type of the practices is something that we have traced to the Chalcolithic phase so in urn burial first the body is cremated and then the ashes are buried and second complete body burial is something that we have witnessed so there is complete body burial and we have also got urn burial and when they used to do the burial so with the burial they have buried which are used on daily basis which again shows the belief in the next world so this belief in the next world is very important all the modern religions are sitting on this belief or moving ahead on this belief so this belief that is life of the next birth so what will happen in the next birth so these things they also believed in this that's why when they used to bury so many things related to them they used to bury and thereafter Terracotta figurine of the mother goddess is also found here so this is basically Terracotta Terracotta is a type of the soil so its mother earth image is also considered as the earliest object of worship so earliest object of worship for those people Shiva, Vishnu Ganesh etc. so for these people natural forces were important like rain so they used to worship rain and when eclipse happened they used to worship rain and this is something that you call as natural religious practices or naturalistic religion so one of the significance of naturalistic religion is the mother goddess so you have to worship earth or you have to worship mother goddess so for this we have found Terracotta figurine of the mother goddess so this Terracotta figurine of the mother goddess we have started to find from neolithic age onwards so you can consider this as the earliest object of worship and later on we will see this evolution so in today's religion the gods that you and I worship all these gods have come to India from Gupta age onwards before Gupta age that is in Mauryan age Yaksha and Yakshi used to be the gods before that in Vedic age certain gods like Indra, Agni, Varun, Mitra which neither you nor I worship but Vedic people used to worship these gods and during Harappa era there were many different religious practices in which cult followership, natural worship fire worship and sacrificial worship we have found these evidences so before Harappa era roughly in Chalcolithic and Neolithic era we have found the evidences of worship of mother goddess that means nature worship the natural forces in nature these people used to worship and that is why the image of mother goddess that is something that we have discovered and thereafter we have found images of bull so we have ultimately considered that bull must have been an object of worship and obviously it should have been because it was an agrarian economy in agrarian economy the importance of bull is always good even today if you go to village level so many festivals related to bull are celebrated in village economy you must have heard of Jallikattu it is associated with the bull similarly in Maharashtra there is a festival called Bell Poda so it signifies the cultic worship that means there is a different cult of bull and there is a different cult of bull so this is something that we have derived from the evidences of the Chalcolithic period and as far as the art and culture and art and architecture is concerned then when it comes to art and architecture so first of all there were some technological developments the most important technological development that is art of copper smelting so by using copper different different equipment and instrument as well as toys you can call it as copper smelting they knew this art so this is something that is new for the India because for the first time the knowledge of using metal was coming to humans before this we saw that the economy is based on stones pick up natural stones, polish them make their equipment and use them but as we know stones cannot be polished so much or we cannot use it like metal and that's why when metal was developed so metal became quite significant and to harness this the smelting technology was also developed thereafter in India not in Indian subcontinent in Indian subcontinent the first village is Mehargarh but this is in Pakistan but as far as India is concerned the earliest village settlement that we have got in India is in Chalcolithic period so if you talk about proper India so in proper India earliest evidences of the village that is from Gujarat to roughly Maharashtra area there we have got village settlement and thereafter we have got fortified villages evidences fortified villages means the outer area of the village there we have got structures of big walls which clearly shows that the village economy that they developed they used to fight among themselves that's why they made defensive walls outside their village so we have got fortified villages in Madhya Pradesh and thereafter in Rajasthan, Kayatha and Iran thereafter copper stone people they did not know art of writing and they did not know bronze technology whereas in contemporary times in Harappa, these two things were developing at a flourishing level so again it quite clearly signifies that this region or this culture comparative to Harappan civilization this is a backward culture agrarian and village culture who knew certain aspects of the polity, society, economy and religion but in these these aspects were not developed and that is something that NCRT is basically telling us, so that will be it from my side guys, I will go to the doubt clearance now but before going to the doubt clearance we will take some time for the promotion then we will take doubts and interact so till now you must have got to know that I am faculty of the history optional at the study IQ guys, so in study IQ I have started my history optional course the first batch was launched in last week of the September, so now I am launching the second batch of the history optional which will start on 10th of November and I will tell you some hallmarks of this course, some important features of this course so first of all there will be PPT based lectures, so now we have seen that with PPT based lectures visual memory is developed well and you will be able to recollect and basically memorize the factual data in a quite efficient way so when we will study the whole history in this way then obviously it is going to help you because in history, it is basically nothing but factual and analytical combination so you should know the facts with that you will derive some conclusion right, apart from that I will provide you three types of material first of all you will get access to my PPT second important is the crux material so all the important reference books which are there, the crux of the reference book I will provide you so that you don't need to read all the reference books and third important aspect that is basically handwritten notes, so when my lecture goes on, a person sits with me and makes notes, running notes of the class so many students face this problem that how to make running notes so that no point is left so that problem I am going to tackle for you so the three types of material I will provide you, that will act as a holistic preparation material for you you don't need to do anything else next important is that whenever you are studying optional, not only optional but also GS, secondary skills are always important secondary skill means paper handling capability no matter how much knowledge you have ultimately you have to crack the exam so you have to build the paper handling capability so for the paper handling capability for that I am going to take the separate answer writing session also so the first session I will take today, which will be an open one so for ancient I have planned for two sessions, but the first session will be the open one, so if you are from the history optional background and if you want to learn how to do answer writing then join it, I will start it around 7.30 or 8 o'clock so we will start tonight, I will be taking that answer writing, you will get more idea in that and next important thing my own experience so I have scored more than 300 plus in history optional in two attempts, 17 as well as 18, I have shared the mark sheet of 18 also in the demo video, so 300 and plus marks is something that I have got in the history optional so I know how to get that much of marks, so where you have to focus where not to focus, how to write the answers, how to break down the question which material to refer, which 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did it, ultimately I had to repent, at least my first 2-3 attempts went in understanding if I would have tried then those 2-3 attempts would have been utilized and ultimately selection would have come the car got stuck in the interview obviously but if there were more attempts then I would have improvised upon myself so the first 2-3 attempts which get stuck, majority of the candidates who are from UPSC get stuck because they go to do everything by themselves, never do it if everything is provided in the market if you are getting all the things spoon feeding, then obviously learn to take advantage of it if you are going to do everything by yourself then obviously there will be selection but it will definitely going to take time and then you shall also be having that ability to have that patience so if you don't want all these things then we are also starting with the GS Foundation course at the study IQ, again this is GS pre cum means GS will be there so in this your pre's important subject that is basically history, geography quality, economy, science, scientific environment, current affairs plus your GS important subject like in paper 1 history, geography and thereafter society in paper 2 governance, social justice and thereafter your internal security in GS 3 sorry international relation in GS 2, in GS 3 internal security is there, science and tech is there, disaster management is there, and then ethics of GS 4 all this preparation in a holistic way we are going to cover, in this you will also get personal mentorship, a dedicated member will also be assigned for you you will get access to all the important latest material and thereafter test series is something that is a part of this particular program, then again your primary and secondary skills will be developed in this course now obviously I am going to take certain history session in the GS also so if you want to study history in an elaborate way and if you want to carry out the preparation of the entire 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Chalcolithic or Bronze Age both were developed side by side so Chalcolithic as well as Bronze Age which is, now you must have been clarified that both are side by side developed cultures okay, Factual data is always important, so as much factual data you will collect, the more it will be better for you okay, Zorwe was between Vedic and Harappan culture Abhinash okay, I hope it is quite clear now so the Zorwe culture that is in Maharashtra, okay so if you see the map, so below Maharashtra was below this, so here somewhere, sorry so here somewhere, Zorwe culture developed, okay, so Zorwe culture which is between Vedic and Harappan civilization, you can consider that as well, but basically Vedic civilization and thereafter Harappan civilization have some similarities and differences okay, yes like we still worship Cow Cow is different, Bull is different right, so Cow worship we have not got the evidences of that here we have got the evidences of Bull worship here, and Bull is more important from the perspective of the agriculture now as far as Cow is concerned, Cow's importance is associated with Vedic culture why, because Cow is in Vedic civilization as a unit of wealth like if you see today, what is the unit of wealth for you and me so you will earn money, dollar you will buy a house, thereafter you will buy land, you will invest in share or bond, so all these things are unit of wealth for you and me and that's why these things are sacred for us, if you want to become wealthy in the society, then you have to have unit of wealth, so in the olden times, that is in Vedic age the unit of wealth used to be cattle precisely Cow so Cow is important for Vedic people and Vedic civilization Vedas have not come yet before Vedic civilization, Agrarian economy was in India and in agriculture, Bull is more important as compared to Cow yes, we will do MCQs but I have told you earlier that UPS usually asks questions in front of Harappa other state exams, PCS and other exams they ask some questions from here so that's why I am giving it to you over here, okay I hope it is clear don't worry about that and how to memorize all these facts then obviously, revision is the only key you have to read it atleast 2-3 times with interest like how you remember the quality because you read Lakshmikant 5-7 times right, same way you remember the quality because in daily newspaper related things are there so you learn on a daily basis unfortunately, history is not a part of daily deliberation or discussion so you have to take extra effort and do maximum possible revision over a period of time only then you will start remembering some things I hope it is clear guys, nothing else no more doubts perfect so since I guess no doubt is there I will give you a minute more if you still have any doubt so I will give you a minute more yes, anything else guys if you still have any doubt then let me know yes, okay so no doubt so I guess no doubts are there so guys, we will stop the session then we will meet again tomorrow somewhere around 7 o'clock only so thank you so much guys we will meet again tomorrow I will be stopping the session now thank you so much for joining TK thank you guys